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A 


History  of  Medicine 
In  Missouri. 


BY 

E.  J.   GOODWIN, 

M.  D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

ST.  LOUIS: 

PUBLISHED  BY  W.  L. 

SA\ITH, 

1905. 

PREFACE. 


In  this  book  I  have  tried  to  give  an  account  of  the  growth 
of  medicine  in  Missouri.  The  names  of  the  physicians  in 
Missouri  who  have  labored  for  the  advancement  of  their 
calHng  should  live  in  the  annals  of  the  state  and  to  that 
end  I  have  worked. 

For  the  preparation  of  much  of  the  material  I  am  in- 
debted to  members  of  the  profession,  particularly  to  Dr. 
E.  W.  Schauffler,  Dr.  Daniel  Morton,  Dr.  P.  I.  Leonard, 
Dr.  L.  I.  Matthews,  Dr.  P.  E.  Austin,  Dr.  Joseph  Grindon, 
Dr.  F.  J.  Lutz,  Dr.  A.  N.  Ravold,  Dr.  J.  N.  Jackson,  Dr. 

A.  W.  McAlester. 

E.  J.  G. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

Introduction 9 


Chapter  I. 
In  St.  Ivouis 15 

Chapter  II. 
William  Beaumont 56 

Chapter  III. 
Sewer  and  Water  Systems 66 

Chapter  IV. 
Epidemic  of  Cholera  in  St.  Louis  in  1849 71 

Chapter  V. 
In  the  Counties 93 

Chapter  VI. 

Bacteriology  —  State  Board  of  Health  —  St.  Louis 

Medical  Library  Association Ill 

Chapter  VII. 
Medical  Societies 117 


8  CONTKNTS. 

Chapter  VIII. 
Medical  Colleges 129 

Chapter  IX. 
Medical  Journals 146 

Chapter  X. 
Hospitals 153 

Chapter  XI. 
Biographical  Sketches 179 


INTRODUCTORY. 


Since  the  origin  of  man  disease  and  death  have  been  his 
portion.  The  struggle  to  destroy  the  one  and  repel  the 
other  began  with  the  origin  and  development  of  mankind. 
For  ages  the  battle  was  fought  in  the  dark.  Empiricism  held 
full  sway  and  science  was  in  its  swaddling  clothes.  With 
Hippocrates  came  light,  but  development  was  slow  and  only 
in  the  last  fifty  years  has  the  science  of  medicine  assumed 
that  position  which  is  its  proper  sphere.  Empiricism  has 
been  dethroned  and  science  now  lights  the  path  of  the  phy- 
sician in  his  work  of  curing,  controlling  and  preventing  dis- 
ease. Great  victories  have  been  won  in  the  past;  new  and 
greater  victories  lie  before  it. 

With  the  history  of  the  development  of  the  science  of 
medicine  in  general  this  book  has  no  part.  It  concerns  only 
the  story  of  those  men  who  have  struggled  to  uphold  the 
cause  of  medicine  in  the  State  of  Missouri  and  raise  the 
standard  of  practice  to  the  highest  pinnacle  attainable  in 
the  light  that  was  theirs. 

A  review  of  the  development  of  medicine  in  Missouri 
shows  a  constant  growth  in  the  knowledge  of  the  cause  and 
treatment  of  disease.  The  earliest  physicians  often  fought 
blindly,  but  worked  indefatigably  toward  the  solution  of 


10  INTRODUCTORY. 

problems  which  remained  mysteries  long  after  they  had 
gone  to  their  reward.  Empirical  medicine  gave  way  slowly 
before  the  development  of  scientific  medicine,  but  the  phy- 
sicians of  Missouri  were  not  slow  in  adopting  everything 
which  promised  an  improvement  over  prevailing  methods 
in  their  combat  with  sickness.  In  the  long  line  of  noble 
men  who  have  filled  the  ranks  of  medicine  in  this  state 
there  are  many  who  stand  out  prominently  for  their  learn- 
ing, for  their  devotion  to  the  profession,  for  their  efforts 
toward  alleviating  the  sufferings  of  their  fellow-men,  fight- 
ing against  difficulties  which  the  broad  light  of  advanced 
science  has  cleared  from  the  path  of  the  present  day  phy- 
sician. 

Among  the  men  who  have  practiced  medicine  in  this 
state  there  are  many  whose  names  will  live  in  the  hearts 
of  the  people  in  this  part  of  the  country.  That  history  does 
not  record  a  greater  number  whose  achievements  can  be 
regarded  as  marking  a  distinct  advance  in  the  practice  of 
medicine  is  largely  due  to  the  inland  position  of  the  state. 
For  many  years  after  Laclede  and  his  band  of  followers 
laid  out  the  site  of  St.  Louis,  the  state  remained  on  the 
border  of  western  civilization  and  commercial  and  material 
interests  occupied  the  attention  and  the  time  of  the  entire 
population.  Conditions  were  not  favorable  to  the  develop- 
ment of  art  or  science,  which  can  flourish  only  in  an  at- 
mosphere cleared  of  the  spirit  of  gain  and  the  acquisition 
of  the  necessities  and  comforts  of  life.  The  name  of  Beau- 
mont is  mentioned  in  every  text  book  on  physiology  in 
connection  with  his  observations  of  the  functions  of  the 
stomach;  Hodgen  is  more  universally  recognized  now  than 
formerly  in  text  books  on  surgery  in  describing  the  treat- 
ment of  fractures  of  the  femur  by  the  use  of  the  swinging 
splint  invented  by  him ;  besides  this  splint  Hodgen  invented 


INTRODUCTORY.  11 

a  number  of  other  instruments  used  in  surgical  practice; 
the  late  J.  W.  Jackson,  of  Kansas  City,  has  not  been  gen- 
erally recognized  as  the  founder  of  the  vast  system  of  rail- 
way hospital  service,  now  almost  an  universal  practice  with 
railroads  of  this  country  and  Europe,  yet  it  was  through 
his  wisdom  and  foresight  that  the  first  railway  hospital 
was  established  in  the  little  town  of  Washington,  Missouri, 
where  he  then  resided,  in  the  year  1879. 

In  medical  literature  the  physicians  of  Missouri  have  not 
been  as  prolific  as  their  learning  and  achievements  would 
justify.  Among  those  who  have  written  text  books  and 
chapters  on  special  subjects  in  American  text  books  may  be 
mentioned  the  following:  M.  L.  Linton  wrote  "Outlines 
of  Pathology;"  Adolf  Alt,  a  text  on  "Ophthalmology  for  the 
General  Practitioner;"  James  Moores  Ball,  a  text  book  on 
"Ophthalmology;"  J.  K.  Bauduy  on  "Diseases  of  the  Nerv- 
ous System;"  Louis  Bauer  on  "Orthopedic  Surgery;"  Chas. 
Curtman,  a  text  book  on  "Chemistry;"  Joseph  Grindon,  a 
text  book  on  "Diseases  of  the  Skin"  and  several  chapters 
in  "American  Text  Book  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases, 
Syphilology  and  Dermatology;"  Frank  H.  Henderson, 
"Lessons  on  the  Eye,"  a  text  book  for  under  graduates;  H. 
H.  Mudd,  chapters  on  "Fractures  and  Dislocations  and 
Hernia;"  W.  A.  Hardaway,  a  text  book  on  "Dermatology;" 
J.  F.  Binnie,  "A  Manual  of  Operative  Surgery;"  Edward 
W.  Schauffler  was  one  of  the  translators  of  Ziemssen's 
Encyclopedia  of  Medicine  and  also  contributed  a  number  of 
articles  to  Wood's  Reference  Hand  Book  of  the  Medical 
Sciences.  Many  valuable  monographs  on  various  subjects 
have  been  published  in  periodical  medical  literature  by  these 
men  and  many  other  physicians  of  Missouri. 

The  first  medical  college  in  Missouri  was  opened  in  1840. 
It  was  founded  by  Joseph  Nash  McDowell  as  the  Medical 


12  INTRODUCTORY. 

Department  of  Kemper  College  but  was  more  popularly 
known  as  "McDowell's  College." 

Dr.  Chas.  A.  Pope  was  one  of  the  early  practitioners  who 
achieved  distinction  as  a  surgeon  and  was  one  of  the  earl- 
iest presidents  of  the  American  Medical  Association.  Dr. 
John  T.  Hodgen  was  also  elected  to  this  office  and  Dr.  E. 
H.  Gregory  filled  the  presidential  chair  of  that  association. 
Missouri  has  also  furnished  a  number  of  the  vice-presidents 
of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

In  the  following  pages  I  have  endeavored  to  give  an 
adequate  account  of  the  history  of  the  development  of 
medicine  in  our  state.  I  have  gathered  the  best  information 
obtainable  from  the  principal  sections  of  fhe  state,  though 
unable  to  secure  data  from  all  sections.  The  history  of  one 
section  is  practically  the  history  of  the  whole  state  and  I 
desired  to  put  on  record  something  of  the  work  done  by 
the  leading  men  in  each  section. 

Nothing  has  been  said  of  homeopathic  medicine  or  of 
eclectic  medicine.  These  systems  were  introduced  by  their 
respective  followers,  but  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  give 
a  detailed  account  of  them.  With  the  profession  now  so 
well  organized  and  the  admission  to  one  combined  whole 
of  all  physicians  of  legitimate  standing,  the  practice  of 
sectarian  medicine  will  soon  disappear. 

In  medical  education  the  state  has  made  great  strides  in 
the  past  five  years.  In  St.  Louis  the  two  oldest  colleges 
were  merged  into  one  in  1899  and  the  combined  school  be- 
came the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University. 
In  1901  the  Marion-Sims  and  the  Beaumont  Medical  Col- 
leges were  united  and  in  1903  affiliated  with  the  St.  Louis 
University,  becoming  the  Medical  Department  of  that  in- 
stitution. In  Kansas  City  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College 
and  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College  have  agreed  to  sus- 


INTRODUCTORY.  13 

pend  independent  existence  and  the  consolidated  schools  will 
form  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Kansas. 
St.  Joseph  has  a  well  endowed  medical  college  in  the  Ens- 
worth  Medical  College,  though  the  institution  has  no  uni- 
versity connection.  The  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri  at  Columbia  enjoys  all  the  privileges 
of  university  connection  and  is  well  supported  by  the  state. 
The  standard  of  requirements  for  admission  has  been 
raised  in  all  of  these  schools  and  all  of  them  rest  on  a  plane 
which  places  them  on  equal  terms  with  the  most  advanced 
institutions  for  the  training  of  medical  students.  Opportun- 
ity for  research  work  and  original  investigations  was  very 
meagre  until  the  time  when  these  schools  were  placed  on 
a  true  university  basis.  With  the  increased  facilities  now 
offered  for  study  and  investigation,  we  may  confidently 
look  forward  to  a  more  rapid  and  higher  development  of 
medicine  in  the  state  than  has  ever  been  possible  heretofore. 
In  the  making  of  her  medical  laws  Missouri  has  been 
unfortunate,  though  perhaps  not  more  so  than  the  majority 
of  the  states.  The  profession  was  never  well  organized 
and  legislation  for  the  proper  control  of  practice  in  this 
state  has  been  impossible  of  consummation.  With  the 
reorganization  of  the  profession  and  the  consolidation 
of  mutual  interests,  better  things  can  be  hoped  for  and  more 
will  be  accomplished  within  the  next  few  years  than  has 
ever  been  attained  heretofore.  One  thing  was  accomplished 
in  the  last  legislature,  however,  due  to  the  united  efforts  of 
the  profession.  This  is  the  act  establishing  a  state  sana- 
torium for  the  treatment  of  cases  of  incipient  tuberculosis. 
The  bill  creates  a  commission  to  select  a  site  on  which  to 
erect  suitable  buildings  for  the  care  of  such  cases  at  the 
expense  of  the  state.  An  appropriation  of  $50,000  was  made 
to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  act. 


A  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 
IN  MISSOURI. 


CHAPTER  I. 


In  St.  Louis. 

The  earliest  white  inhabitants  of  this  State  being  hunters, 
trappers  and  missionaries,  there  is  practically  nothing  of 
record  pertaining  to  the  manner  in  which  they  combated 
disease  or  treated  injuries.  Even  when  settlements  began 
to  spring  up  few  men  with  any  knowledge  of  medicine  ac- 
companied the  pioneers.  Brackenridge*  says  there  was  no 
physician  in  St.  Genevieve  during  his  first  sojourn  in  that 
town  (about  1793).  Disease  was  permitted  to  run  its 
course  after  the  list  of  family  remedies  had  been  exhausted. 
What  this  list  comprised  does  not  appear.  The  French  and 
Spanish  military  posts  had  their  army  surgeons,  but  no 
m'ention  is  made  that  they  were  ever  called  upon  to  attend 
the  inhabitants  of  the  village. 

The  exact  year  of  the  settling  of  St.  Genevieve  is  not 
known.  Tradition  ascribes  its  origin  to  the  proximate  date 
of  1735  and  there  is  legal  evidence  of  its  existence  in  1754, 
but  in  1763  when  Laclede  made  an  effort  to  secure  room 
for  storing  his  supplies  the  town  did  not  possess  sufficient 
storeroom,  nor  could  it  accommodate  the  men  accompany- 
ing the  expedition.  He  was,  therefore,  compelled  to  go 
farther  up  the  river  to  Fort  Chartres,  situated  on  the  east 

*  Recollections  of  the  West. 


16  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINK 

side  of  the  river  about  twenty  miles  above  St.  Genevieve. 
Laclede  then  crossed  to  the  west  side  and  selected  the  site 
for  his  trading  post,  marking  it  by  blazing  the  trees,  after 
which  he  returned  to  Fort  Ciiartres  to  spend  the  winter. 

In  the  spring  of  1764,  on  the  15th  of  February,  the  party 
crossed  to  the  west  side  and  established  the  future  City  of 
St.  Louis. 

Events  seemed  to  favor  the  little  post,  for  soon  after  its 
establishment  France  ceded  all  its  posessions  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Mississippi  to  Great  Britain.  This  caused  a  gen- 
eral exodus  from  Fort  Chartres,  and  many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants moved  to  St.  Louis.  Among  others  who  came  over 
was  the  post  surgeon,  Dr.  Andre  Auguste  Conde.  The 
date  given  is  October  20,  1765.  Dr.  Conde,  therefore,  was 
probably  the  first  physician  to  enter  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine, outside  of  military  posts,  not  only  in  St.  Louis,  but 
in  the  State. 

Dr.  Conde  was  a  native  of  Aunis  in  France,  and  brought 
his  wife  and  infant  daughter  with  him  when  be  entered  the 
French  service,  and  practiced  for  about  eleven  years  after 
taking  up  his  residence  in  St.  Louis.  He  received  a  grant 
of  land,  the  fifth  concession  recorded,  consisting  of  two  lots 
fronting  two  hundred  and  forty  feet  on  Second  street  by 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  depth.  On  this  lot  he  built 
a  house  of  upright  posts  for  his  residence,  a  barn  and  other 
conveniences,  and  here  he  resided  until  his  death,  Novem- 
ber 28,  1776. 

Dr.  Conde  was  an  educated  gentleman  and  a  prominent 
man  in  the  little  village.  For  a  time  he  was  the  only  phy- 
sician. His  work  was  not  confined  to  the  west  side  of  the 
river  as  he  was  often  called  to  the  Illinois  side.  He  kept 
a  record  of  his  visits  and  the  name  of  almost  every  person 
on  both  sides  of  the  river  was  included,  from  Rouquier,  the 
fiddler,  to  St.  Ange,  the  Governor.  After  his  death  an  in- 
ventory of  his  estate  showed  there  was  due  him  for  pro- 
fessional services  the  sum  of  five  thousand  one  hundred  and 
fifty-six  livres  ($1,031).  Whether  the  fiddler  paid  does 
not  appear,  but  St.  Ange  died  in  1774  leaving  a  will  in 
which  he  directed  the  payment  of  what  he  owed,  and  Dr. 


IN  MISSOURI.  17 

Conde's  account  was  not  included  in  the  schedule.  His 
widow  married  a  second  husband,  Gasford  Roubien.  They 
subsequently  moved  to  St.  Charles  where  they  both  died. 

Dr.  Jean  Baptiste  Valleau  arrived  in  St.  Louis  late  in 
1767,  as  surgeon  of  the  Company  under  the  command  of 
Capt.  Rios  sent  up  by  Count  Ulloa  to  take  possession  of  the 
place  for  the  Spanish  government.  Immediately  after  his 
arrival  he  made  application  for  a  lot  upon  which  to  build 
a  house  and  was  granted  a  concession  from  St.  Ange  con- 
sisting of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  on  the  west  side  of 
Second  street  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  deep  up  the  hill  on 
Pine  street.  He  hired  Peter  Tousignan  to  build  him  a  house 
"of  posts  in  the  ground,  eighteen  feet  long  by  fourteen  feet 
wide  on  the  outside,  roofed  with  shingles,  with  a  stone 
chimney  and  a  partition  in  the  center  of  small  square  posts, 
with  one  outside  door  and  another  in  the  partition,  two 
windows  with  shutters,  well  floored  and  ceiled  with  hewed 
Cottonwood  plank  well  jointed."  It  does  not  appear  that 
he  made  any  effort  to  practice  and  probably  he  did  not  try 
as  the  inhabitants  were  very  bitterly  opposed  to  living  un- 
der Spanish  rule.  So  strong  was  this  feeling  that  Capt. 
Rios  did  not  take  command  in  St.  Louis  but  built  a  fort 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  river.  Dr.  Valleau  made 
trips  between  St.  Louis  and  the  new  fort  and  it  is  sup- 
posed he  was  affected  by  exposure  to  the  sun.  He  fell  ill 
and  died  in  November,  1768.  Dr.  Valleau's  will  was  the 
first  one  on  record. 

Dr.  Antoine  Reynal  was  the  third  doctor  to  come  to  St. 
Louis.  He  arrived  about  the  year  1776  and  practiced  for 
twenty-three  years,  removing  finally  to  St.  Charles.  There 
seems  to  be  no  record  of  his  work,  though  he  must  have  been 
the  only  doctor  in  the  village  for  several  years.  In  1777 
he  purchased  the  west  half  of  the  block  on  the  east  side  of 
Third  street,   from  Market  to  Chestnut. 

Of  the  fourth  physician  who  came  to  St.  Louis  but  little 
is  known.  He  was  Dr,  Bernard  Gibkin  (Gilkin)  and  prob- 
ably practiced  during  the  years  1779  and  1780.  There  is 
no  record  of  where  he  came  from,  or  whether  he  died  here 
or  moved  away,  though  he  is  put  down  as  the  owner  of  a 


18  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

house  and  lot.  He  must  have  had  the  confidence  of  the 
community,  however,  as  he  was  directed  by  the  Spanish 
Governor,  De  Leyba,  to  make  a  post  mortem  examination 
on  the  body  of  one  Domingo  de  Bargas,  a  young  Spanish 
merchant,  who  died  suddenly  on  the  night  of  July  18,  1779. 
This  was  the  first  inquest  held  in  the  City.  Dr.  Gibkins 
examined  a  number  of  witnesses  and  reported  "that  de 
Bargas  had  died  from  apoplexy  superinduced  by  the  exces- 
sive heat."  Whether  this  was  the  first  case  of  sunstroke 
is  not  known,  but  the  inhabitants  suffered  with  the  heat  of 
summer  even  then. 

Dr.  Claudio  Mercier  came  to  St.  Louis  from  New  Orleans 
early  in  1786.  He  was  a  native  of  France  and  was  sixty 
years  of  age  when  he  arrived  in  St.  Louis.  He  probably 
did  not  practice.  He  died  about  a  year  after  he  came  here, 
January  20,  1787,  and  left  a  will  emancipating  his  negro 
slave,  Francoise,  and  leaving  one  hundred  dollars  to  the 
poor  of  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Philip  Joachim  Gingembre  (Ginger)  came  to  St. 
Louis  early  in  1792  and  purchased  a  small  stone  house  on 
the  northwest  corner  of  the  present  site  of  Second  and  Olive 
streets  where  he  lived  for  some  years.  He  then  went  to 
France  leaving  his  house  unoccupied.  Not  returning  after 
some  years'  absence  the  house  was  sold  to  satisfy  his  credit- 
ors. There  is  no  record  that  he  practiced  his  profession 
while  he  lived  here. 

Up  to  this  point  accounts  are  very  meagre  concerning 
the  work  of  physicians  who  first  came  to  St.  Louis.  It  is 
stated  that  there  was  very  little  sickness  in  those  days,  every 
one  being  strong  and  healthy,  but  the  books  of  Dr.  Conde 
indicate  that  he  was  kept  pretty  busy.  About  the  time  of 
his  death  Dr.  Reynal  came  to  St.  Louis  and  practiced  for 
twenty-three  years,  but  there  is  no  record  to  show  whether 
he  was  as  successful  as  his  predecessor.  Of  the  next  doctor 
who  came  to  the  village,  however,  there  is  more  to  be  found. 

In  his  presidential  address  before  the  American  Surgical 
Association  at  the  meeting  in  St.  Louis,  1904,  Dr.  N.  P. 
Dandridge  gives  an  interesting  account  of  Saugrain's  life. 
I  have  made  liberal  use  of  this  in  the  following  account: 


IN  MISSOURI.  19 

Dr.  Antoine  Francoise  Saugrain  came  to  St.  Louis  in  the 
year  1800  from  Gallipolis,  Ohio.  He  was  bom  in  Paris, 
February  17,  1763,  and  was,  therefore,  thirty-seven  years 
old  when  he  came  to  St.  Louis.  He  came  from  a  long  line 
of  "librarians,  booksellers  and  printers,"  who,  as  far  back 
as  Charles  IX  and  Henry  of  Navarre  had  served  the  royal 
family  of  France.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life,  but  it 
is  evident  he  was  given  a  thorough,  general  scientific  edu- 
cation and  that  he  studied  "chemistry,  mineralogy  and 
physic."  His  general  scientific  knowledge  stood  him  in  good 
stead  and  he  was  ever  ready  to  put  it  to  the  most  practical 
use  in  his  daily  wants.  His  knowledge  of  mineralogy  made 
his  advice  often  called  for  in  the  development  of  the  mines 
in  the  Ohio  Valley.  He  supplied  himself  with  ink  from  a 
natural  chalybeate  water  and  an  infusion  of  white  oak  bark, 
and  when  in  need  of  a  fire  lighted  it  from  a  lens  made  by 
two  watch  crystals  with  clear  water  between.  Wherever 
he  found  himself  he  established  furnaces  and  chemical  labo- 
ratories and  had  his  electric  batteries,  and  in  time  of  leisure 
he  made  thermometers  and  barometers,  which  he  readily 
sold. 

He  probably  never  practiced  in  Paris,  for  about  the  time 
iiis  studies  were  completed  his  family,  who  were  royalists, 
were  compelled  to  flee  across  the  Rhine,  and  for  a  time  he 
did  not  know  their  whereabouts.  Learning  of  a  party  of 
French  coming  to  America,  he  joined  them,  and  seems  to 
have  entered  the  service  of  the  King  of  Spain,  for  we  soon 
find  him  engaged  in  mineralogic  investigations  in  Mexico. 
Saugrain  returned  to  France,  but  in  1787  he  again  came 
to  America  with  M.  Piquet,  a  French  philosopher.  Piquet 
was  a  botanist,  and  Kentucky  and  the  valley  of  the  Ohio 
were  their  objective  points  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the 
flora  and  probably  also  to  ascertain  the  feasibility  of  estab- 
lishing a  French  colony.  They  reached  Fort  Pitt  too  late  to  go 
down  the  river,  and  "established  themselves  in  an  abandoned 
cabin  a  few  miles  away."  They  suffered  greatly  from  the 
cold  and  lived  principally  on  "venison  and  potatoes."  In 
spite  of  their  hardships  they  busied  themselves  with  their 
scientific  work.     Saugrain  examined  mines  in  the  neigh- 


20  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

borhood  and  found  iron,  lead,  copper  and  silver.  With  his 
hydrostatic  scales  he  determined  the  weight  and  density  of 
the  various  kinds  of  wood  and  tested  their  capacity  for  the 
production  of  potash ;  cornstalk  he  found  the  richest.  March 
19,  1788,  the  two  set  out  down  the  Ohio. 

They  were  joined  by  a  Frenchman  named  Raguet  and  an 
American  named  Pierce.  Dr.  Saugrain  has  left  a  record 
of  the  trip  giving  a  graphic  account  of  the  journey.  The 
party  was  attacked  by  Indians  on  March  24th,  at  a  point 
almost  opposite  the  Big  Miami.  Raguet  was  drowned  and 
Pique  was  killed,  while  Pierce  made  his  escape.  Dr.  Sau- 
grain was  taken  captive,  but  escaped  after  being  wounded 
in  the  neck  by  a  bullet  from  the  Indians.  He  and  Pierce 
then  started  down  the  river  hoping  to  meet  a  boat.  They 
were  three  days  in  the  woods,  without  food  almost  all  of 
the  time,  and  with  nothing  to  protect  them  from  the  cold. 
Dr.  Saugrain's  feet  became  frozen,  one  little  finger  had 
been  broken  from  a  ball  and  the  wound  in  his  neck  caused 
him  constant  suffering.  It  stopped  bleeding  spontaneously 
but  became  swollen  to  an  extraordinary  degree  so  that  he 
was  unable  to  use  his  right  hand.  He  chewed  up  a  sort  of 
agaric  and  put  on  his  neck,  but  does  not  say  whether  it  af- 
forded any  relief.  At  last  they  saw  a  boat  coming  down  the 
river  and  were  taken  on  board,  reaching  the  Falls  on  March 
29th.  The  next  day  he  crossed  to  the  fort  opposite  Louis- 
ville where  he  received  a  cordial  welcome  and  was  placed 
in  care  of  the  post  surgeon.  While  at  the  fort  Saugrain 
made  a  furnace  and  furnished  the  doctors  fixed  alkalies  and 
amused  them  with  ,,electrical  experiments. 

In  May,  1788,  he  returned  to  Philadelphia  and  from 
thence  he  went  to  France.  In  1790  he  came  back  to  the 
United  States  with  a  party  of  French  settlers  from  Lyons 
and  Paris  who  founded  Gallipolis,  Ohio.  He  remained 
there  for  six  years  and  was  married  to  Miss  Genevieve 
Michaud,  eldest  daughter  of  John  Michaud,  one  of  the  set- 
tlers of  Gallipolis  from  Paris. 

In  1805  he  was  appointed  by  Jefferson  surgeon  of  the 
army  stationed  at  Fort  Bellefontaine,  on  the  Missouri  river. 

In  the  Missouri  Gazette,  May  26,  1809,  we  find  the  fol- 


IN  MISSOURI.  21 

lowing  notice :  "Dr.  Saiigrain  gives  notice  of  the  first  vac- 
cine matter  brought  to  St.  Louis.  Indigent  persons,  pau- 
pers and  Indians  vaccinated  gratuitously."  He  continued 
to  practice  in  St.  Louis  till  his  death,  in  1820,  and  must 
have  been  eminently  successful,  for  he  left  a  large  landed 
estate  for  the  support  of  his  wife  and  six  children.  Al- 
though thus  busily  occupied,  he  found  time  for  his  elec- 
trical and  chemical  work,  and  in  the  latter  he  is  said  to  have 
anticipated  the  European  inventors  in  the  use  of  phosphor- 
ous for  friction  matches. 

His  earnestness  and  modesty  are  well  illustrated  by  a 
remark  which  has  come  down  to  us,  made  one  day  to  his 
daughter,  who  was  his  assistant  in  the  laboratory:  "We 
are  working  in  the  dark,  my  child ;  I  only  know  enough  to 
know  that  I  know  nothing." 

Dr.  Bernard  G.  Farrar  was  the  next  physician  who  came 
to  St.  Louis.  He  was  the  first  American-born  physician 
who  took  up  a  permanent  residence  here  and  has  been 
named  "The  Father  of  the  Profession  in  St.  Louis."  Of 
his  life  and  his  work  no  better  description  can  be  given 
than  the  following  taken  from  the  file  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal: 

SKETCH  OF  THE  LIFE  AND  CHARACTER  OF  THE 
LATE  BERNARD  G.  FARRAR,  M.  D. 

By  Charles  A.  Pope,  M.  D. 

(Prepared  at  the  request  of,  and  read  before  the  St.  Louis 

Medical  Society). 

Gentlemen : — Your  partiality  has  assigned  me  the  task  of 
giving  to  the  society  a  sketch  of  the  life  and  character  of 
the  late  Bernard  G.  Farrar,  M.  D.,  the  venerated  first  presi- 
dent of  this  body.  I  am  sensible  that  the  choice  re- 
sulted rather  from  my  connection  with  the  deceased  than 
from  any  peculiar  fitness  or  ability  on  my  part.  You  will, 
therefore,  readily  excuse  the  regret  that  I  express  at  the 
selection  not  having  fallen  on  some  older  member,  who,  to 
superior  qualifications,  could  have  boasted  the  additional 


22  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

large  or  long  friendship  and  professional  intercourse  with 
the  subject  of  our  notice. 

I  shall,  nevertheless,  with  your  indulgence  for  the  difficul- 
ties under  which  I  have  labored,  attempt,  as  far  as  possible, 
to  do  even  slight  justice  to  the  memory  of  our  departed 
friend  and  brother,  and  to  present  before  you  a  portrait 
wliich  I  hope  will  not  be  altogether  unrecognizable  by  many 
here  present.  For  the  materials  which  have  aided  me  in 
this  sketch  I  am  indebted  to  my  own  recollections,  as  well 
as  to  the  immediate  family  and  friends  of  the  deceased, 
and  to  his  few  remaining  professional  friends,  who,  like 
him,  were  among  the  medical  pioneers  of  the  West.  Be- 
fore, however,  entering  on  my  subject,  I  may  be  allowed 
briefly  to  allude  to  the  intention  of  the  present  memoir.  It 
is  both  right  and  proper,  and  due  alike  to  the  dead  and  our- 
selves, that  we  should  thus  regard  the  worth  and  virtues  of 
our  departed  brethren.  The  dead  are  honored  thereby  and 
the  living  may  be  profited.  Besides,  the  life  of  him  of 
whom  we  now  consider  forms  an  important  link  in  the 
medical  history  of  this  region,  and  as  such  deserves  more 
than  a  passing  notice.  If  in  aught  that  shall  be  said  any 
interesting  facts  be  preserved,  if  any  younger  aspirant  for 
professional  honor  and  success  amongst  us  may  be  stimu- 
lated to  emulate  the  example  here  held  forth,  and  by  patient 
and  persevering  effort,  directed  by  honest  purpose  of  iiead 
and  heart,  overcome  the  many  obstacles  that  may  beset  his 
early  path  and  clog  his  future  progress,  my  object  will  have 
been  attained.  I  will  not  confine  myself  to  the  merely  pro- 
fessional career  of  the  deceased,  for,  having  lived  nearly 
half  a  century  in  St.  Louis,  'he  was  thus  connected  with  its 
early  village  existence;  and  it  will,  therefore,  be  excusable 
to  speak  of  him  as  the  citizen  and  as  exercising  that  influ- 
ence on  the  community  which  at  so  early  a  period  an  en- 
lightened physician  was  likely  to  exert. 

Dr.  Bernard  G.  Farrar  was  born  in  Goochland,  Va.,  on 
the  fourth  day  of  July,  1785.  His  father,  Joseph  Royal 
Farrar,  extensively  known  and  beloved  for  his  social  and 
hospitable  character,  removed  to  Kentucky  in  the  fall  of 
the  same  year,  the  doctor  being  then  only  a  few  week  old. 


IN  MISSOURI.  23 

He  settled  within  a  few  miles  of  Lexington,  where  most  of 
the  Doctor's  youthful  days  were  passed.  His  father  was 
four  times  married,  as  was  iiis  mother  also.  As  all  of 
these  unions  were  fruitful,  there  were  seven  different  sets 
of  children  united  in  the  same  family.  This  host  of  off- 
spring caused  the  patrimony  of  each  child  to  be  small.  The 
Doctor  entered  life  with  limited  means.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  entrusted  to  the  supervision  of  one  Parson  Stubbs, 
a  well  qualified  and  worthy  man.  At  this  period,  as  I  am 
informed  by  one  who  knew  him  well,  the  doctor  was  more 
distinguished  for  his  love  of  boyish  and  playful  mischief 
than  devotion  to  his  studies.  His  teacher  was  a  very  pious 
man,  and  in  allusion  to  Barney's  (as  he  was  familiarly 
designated)  mischievous,  but  always  laughable  tricks,  often 
expressed  his  deep  commiseration  for  his  poor  mother.  He 
was  sadly  afraid,  he  said,  that  Barney  would  one  day  or 
another  be  certainly  hung.  This  was  a  subject  of  much 
amusement  in  the  school,  at  the  good  old  teacher's  expense, 
it  being  obvious  that  he  did  not  properly  discriminate  be- 
tween real  wickedness  of  heart  and  the  mere  love  of  fun. 
The  death  of  his  father  took  place  in  1796.  From  this 
period  until  maturity  he  was  sustained  and  guided  by  the 
unremitting  vigilance  and  counsel  of  his  affectionate 
mother,  whose  memory  he  cherished  most  devoutly  through 
life.  He  was  now  entered  as  a  regular  student  in  the  lit- 
erary department  of  Transylvania  University,  where  he  re- 
mained for  three  years.  In  the  spring  of  1800  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Selmon,  of  Cincin- 
nati, O.,  with  whom  he  continued  a  twelve  month.  He  was 
then  placed  under  the  tuition  of  Prof.  Samuel  Brown,  of 
Lexington,  Ky.,  at  that  period  the  most  eminent  in  the  pro- 
fession in  the  West.  He  remained  with  him  for  three  years, 
during  which  time  he  was  an  assiduous  student.  In  1804 
he  repaired  to  Philadelphia  and  attended  a  course  of  med- 
ical lectures  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  By  his  pre- 
vious study  and  application  he  was  well  fitted  to  listen  with 
profit  to  the  teachings  of  Rush  and  Physick,  those  fathers 
of  American  medicine  and  surgery.  After  the  close  of  the 
season  he  returned  to  Lexington,    and  at    the    following 


24  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

commencement  received  a  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine, 
from  the  Medical  Department  of  Transylvania  University. 

Immediately  on  his  graduation  Dr.  Farrar  removed  to 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  but  a  few  miles  from  Lexington,  where  he 
formed  a  co-partnership  in  practice  with  Dr.  Scott,  a  gen- 
tleman who  stood  at  the  head  of  the  profession  in  that  place. 
Dr.  Farrar  did  not  long  remain  in  Frankfort,  chiefly  for 
the  reason  that  it  was  so  near  his  home,  for  the  Doctor 
was  one  of  those  who  thought  that  a  prophet  was  without 
honor  in  his  own  country,  and  that  a  physician,  especially, 
was  less  likely  to  succeed  among  his  own  family  friends 
than  amidst  strangers.  He  used  often  to  say  that  the  com- 
munity should  not  know  how  a  doctor  was  made.  His 
views  on  this  point  are  further  illustrated  by  an  anecdote 
he  was  in  the  habit  of  relating.  Whilst  still  at  Frankfort 
an  old  schoolmate  met  him  accidentally  on  the  street,  and, 
being  delighted  to  see  him,  gently  touched  him  on  the 
shoulder  and  accosted  him  most  familiarly  with  "How  do 
you  do,  Barney?"  This  was  but  little  in  accordance  with 
the  Doctor's  ideas  of  professional  respect  and  dignity,  and 
so,  seizing  the  gentleman  by  the  collar,  and  assuming  a 
rather  belligerent  attitude,  he  said :  "Sir,  no  Barney  any 
longer.  I  am  Dr.  Farrar,  if  you  please,  and  never  shall  you 
or  any  one  else  call  me  otherwise." 

Notwithstanding  the  influence  of  Dr.  Scott  in  his  behalf, 
his  success  did  not  equal  his  expectations,  for,  like  most 
young  men,  he  was  ambitious,  and  deemed  his  thorough 
course  of  study  and  preparation  deserving  of  a  more  rapid 
and  greater  success.  The  place,  he  said,  was  too  near  home, 
and  all  had  known  iiim  as  Barney  Farrar,  and  had  he  even 
lived  there  until  his  death  he  would  probably  have  been 
known  as  Barney  still.  He  therefore  turned  iiis  thoughts 
to  a  distant  home  in  the  then  far  West  for  a  better  theater 
in  which  to  try  his  fortune. 

Fortunately  about  this  time  he  had  heard  much  of  the 
prosperity  of  St.  Louis  and  its  peculiar  advantages  for  a 
physician.  On  the  earnest  advice  of  Judge  Colburn,  one  of 
the  territorial  judges  for  Missouri,  9,  brother-in-law  of  the 
Doctor,  he  accordingly,  in  the  fall  of  the  year  1806,  em- 


IN  MISSOURI.  25 

barked  at  Louisville  on  a  keel  boat,  the  only  mode  of  water 
conveyance  at  that  early  period.  The  boat  was  propelled 
by  the  tardy  process  of  the  time,  called  cordelling,  and  after 
a  tedious  voyage  of  many  weeks,  rendered  exciting  by  the 
variety  of  accidents,  owing  to  tiie  then  great  difficulties  of 
navigation,  he  reached  St.  Louis,  Pleased  with  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  place  and  its  peculiar  fitness  for  one  of  his 
profession,  he  at  once  determined  to  settle. 

Although  preceded  by  one  or  two  of  the  profession,  Dr. 
Farrar  was  the  first  American  physician  who  permanently 
established  himself  west  of  the  Mississippi.  From  these  cir- 
cumstances, in  conjunction  with  the  high  character  he  after- 
wards sustained,  he  is  justly  entitled  to  the  appellation  of 
"Father  of  the  Profession  in  St.  Louis."  This  region  of 
the  country  was  then  called  Upper  Louisiana,  and  had  but 
a  short  time  before  been  purchased  from  Napoleon  by  Mr. 
Jefferson.  The  Doctor  soon  received  such  flattering  marks 
of  encouragement  from  the  French  inhabitants  of  the  vil- 
lage as  to  render  certain  his  success,  and  indeed,  to  betoken 
the  higiiest  degree  of  future  prosperity  and  professional 
reputation. 

He  found  on  his  arrival  here  no  other  established  physi- 
cian than  Dr.  Antoine  Saugrain,  who  had,  some  years  be- 
fore the  change  of  government,  emigrated  from  Europe  to 
Gallipolis,  O.,  then  the  Northwestern  Territory,  from  thence 
to  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Saugrain  was  educated  in  Paris  for  the  vocation  of 
chemist,  but  subsequently  turned  his  attention  to  the  heal- 
ing art  generally.  He  left  behind  him  the  reputation  of  a 
good  physician  and  gentleman.  His  practice  was  principally 
on  the  vegetable  system,  as  he  abhorred  calomel  and  relied 
much  on  ptisanes.  At  all  events  his  treatment  of  the  dis- 
ease of  the  country  differed  materially  from  that  of  Dr. 
Farrar.  For  such  was  the  marked  success  of  the  latter  that 
it  struck  the  attention  of  even  the  non-professional,  and 
rapidly  acquired  for  him  an  extensive  practice  and  the  repu- 
tation for  eminence  in  his  profession.  His  name  soon 
reached  beyond  the  narrow  limits  of  the  village,  and  he 
was  often  sent  for  from  hundreds  of  miles  around.     As  a 


26  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

skillful  physician  iiis  fame  continued  to  increase,  not  only 
from  the  force  of  his  genius  and  talents,  but  also  from  his 
kindness  of  manner  and  devoted  attention  to  his  patients. 
Such,  indeed,  was  the  humanity  of  his  heart  that  it  was 
with  difficulty  he  could  witness  the  sufferings  of  his  fellow 
creatures  in  mind  or  body,  and  yet  in  the  hour  of  danger, 
when  necessity  called  fortii  his  best  energies  in  behalf  of 
tis  patients,  a  firmer  spirit  never  existed.  He  excelled 
particularly  in  tact,  and  in  his  progress  he  is  said  seldom 
to  have  failed.  For  boldness  and  decision  of  character  and 
promptitude  in  action  when  occasion  required  it  he  was 
rarely  equaled. 

The  doctor  was  once  summoned  to  see  a  female  who  for 
some  time  had  been  sick  of  a  fever,  and  was  regarded  as 
dead  both  by  her  physician  and  friends.  Indeed,  her  stiroud 
was  being  made,  and  the  corpse  had  been  laid  out  when  the 
doctor  entered.  The  mirror  and  usual  tests  of  vitality 
were  applied,  but  with  only  negative  results.  The  idea 
now  struck  the  doctor  to  apply  a  red  hot  smoothing  iron 
to  the  soles  of  her  feet.  This  was  soon  done,  whereupon 
the  woman  stood  erect  and  cried  aloud.  The  story  is  lit- 
erally true.  A  gentleman  who  saw  the  patient  laid  out, 
as  he  thought,  a  corpse,  left  a  few  minutes  afterwards  for 
Pittsburg,  and  without  any  knowledge  of  the  resurrection, 
met  her  on  his  return  in  perfect  health.  He  stated  that  the 
occurrence  gave  him  greater  terror  and  astonishment  than 
did  the  terrible  convulsions  of  nature  which  he  experienced 
near  New  Madrid  in  1811  while  in  a  keel  boat  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, whose  tide  was  rolled  tumultuously  in  a  reverted 
direction  for  many  miles  and  the  earth  was  rent  in  many 
places.  From  the  circumstances  above  related,  as  well  as 
his  general  reputation  for  professional  skill,  he  was  sup- 
posed by  people  capable  of  raising  the  dead. 

In  the  obstetric  art  he  enjoyed  a  large  practice  and  shone 
pre-eminent.  From  contemporary  testimony  it  is  doubted 
whether  any  man  ever  practiced  more  dexterously  and  skill- 
fully the  various  operations  of  turning  and  the  application 
of  instruments. 

I  have  said  that  Dr.  Farrar  was  eminently  successful  in 


IN  MISSOURI.  27 

his  general  practice,  but  as  a  surgeon  he  also  claimed  an 
enviable  distinction.  From  his  own  account  he  was  always 
loath  to  use  the  knife  except  when  the  life  of  the  patient 
demanded  it  at  his  hands.  His  reluctance  to  operate 
sprung,  I  am  sure,  from  his  unwillingness  to  witness  or 
inflict  pain  on  his  fellow  men.  As  an  operator  he  was  skill- 
ful and  rapid,  but  when,  as  in  the  ablation  of  different 
tumors,  the  dissection  required  care,  he  was  extremely  cau- 
tious, using,  as  he  was  wont  to  tell  me,  more  the  handle 
than  the  point  of  his  scalpel.  One  of  his  first  operations 
was  the  amputation  of  a  thigh,  performed  on  a  man  by  the 
name  of  Shannon,  who,  when  a  youth,  accompanied  Lewis 
and  Clark  on  their  expedition  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  In  1807 
he  undertook  a  second  expedition  under  the  auspices  of  the 
general  government  to  ascertain  the  sources  of  the  Missouri 
River.  At  a  point  1,800  miles  up  that  river  he  was  attacked 
by  the  Blackfeet  Indians  and  wounded  by  a  ball  in  the  knee. 
He  was  brought  down  to  St.  Louis  and  successfully  op- 
erated on  by  Dr.  Farrar.  In  those  times  the  case  was  con- 
sidered as  an  evidence  of  great  skill,  in  view  of  the  distance 
the  patient  had  traveled  and  the  low  state  to  which  his  con- 
stitution had  been  reduced  by  the  accident.  This  same  gen- 
tleman afterwards  received  an  education  in  Kentucky  and 
became  one  of  her  best  jurists.  He  was  subsequently  ele- 
vated to  the  bench.  Judge  Shannon  often  said,  and  even 
declared  on  his  death  bed  that  he  owed  both  his  life  and 
his  honors  to  the  skill  of  Dr.  Farrar. 

There  was  one  operation  to  which  I  must  make  special 
reference — a  patient,  a  young  man,  affected  with  stone  in 
the  bladder,  where  the  calculus  had  become  fixed  in  its 
fundus,  and  could  be  easily  felt  in  the  rectum.  The  doctor 
conceived  and  executed  the  recto-vesical  section.  This  was 
done  several  years  previous  to  the  same  operation  by  San- 
som,  but  the  latter,  however,  by  publishing,  has  the  uni- 
versal acknowledgment  of  priority.  It  is  unfortunate  on 
all  accounts  that  any  neglect  should  have  occurred  in  this 
particularity,  notwithstanding  the  recto-vesical  operation 
is  now  too  very  exceptionally  resorted  to. 

During   the   war   with   Great   Britain   in    1812-14,    Dr. 


38  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

Farrar  served  both  as  surgeon  and  soldier  in  defending 
Missouri  from  the  Indian  depredations.  His  reputation 
had  now  increased  to  the  extent  of  being  known  and  ac- 
knowledged abroad.  In  proof  of  this  he  was  offered  a 
chair  in  his  Alma  Mater,  the  medical  department  of  Tran- 
sylvania University,  then  the  first  and  only  school  of  med- 
icine west  of  the  Alleghanies.  Nothing  could  have  been 
more  gratifying  to  his  feelings,  more  calculated,  to  excite 
in  his  mind  emotions  of  heartfelt  pride  and  satisfaction, 
than  the  proposed  honor.  He,  however,  declined  the  situ- 
ation, preferring  the  more  substantial  benefits  of  a  lucrative, 
though  laborious  practice,  to  the  uncertain  renown  of  pro- 
fessorship. From  his  own  acknowledgment,  I  am  assured 
that  his  declination  arose  more  from  real  modesty  and  his 
long  supposed     incompetenc)''  than  from  any  other  cause. 

As  a  man  and  a  citizen  Dr.  Farrar  occupied  in  this  com- 
munity a  high  position.  Such  was  the  popularity  and  con- 
fidence reposed  in  him  that  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
first  Legislature  that  was  assembled  under  the  territorial 
form  of  government.  He,  however,  continued  as  a  repre- 
sentative during  a  single  session  only.  His  re-election  was 
much  desired  and  could  easily  have  been  effected,  but  he 
perceived  that  it  would  withdraw  him  too  much  from  his 
profession,  a  theater  he  thought  of  more  useful  action  on 
his  part  towards  the  country.  He  ever  afterwards  refused 
to  engage  in  politics,  assigning  very  properly  as  a  reason 
that  few  men  arrive  at  eminence  or  great  usefulness,  except 
in  a  single  pursuit,  and  of  all  others  the  medical  profession 
was  jealous  of  exclusiveness  and  required  a  strict  adher- 
ence to  this  maxim.  In  connection  with  his  politics,  it  may, 
perhaps,  without  offense  be  stated  that  he  was  an  unswerv- 
ing Whig  through  life.  His  political,  as  well  as  religious 
tenets,  never  contravened  his  personal  friendships — he  was 
alike  the  physician  of  all  parties  and  denominations.  His 
love  of  country,  its  constitution  and  the  memory  of  its  early 
patriots  was  ardent  and  enthusiastic. 

In  the  discharge  of  his  professional  duties  Dr.  Farrar 
was  both  physician  and  friend.  No  company  or  amuse- 
ment could  make  him  neglect  his  professional  engagements, 


IN  MISSOURI.  29 

and  he  was  ever  ready  at  the  call  of  the  poor.  Indeed,  with 
respect  to  remuneration  for  his  services,  it  was  in  most 
cases  optional  whether  payment  was  made  at  all.  The 
convenience  of  all  was  the  rule  that  governed  him.  In- 
stances frequently  occurred  where  he  had  attended  families 
for  years  whose  views  led  them  to  remove  to  a  distance, 
when  some  friend  would  suggest,  with  propriety,  the  send- 
ing of  his  bill.  His  answer  was:  Let  them  go;  if  they 
could  do  without  him,  he  could  do  without  them.  In  other 
cases  men  would  call  to  pay  bills,  when  he  would  inquire 
what  length  of  time  he  had  attended  them  or  their  fam- 
ilies (for  he  never  made  regular  charges  in  books),  and 
generally  ended  by  saying  that  they  must  make  the  fee  such 
as  they  were  able  to  bear  or  might  think  proper.  He  was 
always  generous  and  disinterested,  nor  can  history  produce 
an  instance  in  which  a  life  of  such  intense  devotion  in  re- 
lieving the  diseases  incident  to  his  fellow  men  has  been  less 
rewarded  by  pecuniary  emolument.  This  utter  want  of  self- 
ishness and  extreme  pecuniary  carelessness  formed,  per- 
haps, one  of  the  most  distinctive  traits  of  his  character. 
But  Providence  seems  to  have  been  mindful  of  the  doctor's 
care  for  suffering  men.  Some  real  estate  in  St.  Louis  and 
its  vicinity  was  secured  to  his  family,  which,  by  its  increased 
value,  enabled  him  to  spend  his  latter  days  with  all  the 
comforts  around  him  whict  a  generous  soul  enjoys  and 
dispenses  to  others  and  the  means  of  gratifying  every  ra- 
tional desire  of  life. 

Many  anecdotes  illustrative  of  the  peculiarities  of  the 
doctor  are  told  by  his  old  acquaintances,  one  or  two  of  which 
I  will  relate.  Having  occasion  to  visit  Louisville,  he  went 
on  horseback,  and  liberally  supplied  himself  with  funds,  all 
in  the  shape  of  silver  half-dollars.  This  arrangement  he 
supposed  would  prove  convenient  for  change  at  the  houses 
where  he  might  stop.  The  whole  amount  was  pretty  well 
distributed  and  thrown  carelessly  loose  in  his  great  coat 
pockets.  Off  he  started  in  his  usual  trot  upon  his  journey, 
and  after  traveling  some  thirty  to  forty  miles  he  halted  to 
rest  for  the  night,  when,  lo!  on  looking  for  his  treasure  he 
found  to  his  surprise  that  it  had  all  disappeared.     The  holes 


30  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

in  his  pockets  explained  the  mystery  of  its  escape,  thus 
besprinkling  the  road  from  one  end  to  the  other,  much  to 
the  satisfaction  of  some  Vide  Poche  teamsters,  who  hap- 
pened to  follow  him.  The  doctor  informed  the  landlord 
of  his  misfortune,  told  him  who  he  was  and  requested  enter- 
tainment for  the  night  on  credit.  The  worthy  farmer  dis- 
believed the  whole  story  and  called  him  an  impostor  and 
refused  to  afford  him  lodging,  saying,  that  although  he  had 
never  seen,  he  had  heard  of  old  Dr.  Farrar  as  long  as  he 
had  lived  there,  and  that  the  person  before  him  was  entirely 
too  young  to  be  the  same.  Now  it  happened  from  the 
early  and  great  baldness  of  the  doctor  that  he  was  thought 
much  older  than  he  really  was,  and  on  this  account  he  was 
generally  called  old  Dr.  Farrar.  The  doctor  at  once  pulled 
off  his  hat,  made  the  necessary  explanations,  and  was  not 
only  admitted  to  a  quiet  night's  repose,  but  treated  with 
the  best  hospitalities  of  the  landlord. 

There  once  lived  hard  by  the  doctor's  home  a  man  with 
no  very  honest  views  on  the  rights  of  property,  who  when- 
ever there  happened  a  deficiency  (which  was  no  infrequent 
case)  in  his  own  supply  of  wood,  was  accustomed  to  re- 
plenish his  stock  by  an  occasional  stick,  taken  under  cover 
of  night,  from  an  ample  store  that  lay  piled  up  in  the  doc- 
tor's yard.  These  petty  depredations  had  been  carried  on 
for  a  considerable  time,  and  not  without  the  doctor's  knowl- 
edge. But,  although  he  knew  full  well  the  thief,  he  had 
never  caught  him  in  the  very  act.  To  effect  a  certain  de- 
tection he  caused  a  fine  fat-looking  and  tempting  back  log 
to  be  heavily  charged  with  powder.  It  accomplished  his 
purpose,  for  that  very  night,  on  going  out  quite  late,  he 
found  it  to  have  disappeared.  It  was  only  then  that  the 
possibly  fearful  consequences  of  what  he  had  done  came 
upon  him  with  full  force  and  brought  him  seriously  to 
reflect,  that  although  the  thief  might  meet  his  just  reward, 
the  wife  and  many  little  children  would  also  pay  the  pen- 
alty of  his  guilt.  So,  rushing  hurriedly  to  the  house,  he 
saw  the  very  self-same  back  log  upon  the  fire  with  the  in- 
mates gathered  in  a  family  group  around  it.  There  was 
yet  time — the  fire  had  not  reached  the  powder.     Telling  all 


IN  MISSOURI.  31 

to  save  themselves  he  seized  the  burning  stick  and  carried 
it  safely  from  the  house  before  it  had  exploded. 

From  an  early  period  of  his  youth  Dr.  Farrar  was  es- 
teemed by  his  companions  for  his  love  oi  truth,  honor  and 
justice,  and  he  fearlessly  maintained  among  men  those 
principles  through  life  without  meriting  reproach.  In  his 
friendships  he  was  warm,  constant  and  true,  ever  slow  to 
give  creclence  to  the  reputed  errors  of  those  he  esteemed. 
Kind  and  amiable,  as  well  as  open,  frank,  brave  and  unde- 
signing  in  his  feelings  and  principles,  it  was  painful  to  him 
to  witness  any  deviation  from  propriety  in  others.  Least 
of  all  would  he  forgive  any  dereliction  in  a  physician.  He, 
of  all  otiiers,  should  be  above  suspicion  and  reproach.  What 
in  another  man  he  might  overlook,  in  a  physician  he  would 
never  forgive.  As  a  Christian  he  was  mild  and  tolerant, 
believing  that  all  intemperate  discussions  of  its  benevolent 
principles  were  uncalled  for.  He  was  twice  married.  As 
a  husband  and  father  he  was  uniformly  affectionate,  kind 
and  indulgent.  In  domestic  life  were  centered  his  chief 
and  highest  enjoyments,  and  no  man  felt  or  accorded  to 
female  worth  a  higher  estimate.  The  experience  of  a  long 
life  of  observation  as  a  professional  man  of  the  sex  called 
forth  on  all  occasions  his  best  feelings  and  sympathies  in 
their  behalf. 

There  are  two  circumstances  in  the  life  of  Dr.  Farrar 
as  involving  professional  considerations  to  which  I  will 
allude.  In  a  duel  in  which  he  figured,  the  doctor's  ball 
struck  his  antagonist.  The  wound  was  attempted  to  be 
closed,  and  from  such  injudicious  practice  the  symptoms 
became  much  aggravated.  The  patient  was  then  advised 
to  send  for  Dr.  Farrar.  This  he  did,  and  the  doctor  visited 
his  enemy  as  he  would  have  done  any  one  else.  He  im- 
mediately laid  open  the  tract  of  the  wound,  according  to 
the  practice  of  the  time.  The  pain  ceased  at  once,  and  the 
gentleman  rapidly  recovered.  The  doctor  and  his  patient 
were  ever  after  true  and  fast  friends. 

The  other  circumstance  to  which  allusion  has  been  made 
was  a  difficulty  which  arose  between  the  doctor  and  one  of 
his  own  profession.     The  physician  was  in  the  habit  on  all 


32  HISTORY  OF  MKDICINE 

occasions  of  speaking  of  Dr.  Farrar  in  the  most  disrespect- 
ful manner,  and  resorted  to  every  low  expedient  to  preju- 
dice and  injure  the  doctor  among  his  patients  and  friends. 
By  abusing  Dr.  Farrar  he  vainly  hoped  to  advance  himself, 
but  as  is  invariably  the  case,  he  only  succeeded  in  injuring 
himself.  For  this  reason  the  doctor  never  once  reviled,  but 
bore  his  abuse  v^ith  becoming  silence.  His  accuser  wrongly 
interpreted  the  doctor's  forbearance,  and  in  consequence 
grew  more  bold  in  his  denunciation. 

At  last  suspicions  were  raised  concerning  the  doctor's 
honor  and  courage.  He  could  bear  it  no  longer.  On  meet- 
ing his  traducer  he  fell  upon  him  with  a  stick  and  inflicted 
upon  him  the  most  summary  chastisement.  Unluckily,  the 
man  died  in  a  month  or  two  afterwards,  and  his  former 
friends  attributed  his  death  to  the  blows  inflicted  by  Dr. 
Farrar.  There  was  not  the  least  show  of  reason  to  sus- 
tain the  charge,  for  he  had  entirely  recovered  from  the 
effects  of  his  injuries,  and  died  in  consequence  of  pleurisy. 

As  a  class,  Dr.  Farrar  felt  the  liveliest  interest  in  the 
medical  faculty.  Their  honor  and  the  advancement  of  the 
science  in  knowledge  and  usefulness  was  to  him  a  theme 
both  of  hope  and  joy.  In  the  history  of  our  race  he  be- 
lieved there  were  fewer  aberrations  from  moral  rectitude 
among  medical  men  than  any  other  class  of  the  community. 
Society,  he  said,  had  a  just  right  to  expect  this  distinction, 
as  the  very  nature  of  their  profession  made  physicians  the 
confidential  friend  of  every  family. 

Among  his  professional  brethren  Dr.  Farrar  was  uni- 
versally beloved  and  esteemed.  He  was  a  gentleman  in  the 
highest  sense  of  the  term,  and  well  deserved  their  respect 
and  consideration.  His  acknowledged  professional  skill, 
his  goodness  of  heart,  his  polished  urbanity,  his  high  sense 
of  honor  and  noble  generosity  of  nature  endeared  him  to  all. 
In  his  intercourse  with  other  professional  gentlemen  his 
conduct  was  marked  by  the  most  scrupulous  regard  of 
the  rights  and  feelings  of  others.  His  estimate  of  the  char- 
acter of  the  profession  was  indeed  exalted.  It  constituted 
the  very  essence  of  honor,  dignity,  benevolence  and  useful- 
ness, and  in  his  own  dealings  he  exalted  a  living  exemplifi- 


IN  MISSOURI.  33 

cation  of  his  views.  He  was  in  truth  a  very  model  of 
professional  etiquette,  not  in  its  letter  only,  but  in  its  purest 
spirit.  He  went  further  than  the  mere  requirements  of  the 
ethical  code.  He  was  always  anxious,  not  merely  to  act 
honorably  to  a  professional  brother,  but  also  to  serve  him 
if  he  could  by  advancing  his  interests  and  increasing  his 
claims  to  public  estimation  and  confidence.  In  the  language 
of  the  lamented  Lane,  he  was  so  constituted  that  it  was  im- 
possible for  him  to  be  guilty  of  dishonorable  rivalry  towards 
his  fellow-practitioners.  He  scorned  the  tricks  of  the  pro- 
fession and  those  who  practiced  them.  To  the  junior  mem- 
bers of  the  faculty  he  was  particularly  kind  and  generous. 
They  were  at  once  made  to  feel  that  he  was  one  in  whom 
they  could  wholly  confide,  and  in  consequence  of  his  win- 
ning kindness  of  heart  and  manner  and  the  real  interest  he 
always  manifested  in  their  success,  he  was  almost  regarded 
by  them  as  a  father. 

It  is  in  this  light  that  I  love  to  contemplate  the  mem- 
ory of  the  departed.  Search  the  wide  world  over,  and  in  all 
that  was  generous  and  noble  in  his  conduct  towards  his 
brother-practitioners  we  shall  not,  perhaps,  fmd  a  higher, 
more  perfect  model.  It  was  my  fortune  to  become  ac- 
quainted with  Dr.  Farrar  only  after  he  had  long  retired 
from  the  practice  of  the  profession.,  To  those  who  had 
known  in  him  in  his  early,  palmy  days,  he  appeared,  as  I  am 
told,  but  the  wreck  of  his  former  self.  Still  there  remained 
about  him  that  which  stamped  him  as  a  man  of  extraor- 
dinary character.  Many  a  pleasant  hour  have  I  spent  in 
instructive  conversation  with  him,  and  heard  him  relate 
his  early  adventures  and  trials.  In  his  retirement  he  was 
often  visited  by  his  old  French  patients  and  their  families, 
and  he  would  frequently  say  that  he  felt  towards  them  as 
his  own  children.  He  loved  to  expatiate  on  the  growth 
and  prosperity  of  St.  Louis.  On  his  arrival  he  found  it  a 
village  containing  but  a  few  hundred  inhabitants.  Since 
then  churches,  colleges,  halls  of  science,  marts  of  business, 
splendid  mansions  have  arisen  almost  by  the  power  of 
magic,  while  one  hundred  thousand  human  beings  are  en- 


34  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

abled  to  dwell  in  comfort  and  enjoy  the  blessings  of  civil, 
religious  and  political  liberty. 

Dr.  Farrar  fell  a  victim  of  the  dreadful  scourge  that 
spared  neither  the  good  nor  the  great,  the  bad  nor  the  lowly, 
and  which  carried  woe  and  desolation  to  so  many  hearts 
during  the  awful  visitation  of  our  city  in  the  summer  of 
1849.  He  was  attacked  by  cholera,  but  survived  its  onset, 
and  for  ten  days  we  supposed  him  rapidly  convalescing. 
He  walked  about  his  chamber  and  conversed  with  his 
friends  with  more  than  his  usual  gaiety  on  the  very  after- 
noon preceding  his  death.  About  10  o'clock  p.  m.  he  com- 
plained of  feeling  cold  and  called  his  wife's  attention  to 
the  circumstance.  She  became  alarmed  and  summoned 
assistance.  The  fatal  collapse  had  only  been  extraordi- 
narily deferred.  In  less  than  two  hours  Dr.  Farrar  was  no 
more.  He  died  on  the  1st  day  of  July  and  witiiin  three 
days  of  being  64  years  of  age. 

Had  his  death  occurred  at  any  other  time  than  during  an 
unusually  fatal  epidemic,  when  such  extraordinary  demands 
were  made  upon  the  living,  his  demise  would  have  called 
forth  high  funeral  honors.  But  what  recked  he  of  the  pomp 
and  pageantry  of  sorrov*^!  He  sleeps  quietly  now  in  his 
grave,  and  may  flowers  bloom  about  it  until  the  awakening 
angel's  trumpet  shall  on  the  resurrection  morn  call  him  to 
his  reward  in  Heaven. 

But  little  remains  to  be  added  to  the  foregoing  sketch. 
We  note  that  in  January,  1812,  Dr.  Farrar  was  associated 
in  the  drug  and  medicine  business  with  Joseph  Charless, 
Sr.,  of  the  Missouri  Gazette.  This  partnership  was  dis- 
solved May  10,  in  the  same  year.  In  August  (1812)  he 
formed  an  association  in  business  and  practice  with  Dr. 
Davis  B.  Walker,  who  had  just  come  to  St.  Louis.  Drs. 
Farrar  and  Walker  subsequently  became  brothers-in-law, 
their  wives  being  daughters  of  Major  Christy.  The  co- 
partnership continued  until  dissolved  by  the  death  of  Dr. 
Walker,  which  occurred  after  a  period  of  twelve  years. 

The  anecdote  of  Dr.  Farrar's  loss  of  his  Spanish  coin 
while  enroute  to  Louisville  is  told  to  this  day  by  the  older 
physicians  of  the  State  with  great  unction,  the  "pith"  or 


IN  MISSOURI.  35 

cream  of  it  laying  in  the  fact  that  the  doctor  was  on  his 
way  to  be  married  in  Louisville  to  his  second  wife,  who 
was  Ann  Clark  Thurston. 

In  August,  1808,  an  advertisement  appeared  in  the  Mis- 
souri Gazette  announcing  that  Aaron  Elliot  &  Son  had 
received  from  New  York  a  large  supply  of  drugs  and  med- 
icines, which  they  offered  to  the  inhabitants  of  St.  Gen- 
evieve on  as  good  terms  as  could  be  obtained  anywhere  in 
the  country. 

The  first  drug  store  in  St.  Louis  was  installed  about  1810 
by  Dr.  Robt.  Simpson  and  Dr.  Quarles.  Dr.  Simpson 
came  to  St.  Louis  in  1809  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the  army 
and  proceeded  to  Fort  Madison,  where  he  remained  for 
two  years,  when  he  returned  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  reside  until  his  death,  May  2,  1873. 

He  was  prominent  in  many  ways  and  devoted  most  of 
his  time  to  business.  He  was  elected  Comptroller  in  1839 
and  re-elected  successively  until  1846.  He  was  postmaster 
from  1815  to  1818  and  served  as  cashier  of  the  Boatmen's 
Saving  Institution. 

Dr.  William  Carr  Lane  was  elected  first  Mayor  of  St. 
Louis  in  1824,  and  held  this  office  continuously  to  1828, 
and  again  from  1838  to  1840.  Dr.  Lane  was  one  of  the 
most  interesting  characters  of  early  St.  Louis.  He  was  a 
man  of  commanding  presence,  energetic  and  popular  and  a 
good  physician.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Collins  of 
Louisville  for  two  years,  but  the  latter  moved  away  at  the 
end  of  that  time  and  Dr.  Lane  entered  a  volunteer  corps  to 
fight  the  Indians  in  the  Northwest.  On  this  expedition  he 
had  an  opportunity  of  utilizing  his  knowledge  of  medicine, 
as  many  of  the  troops  fell  ill  with  malaria,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed surgeon's  mate.  In  1815  he  attended  lectures  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1816  he  was  appoint- 
ed post  surgeon,  serving  at  different  posts  on  the  upper 
Mississippi  and  at  Fort  Harrison.  After  three  years'  ser- 
vice he  resigned  and  moved  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death,  January  6,  1863.  Soon  after  com- 
ing to  St.  Louis  he  formed  a  co-partnership  with  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Merry,  which  continued  for  five  years.     In  1841  he  ac- 


36  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

cepted  the  chair  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and 
children  in  the  medical  department  of  Kemper  College, 
which  he  filled  for  three  years.  He  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  soon  after  the  State  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  and  in  1852  was  appointed  Governor  of  New  Mex- 
ico by  President  Fillmore. 

The  patent  medicine  man  did  not  fail  to  note  the  grow- 
ing city  and  about  this  time  there  began  to  pour  into  the 
town  all  sorts  of  nostrums,  "cures"  and  fakes  with  which 
we  are  so  familiar  to-day.  Church's  Cough  Drops,  Tur- 
lington's Balsam  of  Life,  Bateman's  Drops,  British  Oil, 
Steer's  Opodeldoc,  Hill's  Balsam  of  Honey,  Lee's  New 
London  Bilious  Pills,  Hooper's  Female  Pills,  and  other  in- 
fallible remedies  were  advertised. 

The  custom  prevailed  of  placing  cards  in  the  one  news- 
paper of  the  town  and  almost  every  physician  caused  an 
announcement  to  appear.     A  few  are  selected  as  examples : 

Dr.  William  Reynolds  has  removed  from  Kaskasia  to  Caholda, 
and  has  commenced  the  practice  of  medicine  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  Truman  Tuttle.     April  26,  1810. 

Dr.  Wilkinson  has  just  opened  a  handsome  assortment  of  medi- 
cine at  the  house  of  Mr.  Manuel  Lisa,  lately  occupied  hy  Fergus 
Moorhead,  Esq.     March  14,  1811. 

Dr.  J.  M.  Read,  from  Baltimore,  offers  his  professional  services 
to  the  citizens  of  this  place  and  its  vicinity.     January  4,  1812. 

Dr.  Arthur  Nelson  tenders  his  professional  services  to  the  citi- 
zens of  St.  Louis  and  its  vicinity.     April  24,  1818. 

Dr.  William  Carr  Lane's  office  on  Third  street,  late  Reed's. 
January  15,  1819. 

Dr.  Mason,  of  Philadelphia,  offers  his  service  to  the  inhabitants 
of  St.  Louis  and  its  vicinity.    February  2,  1820. 

Dr.  Harding,  late  of  Kentucky,  tenders  his  professional  services 
to  the  citizens  of  this  city  and  County  of  St.  Louis.    Aug.  12,  1828. 

Dr.  Clayton  Tiffin  was  one  of  the  early  physicians  who 
became  prominent  in  St.  Louis.  He  was  an  assistant  sur- 
geon and  surgeon  in  the  war  of  1812  and  served  until  its 
close.  He  then  came  to  St.  Louis  and  rapidly  advanced 
to  the  front  as  a  successful  practitioner.  He  was  a  skillful 
surgeon  and  it  is  said  he  made  the  first  Caesarian  section 
ever  performed  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  He  died  in  New 
Orleans  in  1856. 

Dr.  Herman  Laidly  Hoffman  came  to  St.  Louis  in  the 


IN  MISSOURI.  37 

fall  of  1819.  He  was  a  native  of  Winchester  County,  N. 
Y.,  and  studied  in  the  East.  Soon  after  entering  practice 
here  he  opened  a  drug  store  on  the  west  side  of  Main  street, 
north  of  Market  street.  He  was  injured  in  an  accident, 
which  necessitated  the  amputation  of  his  right  hand,  and 
did  not  continue  in  practice  very  long  afterwards.  He  had 
a  fine  literary  and  medical  education.  He  died  November 
5,  1878. 

Dr.  Hardage  Lane,  a  cousin  of  Dr.  William  Carr  Lane, 
was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  accomplished  members  of 
the  profession  in  the  State.  He  died  in  1849,  a  victim  to 
the  cholera  then  prevailing.  He  was  devoted  to  his  pro- 
fession and  worked  untiringly,  caring  for  the  afflicted. 

Dr.  Stephen  W.  Adreon  came  to  St.  Louis  about  1832. 
He  was  identified  with  the  city's  progress  in  many  ways 
and  served  as  a  member  of  the  Council  and  the  Board  of 
Health,  of  which  he  was  president  for  a  number  of  years. 

Dr.  Meredith  Martin  began  studying  medicine  in  the  office 
of  Dr.  B.  G.  Farrar  in  1828,  he  being  the  first  to  commence 
his  medical  studies  in  the  State.  In  1832  he  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  at  once  began  to  prac- 
tice. He  was  sent  out  to  vaccinate  the  Indians  and  upon 
his  return  entered  into  general  practice.  He  was  president 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  three  times — 1840,  1842, 
184.5.  He  retired  from  active  practice  some  time  before  his 
death. 

Dr.  E.  H.  McCabe  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Maryland  in  1822,  and  in  1823  entered  practice  at  Fred- 
ericktown,  but  afterwards  moved  to  Kaskasia.  111.  He  re- 
mained there  until  1833,  when  he  came  to  St.  Louis  and 
became  associated  with  Dr.  Lewis  F.  Lane  and  later  with 
Dr.  Hardage  Lane.  He  continued  in  active  practice  until 
1849,  when  ill  health  compelled  him  to  withdraw.  He  died 
June  4,  1855. 

Dr.  Joseph  Nash  McDowell  was  probably  one  of  the  best 
known  physicians  who  ever  practiced  in  Missouri.  He  was 
born  in  1805  and  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1840  from  Cincin- 
nati where  he  had  been  associated  with  Drs.  Drake,  Gross, 
Rives  and  other  em.inent  men  in  the  Cincinnati  Medical 


38  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

College.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  organized  the  first  Med- 
ical College  in  Missouri  and  this  was  made  the  Medical 
Department  of  Kemper  College,  a  literary  institution  estab- 
lished under  the  auspices  of  the  Episcopal  Church, 

Dr.  McDowell  was  a  man  of  many  eccentricities,  but 
possessed  great  ability.  He  was  a  skillful  surgeon,  a  pol- 
ished orator,  a  brilliant  teacher.  When  the  Civil  War  broke 
out  he  took  a  very  prominent  stand  in  favor  of  the  South 
and  gave  to  the  cause  a  large  store  of  firearms  which  he  had 
collected.  He  abandoned  his  work  in  St.  Louis  and  served 
as  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  army.  The  college  building 
was  seized  by  the  United  States  authorities  and  used  as  a 
military  prison.  After  the  war  Dr.  McDowell  returned 
to  St.  Louis,  reorganized  the  college  and  continued  to  prac- 
tice until  his  death  in  18G8. 

Dr.  Ciias.  A.  Pope  was  born  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  March 
15,  1818.  He  received  his  early  education  in  his  native 
town  and  then  entered  the  University  of  Alabama.  After 
graduating  from  that  institution  he  began  the  study  of 
medicine,  taking  his  first  course  of  lectures  in  the  Cincinnati 
Medical  College.  From  there  he  went  to  Philadelphia  and 
entered  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  in 
1839.  He  then  went  to  Paris  and  for  two  years  devoted 
his  time  to  the  special  study  of  surgery.  After  leaving  Paris 
he  visited  the  great  sciiools  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
In  1842  he  came  to  St.  Louis  and  commenced  practice,  de- 
voting himself  particularly  to  surgery.  In  1843  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  anatomy  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
then  the  Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  University,  and 
in  1847  took  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  same  institution. 
In  1854  he  was  elected  president  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  and  presided  at  the  meeting  held  in  Philadelphia 
in  1855.  This  gave  him  a  national  reputation  which  he 
well  sustained  by  his  achievements  in  surgery.  He  con- 
tinued in  active  practice  until  1865  when  he  resigned  his 
position  in  the  college  and  gave  up  his  practice  with  the 
view  of  spending  several  years  in  Europe.  He  returned  to 
St.  Louis  on  a  visit  in  1870  and  was  cordially  received  by 


IN  MISSOURI.  39 

the  whole  city.  Soon  after  this  he  again  went  to  Europe, 
but  died  in  that  country  unexpectedly  on  July  5,  1870. 

Dr.  John  Barnes  graduated  from  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1812,  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  Obstetrics  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  in  1826.  He  moved  to  Jackson,  Miss.,  a  few 
years  later  where  he  practiced  for  some  time  and  then  re- 
moved to  Mount  Albin,  Miss. ;  thence  to  Port  Gibson,  Miss. ; 
thence  to  New  Orleans,  La. ;  thence  to  Cincinnati,  O.  In 
1841  he  came  to  St.  Louis  where  he  continued  practicing 
his  profession  until  his  death  in  1870.  He  was  professor 
pi  Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics  and  Medical  Botany  in 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Missouri, 
formerly  known  as  the  McDowell  Medical  College;  was  a 
member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  and  surgeon  to 
a  society  known  as  the  ''Old  Guard"  of  St.  Louis,  which 
was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  St,  Louis  from 
invasion  during  the  Civil  War.  Of  his  ten  sons,  two  are 
still  living — Algernon  S.  Barnes,  M.  D.,  and  T.  Howard 
Barnes. 

Dr.  Chas.  W.  Stevens  was  a  native  of  New  York  and  was 
civil  engineer  and  surveyor,  but  commenced  the  study  of 
medicine  soon  after  coming  West.  He  graduated  from  the 
Medical  Department  of  Kemper  College  in  1842  and  began 
practice  in  St.  Louis.  He  was  made  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy  in  his  alma  mater  in  1844,  which  position  he  filled 
for  five  years,  when  he  accepted  the  same  position  in  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College. 

He  filled  the  chair  of  general,  special  and  surgical  anatomy 
in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  from  1855  to  1867  when 
he  resigned  this  position  to  accept  the  superintendency 
of  the  St.  Louis  County  Insane  Asylum  where  he  con- 
tinued until  1872.  He  then  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  again 
took  up  his  practice. 

Dr.  Simon  Pollak  was  born  in  the  City  of  Prague, 
the  Capital  of  Bohemia,  April  14,  1814.  After  being  fitted 
for  college  he  entered  upon  a  classical  course  of  study  at 
the  University  of  Vienna,  the  second  oldest  institution  of 
learning  in  the  world.     He  received  his  doctor's  degree  at 


40  HISTORY  OI^  MEDICINE 

the  same  institution.  Immediately  after  he  had  thirteen 
months'  experience  in  practice  at  the  Maternal  Hospital 
in  Vienna.  After  leaving  this  institution  he  spent  eighteen 
months  in  travel  throughout  Europe,  visiting  in  the  course 
of  his  travels,  all  the  principal  hospitals  and  medical  insti- 
tutions on  the  continent.  In  the  year  of  1832  cholera  vv^as 
epidemic  in  Europe,  and  the  Austrian  government  sent  a 
special  commission,  composed  of  physicians,  to  Russia  to 
investigate  and  make  a  report  on  the  origin  and  progress 
of  the  disease.  Dr.  Pollak,  then  a  student  at  Vienna,  ac- 
companied this  commission,  and  his  experiences  in  that  con- 
nection were  of  a  memorable  character.  In  1837  he  de- 
termined to  come  to  America,  and  on  the  4th  of  July  of  that 
year  landed  in  New  York  City.  He  had  in  his  possession 
when  he  arrived  in  New  York  a  draft  for  $383.00  on  a 
mercantile  house  of  that  city,  which  failed  three  days  later, 
before  paying  the  draft,  leaving  him  absolutely  penniless, 
a  stranger  in  a  strange  city.  Thus  situated  he  found  it  ex- 
ceedingly difficult  to  establish  himself  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession  and  all  his  efforts  to  gain  a  foothold  as  a  prac- 
ticing physician  in  New  York  were  in  vain.  At  this  time 
an  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  was  raging  in  New  Orleans, 
and  he  conceived  the  idea  of  going  to  that  city  and  tender- 
ing his  services  to  the  stricken  inhabitants,  but  lacked  the 
means  of  getting  there.  One  day  he  chanced  to  meet  a 
New  York  lawyer  who  kindly  agreed  to  advance  the  money 
to  pay  his  expenses  to  New  Orleans.  Accepting  this  offer, 
and  leaving  his  library  as  security  for  the  loan  he  sailed 
for  the  "Crescent  City"  on  the  ship  "Levant."  Upon  his 
arrival  he  met  Thomas  Shearon,  who  was  the  owner  of 
a  large  plantation  on  the  Cumberland  river,  below  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  who  arranged  with  him  to  enter  his  service  as 
physician  to  his  family.  In  pursuance  with  this  arrange- 
ment he  at  once  went  to  Tennessee,  where  he  soon  thereafter 
established  himself  in  a  lucrative  practice.  In  1842  he  re- 
moved to  Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  for  two  years  thereafter 
practiced  in  that  city.  He  then  removed  to  Point  Coupee, 
La.  At  the  suggestion  of  Gen.  Taylor  and  in  addition  to 
practicing  his  profession  at  that  place  he  purchased  a  cotton 


IN  MISSOURI.  41 

plantation  which  he  cuUivated  until  it  was  practically  de- 
stroyed by  the  i^Jississippi  river.  He  then  went  to  New 
Orleans,  but  in  1845  came  to  St.  Louis.  Up  to  the  time  of 
his  arrival  in  St.  Louis  the  denion  of  ill-luck  seemed  to  have 
pursued  him  remorselessly,  and  one  hundred  dollars  rep- 
resented the  total  sum  of  his  possessions  when  he  estab- 
lished his  home  and  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
St.  Louis.  For  some  time  he  had  but  little  practice  other 
than  that  which  brought  him  no  return  financially.  His 
heart  was  in  his  work,  however,  and  without  regard  to 
fees  he  rendered  professional  services  freely  to  all  who 
called  upon  him,  and  with  Dr.  Pope,  Dr.  J.  B.  Johnson, 
Dr.  S.  G.  Moses,  Dr.  McPheeters  and  Dr.' Joseph  Clark, 
conducted  the  first  private  dispensary  established  in  the 
city.  After  a  tim.e  he  became  well  established  in  practice 
and  for  sixteen  years  made  his  home  at  the  old  Planters 
House,  having  his  office  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  In  1850, 
in  company  with  James  E.  Yeatman,  Hudson  E.  Bridge, 
Joseph  Charless,  Robert  Holmes  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Potts, 
he  established  the  Missouri  School  for  the  Blind,  which  has 
since  become  a  State  institution.  He  was  not  only  one  of 
the  founders,  but  was  also  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of 
this  splendid  humanitarian  enterprise,  and  for  thirty-four 
years  he  was  connected  with  the  institution  as  a  trustee 
and  attending  physician.  In  1859  he  went  abroad  and  spent 
twenty-two  months  in  Europe,  qualifying  himself  to  prac- 
tice as  an  oculist  and  aurist,  and  afterwards  gave  his  atten- 
tion to  this  specialty,  achieving  much  more  than  local  re- 
nown by  reason  of  his  knowledge  and  skill.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  was  conspicuously  identified  with  the  United 
States  and  Western  Sanitary  Commission,  acting  for  a 
long  time  as  hospital  inspector,  patriotically  returning  the 
salary  allowed  him  to  the  treasury  and  rendering  his  serv- 
ices free  of  charge  to  the  Government.  He  established,  in 
1861,  also,  the  first  eye  and  ear  clinic  in  St.  Louis,  that  in- 
stitution being  the  first  of  its  kind  which  came  into  exist- 
ence west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  This  institution  be- 
came a  department  of  Mullanphy  Hospital  and  has  ever 
since  been  maintained  gratuitously. 


42  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

John  Thompson  Hodgen,  one  of  tiie  greatest  of  Western 
physicians  and  surgeons,  was  born  at  Hodgenville,  Larne 
County,  Ky.,  not  far  from  the  birthplace  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, Januai"}'-  19,  1826,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  April 
28,  1882.  He  obtained  his  rudimentary  education  in  the 
common  schools  of  Pittsiield,  Pike  County  Illinois,  where 
his  parents  were  living  at  the  time,  and  took  a  collegiate 
course  later  at  Bethany  College,  Bethany,  W.  Va.  He  then 
entered  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Mis- 
souri and  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1848.  He 
at  once  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  St.  Louis 
and  from  April,  1848,  to  June,  1849,  he  was  assistant  resi- 
dent physician  of  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital.  From  1849 
to  1853  he  was  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  Missouri 
Medical  College,  and  from  1854  to  1858  he  was  Professor 
of  Anatomy  in  that  institution,  and  from  1858  to  1864 
Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology.  During  the  Civil 
War  when  the  building  of  the  Missouri  Medical  College — 
better  known  as  the  McDowell  Medical  College — was  seized 
by  the  Federal  authorities  and  converted  into  a  military 
prison,  he  made  a  heroic,  but  unsuccessful  effort  to  preserve 
the  organization  of  the  institution.  Failing  in  this,  he 
transferred  his  allegiance  to  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
in  which  he  filled  the  chairs  of  physiology  and  anatomy,  re- 
spectively, until  1875.  He  was  then  made  professor  of 
surgical  anatomy,  fractures  and  dislocations,  and  became 
dean  of  the  faculty  of  the  college,  a  position  which  he  con- 
tinued to  hold  until  his  death.  During  a  period  of  eighteen 
years,  from  1864  to  1882,  he  taught  clinical  surg- 
ery at  the  City  Hospital.  His  great  surgical  skill 
was  utilized  by  the  Government  during  the  war, 
first,  in  the  capacity  of  surgeon-general  of  the  Western 
Sanitary  Commission,  later  as  surgeon  of  a  regiment  of 
the  United  States  Volunteers,  and  as  surgeon-general  of 
the  State  of  Missouri.  For  twenty  years- — from  1862 
to  1882 — he  was  consulting  surgeon  of  the  City 
Hospital,  and  during  the  years  of  1867-8  he  was  president 
of  the  St.  Louis  Board  of  Health,  and  a  member  of  that 
body  until  1871.     While  serving  in  that  capacity  he  laid 


IN  MISSOURI.  43 

the  foundation  for  the  Charity  Hospital  and  dispensary 
system  of  the  City,  and  inaugurated  sanitar\-  measures 
which  have  been  of  lasting  benefit  to  St.  Louis.  He  v.-as 
president  of  the  St.  Louis  ^Medical  Society  in  IS 72.  chair- 
man of  the  Surgical  Section  of  the  American  ]\Iedical  Asso- 
ciation in  1S73.  president  of  the  State  ^Medical  Society  in 
1876,  and  president  of  the  American  ]\Iedical  Association 
in  1880.  Renowned  for  his  surgical  skill  and  his  superior 
attainments  as  a  physician,  he  was  hardly  less  famous  in 
local  medical  circles  for  his  mechanical  and  inventive  gen- 
ius. Some  of  iiis  inventions  have  since  attained  world-wide 
celebrity,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  wire  splint, 
for  fracture  of  the  thigh  with  suspension  cord  and  pulleys, 
pennitting  flexion,  extension  and  rotation  in  fracture  of  the 
leg ;  forceps-dilator,  for  removal  of  foreign  bodies  from  the 
air  passages  without  having  recourse  to  tracheotomy; 
cradle  splint,  for  fracture  of  the  thigh ;  wire  sus- 
pension splint,  for  injury  of  the  arm ;  double-action 
svringe  and  stomach  pum.p.  and  hairpin  dilator,  for  sepa- 
rating lips  of  the  opening  in  the  trachea,  and  designed  to 
serve  as  a  guide  to  tiie  trachea  tube. 

Remarkable  for  erudition  and  knowledge  of  the  art  he 
professed,  untiring  in  study,  an  extensive  and  thorough 
reader,  clearly  adjusting  and  appropriating  ideas,  he  w^as 
noted  for  his  soliditv'  and  sobriety-  of  understanding,  the 
legitimate  fruit  of  industry  and  application.  He  loved  his 
profession  and  knelt  at  its  shrine  with  the  devotion  of  a 
priest.  He  was  quick  to  cheer  and  help  the  meritorious 
and  struggling  voung  student  and  practitioner,  and  of  a  free 
and  open  nature.  He  was  easy  and  familiar  with  the 
younger  m.embers  of  the  profession,  rejoiced  in  their  emolu- 
ments, success  and  honors:  gave  them  their  full  meed  of 
praise  when  merited,  and  never  sought  to  monopolize  the 
honors  of  his  calling.  Broad  and  liberal  in  his  views,  and 
original  and  independent  in  thought  and  action,  he  was 
the  standard-bearer  of  progress  in  the  medical  profession. 
Possessed  of  a  bold  heart  and  a  clear  head,  he  yet  had  the 
keenest  sympathy  for  suffering  humanity.     The  poor,  the 


44  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

halt,  the  lame  and  the  bhnd  received  his  ministrations  with- 
out price,  and  he  made  no  distinction  in  his  treatment  be- 
tween the  rich  and  the  poor.  In  his  professional  counsel  and 
friendly  intercourse  he  was  the  comfort  and  help  of  the 
young  practitioner.  No  time  was  too  inconvenient,  no  call 
too  sudden,  no  patient  too  humble  to  claim  immediate  at- 
tention. Like  the  soldier  on  the  eve  of  battle,  he  was  ever 
ready  to  respond  to  the  bugle  call,  no  matter  when  or  where 
it  sounded.  In  every  sense  of  the  term  a  manly  man,  a 
learned  doctor,  and  a  skillful  surgeon,  it  is  no  disparage- 
ment to  other  eminent  physicians  who  have  practiced  their 
profession  in  this  city  to  say  that  hardly  any  other  has  left 
so  pronounced  an  impress  upon  the  history  of  medicine  in 
St.  Louis. 

Among  our  readers  are  many  who  while  still  in  the  noon- 
day of  their  activity,  can  look  back  to  a  time  when  the  medi- 
cal firmament  of  St.  Louis  presented  a  galaxy  of  stars  of 
the  first  magnitude,  of  which  barely  one  or  two  still  linger 
in  the  western  horizon.  The  rest  have  passed  to  a  well- 
earned  repose,  but  not  into  oblivion,  for  those  who  en- 
joyed the  privilege  of  their  acquaintance  eagerly  testify  to 
the  powerful  influence  these  giants  of  an  earlier  day  ex- 
ercised on  the  molding  of  their  characters  and  the  shaping 
of  their  destinies. 

In  the  front  rank  of  these  leaders  of  the  last  generation 
stood  Dr.  Louis  Cli.  Boisliniere.  Born  a  French  subject, 
and  preserving  to  the  last  the  mental  alertness,  the  clear 
logical  faculty  and  the  unfailing  courtesy  characterizing 
the  sons  of  sunny  France,  he  at  the  same  time  became  a 
complete  American,  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  noblest 
traditions  of  his  adopted  country,  and  venerating  its  insti- 
tutions with  a  fervid  patriotism.  His  was  a  rare  nature, 
at  the  same  time  wide  and  deep,  for  while  no  branch  of 
human  learning  found  him  listless  or  uninterested,  in  many 
directions  he  had  delved  to  the  very  foundation  of  knowl- 
edge. While  an  ardent  lover  of  books,  as  his  large  library 
stored  with  the  classics,  belles-lettres,  and  historical  as  well 
as  scientific  works  could  testify,  yet  he  was  never  a  bookish 


IN  MISSOURI.  46 

man,  but  on  the  contrary,  took  the  keenest  and  often  an 
active  interest  in  the  hving  human  interests  of  the  hour. 
From  his  youth  to  the  grave  a  deeply  rehgious  man,  he  was 
ever  considerate  of  honest  conviction  differing  from  his 
own.  He  made  his  creed  a  hvng  force  which  permeated 
his  whole  being,  and  shone  forth  in  a  genuine  love  of  his 
fellow  man,  which  none  could  fail  to  appreciate. 

This,  even  more  than  his  intellect  or  his  attainments, 
was  the  dominant  note  of  his  character,  which  found  ex- 
pression in  as  many  ways  as  his  busy  life  multiplied  his 
contacts.  His  patients,  rich  and  poor,  learned  that  his 
visits  often  brought  them  more  than  the  alleviation  of  their 
corporal  woes.  The  form.er  looked  to  him  for  sympathy, 
moral  support  and  guidance;  the  latter,  besides  these  spir- 
itual ministrations,  frequently  received  more  material  as- 
sistance. No  one  knows  how  many  young  practitioners  re- 
ceived their  first  help  toward  a  competency  through  a  well- 
to-do  patient  sent  by  Dr.  Boisliniere.  Probably  no  man  in 
St.  Louis  ever  did  as  much  in  this  and  other  ways  to  help 
his  struggling  confreres.  Those  who  were  so  fortunate  as 
to  be  admitted  to  the  inner  court  of  his  familiar  inter- 
course found  him  a  rare  companion,  his  conversation  a  lib- 
eral education,  his  judgments  only  faulty  through  over 
charitableness ;  in  all  things  a  loyal  friend,  a  true  lover  and 
a  gentleman  of  the  old  school. 

Born  September  2,  1816,  in  the  French  Island  of  Guade- 
loupe, West  Indies,  where  his  father  was  a  large  sugar- 
planter,  he  was  taken  at  tiie  age  of  nine  to  France,  where, 
on  the  completion  of  his  academic  and  classical  courses, 
he  entered  upon  the  study  of  the  law,  and  received  from 
the  University  of  France  the  degree  of  licentiate  in  law. 

In  1839  he  returned  to  Guadeloupe,  thinking  to  practice 
his  profession,  but  soon  found  that  his  tastes  led  away  from 
the  bench  and  bar,  and  accordingly  we  find  him  a  few 
months  later  embarked  on  a  voyage  through  the  then 
almost  unexplored  regions  of  Central  South  America,  fol- 
lowing in  a  general  way  in  the  track  of  Humboldt  and  veri- 
fying many  of  his  observations. 

On  his  return  to  his  island  home  he  realized  that  the 


46  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

world-wide  march  of  liberty  would  soon  bring  emancipa- 
tion to  the  West  Indian  blacks,  and  with  it  the  ruin,  for 
at  least  a  generation  or  two,  of  the  local  sugar  industry; 
an  opinion  since  amply  verified.  Fleeing  before  the  coming 
storm,  he  looked  toward  the  shores  of  the  great  American 
republic  as  offering  the  most  promising  haven.  According- 
ly in  1842,  he  landed  at  New  Orleans,  and  soon  started  up 
the  Mississippi,  going  to  Lexington,  Ky.,  with  letters  to 
the  family  of  Henry  Clay.  Here  he  was  cordially  received 
and  remained  some  time,  familiarizing  himself  with  the 
language  of  the  country.  Soon  after  removing  to  Louis- 
ville he  devoted  a  part  of  his  time  to  giving  instruction  in 
languages,  but  having  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  elder 
Gross,  then  established  in  that  city,  his  attention  was  di- 
rected to  the  study  of  medicine.  Here  it  was  then  that  he 
first  discovered  his  true  mission.  Here  too  he  met  Miss 
Mary  Ann  Hite,  daughter  of  Stephen  L.  Hite  and  Martha 
A.  Pendleton,  to  whom  he  was  married  May  3,  1847  and 
who  survived  him  seven  years. 

Having  completed  his  first  year  of  medical  study  in 
Louisville,  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  bringing  with  him  let- 
ters from  Dr.  Gross  to  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope.  Entering 
tiie  St.  Louis  Medical  College  he  received  his  degree  in 
1848. 

The  great  cholera  epidemic  of  the  next  two  ensuing  years 
furnished  the  young  doctor  large  opportunities  not  only 
for  the  exercise  of  his  art,  but  also  to  show  forth  the  qual- 
ities of  mercy  and  devotion  to  humanity  which  distin- 
guished him  throughout  his  career. 

Five  years  after  his  graduation  he  assisted  the  Sisters 
of  Charity  in  founding  St.  Ann's  Asylum,  said  to  be  the 
first  lying-in  and  foundling  institution  opened  in  America, 
with  which  he  continued  actively  connected  for  many 
years. 

In  1858  he  was  elected  Coroner  of  St.  Louis  County, 
which  at  that  time  included  the  City  of  St.  Louis.  The 
office,  up  to  that  time  had  always  been  held  by  a  briefless 
lav/yer  or  lay  politician,  although  then  the  best  paying  pub- 


IN  MISSOURI.  47 

lie  position  in  the  state.  It  had  been  sadly  abused  and  was 
altogether  in  a  chaotic  condition. 

Principally,  owing  to  the  agitation  of  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Mc- 
Pheeters,  who  was,  as  he  continued  until  his  death,  in 
March  of  the  present  year,  (1905,)  active  in  everything 
that  advances  the  welfare  of  the  profession  and  of  the 
city,  a  public  demand  was  created  for  an  able  and  honest 
medical  man  to  fill  this  office.  At  his  suggestion,  Dr. 
Boisliniere  was  nominated  for  the  position,  to  which  he 
was  subsequently  twice  elected.  He  immediately  re-organ- 
ized the  office,  and  drew  up  laws,  in  which  task  he  was 
greatly  aided  by  the  legal  training  he  had  received  at  the 
University  of  France.  The  constitutionality  of  these  laws, 
by  special  permission,  was  immediately  passed  upon  by  the 
State  Supreme  Court,  and  today  largely  govern  the  conduct 
of  the  Coroner's  office  and  of  the  Health  Department,  es- 
pecially in  the  matter  of  the  recording  of  vital  statistics. 

In  1875  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Anthropolo- 
gical Society  of  Paris,  and  in  1870  was  made  professor  of 
Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  in  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  with  which  institution  he  remained 
connected  until  his  death.  At  about  the  same  time  he  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  clinic  for  diseases  of  women  at  the 
St.  Louis  Mullanphy  Hospital. 

In  1878  Dr.  Boisliniere  received  the  highest  honor  in 
the  gift  of  the  profession  of  this  city  by  his  election  as 
President  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society.  Soon  after 
he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the  St.  Louis  Uni- 
versity. He  also  served  as  President  of  the  St.  Louis  Ob- 
stetrical Society. 

He  was  a  pioneer  in  the  use  of  the  obstetrical  forceps, 
being  the  first  man  in  the  West,  and  one  of  the  first  in 
America,  to  apply  this  life-saving  instrument  at  the  super- 
ior strait.  He  welcomed  the  advent  of  the  forceps  be- 
cause it  served  powerfully  to  check  the  slaughter  of  the  in- 
nocents, then  far  too  common,  and  ever  continued  an  en- 
thusiastic advocate  of  its  proper  and  intelligent  use.  He 
never  wearied  in  his  lectures,  addresses  and  through  his 
writings  of  stoutly  defending  the  right  of  the  unborn  child 


48  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

to  life,  and  it  is  due  largely  to  his  influence  that  correct 
views  on  tiiis  all  important  moral  and  sociological  question 
prevail  in  our  medical  community. 

A  widely  known  article  entitled  "Craniotomy  or  Cae- 
sarian Section,"  well  embodies  his  views  of  this  subject. 

During  the  last  years  of  his  life,  Dr.  Boisliniere  devoted 
himself  to  the  writing  of  a  work,  summing  up  the  cream 
of  his  experience  and  investigation  in  his  special  field.  It 
is  pathetic  to  record  that  the  first  copy  of  his  'Obstetric 
Accidents,  Emergencies  and  Operations"  appeared  a  few 
days  after  his  death  on  the  13tii  of  January,  1896. 

While  it  is  said  that  no  man's  death  inflicts  an  irrepara- 
ble loss,  meaning  thereby  that  some  man  or  men  can  be 
found  to  carry  on  his  work,  yet  those  who  knew  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  in  life  will  agree  that  the  particular 
pedestal  on  which  he  stood  in  our  medical  temple  still  re- 
mains ,  untenanted. 

Dr.  Ellsworth  F.  Smith  was  a  native  of  St.  Louis,  born 
April  29,  1825.  He  died  August  19,  1896,  at  Fort  Mis- 
soula, Mont.,  while  visiting  his  daughter.  His  life  was 
filled  with  good  deeds,  heroism  and  devotion  to  his  pro- 
fession. He  was  educated  at  St.  Charles  College  and  St. 
Louis  University  and  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  from  the 
latter  institution  in  1845.  In  1848  he  graduated  from  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  served  as  interne  at  the  City 
Hospital  where  he  was  associated  with  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen. 
These  two  physicians  were  the  first  to  serve  as  internes  at 
the  City  Hospital  and  there  was  formed  a  friendship  which 
continued  through  life.  Dr.  Smith  was  appointed  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1849 
and  continued  in  this  position  until  1851.  The  next  year 
he  went  to  Europe  and  for  two  years  continued  his  studies 
in  the  hospitals  of  Paris.  In  1864  he  went  to  Paris  again 
for  another  course  of  study. 

He  served  as  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Military  Smallpox 
Hospital  and  here  passed  througii  the  most  severe  epidemic 
of  smallpox  that  ever  visited  that  City.  He  also  served  as 
surgeon  to  the  Eliot  Hospital  and  after  the  war  was  surgeon 
to  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital  in  St.  Louis,  which 


IN  MISSOURI.  49 

position  he  held  for  three  years.  He  was  the  first  health 
officer  of  the  city,  serving  from  1857  to  1863,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Health  when  tbat  body  was  first  organ- 
ized, and  was  its  third  president  He  was  professor  of 
physiology  and  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College  from  1868  to  1870  when  he  filled  the  chair 
of  professor  of  clinical  medicine  and  pathological  anatomy. 
He  continued  in  this  position  until  he  resigned  in  1885,  at 
which  time  he  was  made  emeritus  professor,  which  honor 
he  continued  to  hold  until  his  death. 

Dr.  H.  H.  Mudd  was  one  of  the  most  able  medical  men 
Missouri  has  produced.  He  crowded  into  his  comparatively 
brief  life  more  work  than  the  average  man  could  do  in 
four-score  years.  He  was  widely  known  both  as  a  surgeon 
and  teacher  and  enjoyed  the  fullest  confidence  of  the  entire 
community  and  the  profession  generally.  The  following 
account  by  Dr.  Elsworth  Smith,  Jr.,  gives  a  good  descrip- 
tion of  Dr.  Mudd's  character  and  work : 

In  Memoriam :  Dr.  Henry  Hodgen  Mudd.  "Act  well 
your  part,  there  all  the  honor  lies."  The  thought  conveyed 
in  this  true  and  beautiful  line  from  Pope,  sounds  the 
keynote  of  the  character  of  the  late  Dr.  Henry  Hodgen 
Mudd,  through  whose  untimely  death,  on  November  20, 
1899,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five  years,  our  city,  our  state  and 
the  country  tributary  thereto  have  lost  a  most  able  surgeon 
and  a  most  honest  man ;  one  whose  life,  from  the  cradle  to 
the  grave,  was  ever  in  unison  with  pure,  unselfish  devotion 
to  duty.  This  noted  member  of  the  medical  profession  was 
born  at  Pittsfield,  Illinois,  April  27,  1844,  son  of  Henry  T. 
and  Elizabeth  (Hodgen)  Mudd.  His  academic  education 
was  obtained  in  the  public  schools  of  this  city  and  at  Wash- 
ington University.  He  began  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College  under  his  illustrious  uncle,  Dr.  Jno. 
T.  Hodgen,  graduating  from  that  institution  in  1866.  After 
his  graduation  several  months  were  spent  in  practical  clinical 
work  at  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital.  The  following  year 
found  him  serving  in  Montana,  as  acting  assistant  surgeon 
in  General  Sherman's  old  regiment,  the  Thirteenth  U.  S. 
Infantry.     Later,  upon  being  relieved  from  military  duty, 


50  HISTORY  OF  MKDICINB 

creditably  performed,  we  find  him,  January  21,  1869,  asso- 
ciating himself  with  his  uncle,  Dr.  Jno.  T.  Hodgen,  in  the 
general  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery,  which  was,  in  fact, 
the  beginning  of  his  brilliant  career.  Early  did  he  become 
interested  as  a  teacher  in  his  alma  mater.  From  1872  to 
1874  he  was  prosector  to  the  chair  of  anatomy,  demonstra- 
tor of  anatomy  from  1873  to  1880,  professor  of  anatomy 
from  1880  to  1883,  professor  of  anatomy  and  clinical  surg- 
ery from  1883  to  1886,  professor  of  surgical  anatomy  and 
clinical  surgery  from  1886  to  1890.  From  1890  to  1898 
he  was  professor  of  clinical  surgery,  special  fractures  and 
dislocations,  and  dean  of  the  college,  and,  in  1899  he  be- 
came dean  of  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington 
University,  with  the  chair  of  clinical  surgery. 

While  filling  faithfully  all  the  above  positions  of  trust  as 
a  teacher  of  medicine,  he  was  also  giving  much  of  value  to 
the  profession  at  large  through  valuable  contributions  to 
the  medical  periodicals ;  through  pithy  discourses  at  the  meet- 
ings of  the  various  medical  societies  of  the  City,  State  and 
Nation,  and  through  articles  in  the  works  on  surgery,  nota- 
bly a  Treatise  on  Hernia  in  "Woods  Reference  Handbook 
of  Medical  Sciences"  and  the  chapter  on  the  Surgery  of  the 
Mouth  and  Tongue  in  "Dennis'  System  of  Surgery,"  also 
a  contribution  to  "Park's  Surgery  by  American  Authors" 
on  Special  Fractures  and  Dislocations. 

On  the  death  of  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen,  Dr.  Mudd  suc- 
ceeded his  uncle  as  surgeon-in-chief  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital, 
and  also  became  his  successor  in  the  large  surgical  practice 
in  the  building  up  of  which  he  had  been  of  so  much  assist- 
ance to  his  senior  partner ;  and  ever  since  then  his  brother. 
Dr.  Harvey  G.  Mudd,  had  been  associated  with  him  in  the 
work. 

September  20,  1869,  Dr.  Mudd  was  married  to  Miss 
Elizabeth  Hassel  Albright,  daughter  of  Thomas  J.  Albright, 
of  St.  Louis.  The  four  surviving  members  of  his  family 
are  two  sons,  John  Hodgen  and  Robt.  Henry  Mudd,  and 
two  daughters,  Mrs.  Isaac  Cook  and  Mrs.  Sidney  Walker. 
Any  consideration  of  the  above  splendid  career  must  at  once 
give  the  impression  of  the  absolute  fitness  of  the  man,  both 


IN  MISSOURI.  51 

natural  and  acquired,  for  his  chosen  Hfe  work.  He  was, 
it  might  almost  be  said,  born  a  surgeon,  for  the  same  blood 
coursed  through  his  and  the  great  John  T.  Hodgen's  veins. 
But,  after  attributing  this  much  to  nature,  the  rest  must 
be  accredited  to  the  inherent  worth  of  the  man  himself. 
True,  he  was  most  fortunate  in  an  association  of  so  many 
years  with  his  famous  uncle,  Dr.  Hodgen,  from  whom  he 
undoubtedly  must  have  imbibed  much  that  contributed  to 
his  ultimate  success  in  after  life.  But,  then,  Dr.  Mudd  was 
that  manner  of  man  who  not  only  was  most  capable  of 
profiting  by  so  fortuitous  an  alliance  but  who  would  have 
discovered  the  path  to  renown  unassisted  and  in  spite  of 
any  and  all  obstacles. 

At  every  turn  in  iiis  ever  busy  and  useful  life  it  is  appar- 
ent how  firm  and  deep-rooted  was  his  conviction  that  he 
must  "act  well  his  part"  and  that  to  do  so  he  must  ever  be 
thoroughly  equipped  so  to  act.  He  realized  so  well  that  a 
surgeon  could  never  be  made  by  the  mere  empty  title;  he 
knew,  moreover,  that  to  be  a  great  surgeon  it  was  absolutely 
necessary  to  first  be  a  fine  anatomist,  and  he,  therefore,  de- 
voted no  less  than  eighteen  years  of  hard,  unrelenting  toil 
in  demonstrating  and  teaching  anatomy,  for  wiiich  he 
reaped  his  reward  in  that  comfort  and  self-reliance  that  flows 
from  a  thorough  knowledge  of  every  tissue  and  structure 
his  knife  divided,  and  an  ability  thereby  to  invade  safely 
every  intricate  and  dangerous  region  of  the  body  whenever 
the  necessity  arose.  Other  requisites  of  a  great  surgeon 
apparent  to  the  then  youthful  physician,  at  the  beginning 
of  iiis  career,  were  clinical  experience  and  an  apprenticeship 
with  an  elder  of  acknowledged  ability.  Therefore  we  find 
him  living  a  year  at  the  City  Hospital,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  schools,  studying  every  variety  and  phase  of  disease 
and  injury  at  the  very  bedside  of  the  patient,  and  for  years 
thereafter  working  as  the  junior  partner  of  his  uncle,  Dr. 
Hodgen,  assisting  him  in  all  his  operations  and  thereby 
gradually  fitting  himself  for  shouldering  that  great  load  of 
responsibility  the  much  sought  for  surgeon  must  be  ever 
ready  to  carry. 

There  was,  then,  nothing  of  the  mushroom  growth  in  his 


62  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

development;  he  came  to  the  front  slowly  but  surely.  He 
placed  himself  thus  in  an  environment  congenial  to  the 
awakening  of  his  naturally  alert  mind  with  its  especially 
acute  powers  of  observation,  and  as  a  result  he  became  in 
due  time  a  surgeon  in  every  sense  of  the  word,  not  merely 
a  skillful  operator  nor  even  only  an  accurate  diagnostician, 
both  of  which  he  was,  however,  to  a  rare  degree,  but  more 
than  all  this  he  grew  to  be  a  man  of  broad  judgment;  he 
added  to  his  knowledge  wisdom,  which  accumulated  with 
his  years  of  extensive  work  and  experience  until  his  patients 
and  professional  brethren  all  came  to  feel  that  to  Dr.  Henry 
H.  Mudd  could  be  entrusted  the  lives  of  those  near  and  dear 
to  them  with  every  assurance  that  no  matter  iiow  serious 
the  condition,  whatever  his  judgment  dictated  would  always 
be  for  the  best.  Always  conservative,  well  within  the 
bounds  of  safety,  yet  ever  clothed  with  the  courage  for  any 
undertaking,  no  matter  how  difficult  or  dangerous,  that 
promised  relief  to  his  suffering  fellow  man,  his  belief  was 
that :  "True  fortitude  is  seen  in  great  exploits  that  jus- 
tice warrants  and  wisdom  guides;  all  else  is  towering 
frenzy  and  destruction." 

Another  natural  sequence  of  gradual  development  on  a 
broad  basis  was  the  versatility  of  this  gifted  man.  Believ- 
ing not  only  that  the  surgeon  should  know  anatomy  and 
have  extensive  opportunities  for  clinical  study  but  also  that 
be  should  be  a  physician  in  the  widest  acceptation  of  the 
term  before  attempting  any  of  the  specialties,  of  which 
surgery  may  be  classified  as  one,  Dr.  Mudd  acquired  that 
familiarity  with  the  subject  of  internal  medicine  that  made 
of  him  at  once  a  great  physician  as  well  as  a  noted  surgeon. 
He  was,  moreover,  a  most  accomplished  obstetric  surgeon, 
coming  frequently  and  most  efficiently  to  the  rescue  in  the 
most  difficult  case  of  obstetrical  surgery,  and,  as  for  the 
domain  of  general  surger}^,  he  was  familiar  and  dextrous 
in  every  department  to  a  most  extraordinary  degree.  And 
finally,  as  a  result  of  the  same  broad  development,  he  was 
most  fertile  in  resource.  Though  always  in  the  habit  of 
exhausting  every  means  of  arriving  at  an  accurate  diagno- 
sis before  operating,  still  when  the  unexpected  appeared,  as 


IN  MISSOURI.  53 

it  must,  of  course,  at  times,  to  every  finite  being,  and  no 
matter  how  sudden  and  alarming  the  situation  became,  he 
was  ever  found  equal  to  the  occasion,  meeting  the  indica- 
tions as  they  arose,  and  always  with  tiiat  calm  deliberation 
and  courage  born  of  knowledge  and  wisdom.  Any  sugges- 
tion of  fear  or  panic  never  came  into  his  work  no  matter 
how  perplexing  or  dangerous  his  position.  If  he  excelled 
in  any  one  branch  of  general  surgery  more  than  another 
it  was,  perhaps,  in  that  of  fractures  and  dislocations,  in 
which  he  was  always  greatly  interested  and  which  he  con- 
tributed in  no  small  way  to  advance  both  by  his  lectures 
and  writings.  As  a  teacker  he  was  terse,  practical,  impres- 
sive. The  lessons  imparted  to  his  students  were  ever  safe, 
sound  and  useful.  The  subject  of  higher  medical  educa- 
tion was  perhaps  his  one  only  hobby  and  to  it  he  largely 
dedicated  his  life. 

During  his  term  as  dean  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College 
he  contributed  both  time,  labor,  and  money  to  the  uphold- 
ing of  the  ideals  espoused  by  the  College  in  the  cause  of 
higher  medical  education  in  which  even  the  thoughts  of  the 
last  few  months  of  his  life  were  centered.  While  confined 
to  his  bed  and  with  his  utter  abhorrence  of  idle- 
ness, he  began  turning  over  in  his  never  dormant  brain  the 
subject  of  the  union  of  the  two  greatest  schools  of  medicine 
in  the  West  and  largely  througii  the  impetus  thus  given 
were  finally  the  St.  Louis  and  Missouri  Medical  Colleges 
united  as  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity. 

But  how  pathetic,  that,  while  permitted  to  see  this,  prob- 
ably the  crowning  work  of  his  life  consummated,  he 
should  not  have  been  spared  to  have  appeared  before  the 
combined  classes  of  the  College  as  their  dean. 

But  our  lamented  friend  not  only  held  the  above  enum- 
erated qualities  necessary  to  the  making  of  a  great  surgeon, 
but  it  was  ever  his  firm  conviction  that  to  be  a  great  surgeon 
it  was  absolutely  necessary  to  be  first  a  man  in  every  sense 
of  the  word. 

"An  honest  man  is  the  noblest  work  of  God"  was  not 
only  his  belief,  but  was  apparent  in  all  his  dealings  and  re- 


54  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

lations  of  a  widely  extended  career,  and  any  act  that  savored 
in  the  least  of  dishonesty,  never  entered  the  thought  of  this 
pure-minded  man.  Ambitious  in  his  v/ork  that  he  might  do 
to  the  greatest  number  of  sufferers  the  greatest  good,  he 
never  concerned  himself  with  the  remuneration  thereof. 
The  pauper  patient  appealed  to  him  as  much  as  the  million- 
aire, and  even  when  honors  came  to  him,  and  reputation 
and  fame,  he  remained  ever  the  same  modest,  unpretentious 
gentleman  whose  desire  was  : 

"To  do  good  by  stealth  and  blush  to  find  it  fame;"  for 
Dr.  Mudd's  life  work  was  animated  solely  by  his  sense  of 
duty,  and  when  fame  would  result  as  his  reward  it  would 
verily  make  him  blush,  so  unsolicited  would  it  be. 

Though  naturally  of  a  retiring,  reserved  nature  and  dis- 
posed to  make  but  few  friends,  he  was  all  the  more  loyal 
to  those  favored  with  his  friendship,  and  his  heart  was 
tender  and  sympathetic  and  ever  responsive  to  the  wail  of 
human  suffering  when  and  wherever  falling  on  his  attentive 
ear,  for  he  was  ever  ready  to  answer  the  call  of  the  suf- 
ferer. His  energy  was  simply  marvelous,  taking  into  con- 
sideration how  heavily  laden  he  was  with  responsibility  and 
that  he  was  never  of  a  robust  constitution.  His  faculty  of 
systematizing  and  control  of  details  was  ever  a  source  of 
wonder  to  all  those  near  him.  Though  one  of  the  busiest 
of  men,  he  could  always  be  had  when  wanted  in  consulta- 
tion. Ever  ready  was  he  to  admit  his  faults,  but  never  will- 
ing to  swerve  from  a  conviction  he  took  to  be  right.  Socially 
he  was  affable  and  congenial.  At  his  home,  in  which  his 
affections  were  all  centered,  he  was  most  loving  and  de- 
voted to  all  those  near  and  dear  to  him.  Thus  did  this 
model  man  go  through  a  busy,  useful  life;  but  all  this  dis- 
play of  energy  and  self-sacrifice  could  only  be  had,  unfor- 
tunately, through  the  exhaustion  of  the  source  from  which 
they  emanated,  and  when  only  at  the  age  of  fifty-five  years, 
just  when  his  ripened  experience  and  wisdom  made  him 
most  useful  to  his  fellowman,  did  the  end  come  and  Dr. 
Henry  Hodgen  Mudd  lay  down  his  life,  a  martyr  to  the 
work  to  which  that  life  had  been  consecrated.  As  a  result 
of  several  attacks  of  blood  poisoning,  incident  to  his  work, 


IN  MISSOURI.  66 

and  leading,  several  years  ago,  to  a  double  pneumonia  to 
which  iie  nearly  succumbed,  and  ending  finally  in  a  septic 
rheumatism,  which  about  twelve  years  ago,  incapacitated 
him  for  months,  there  developed  finally  a  general  vascular 
disease  and  aortic  regurgitation.  But  even  with  this  latter 
condition  in  the  circulatory  apparatus  he  must  have  spent 
many  of  the  busiest  years  of  his  life,  and  only  a  year  before 
his  death  did  the  break  in  compensation  come  that,  increas- 
ing, eventually  determined  the  end.  Though  warned  of  his 
danger  and  urged  to  seek  much  needed  rest,  his  reply  was, 
"My  work's  my  life :  I  would  rather  live  a  shorter  time 
and  die  in  the  harness  than  a  longer  while  as  an  invalid." 
And  so  he  did,  and  when  this  great  man  came  to  die  he 
faced  the  "Strange  Mystery"  as  a  soldier.  He  wanted  to 
live  to  remain  with  those  dear  to  him  if  he  could  still  be 
of  use  to  others,  but  preferred  the  coming  of  the  end  if  he 
were  to  be  a  cripple  and  a  care,  for  he  had  ever  been,  all 
through  life,  the  strong  arm  on  which  others  leaned.  So 
when  once  apprised  of  the  hopelessness  of  his  condition 
this  active,  energetic  man  of  so  many  aspirations  showed 
most  beautifully  in  his  last  hours  that  almost  complete  con- 
trol of  self  he  had  manifested  all  through  life.  Loving  and 
grateful  to  all  about  him,  most  patient  and  resigned,  without 
a  murmur,  without  a  regret  did  this  beautiful  personality 
wing  its  flight  to  the  hereafter,  to  seek  that  rest  ever  denied 
below,  "like  one  who  draws  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
about  him  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams."  "Is  it  not 
better  to  die  willingly  than  linger  till  the  glass  be  all  out- 
run?" 

But,  though  gone,  the  memory  of  a  life  so  pure,  so  ideal 
v^^ill  ever  remain  amongst  us,  shedding  its  beneficent  influ- 
ence on  all  engaged  in  the  work  he  loved  so  well. 


56  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINB 


CHAPTER  II. 


WiLUAM  Beaumont. 

Dr.  William  Beaumont  practiced  in  St.  Louis  from  1835 
until  his  death  on  April  25,  1853.  Of  his  career  as  a  prac- 
titioner while  a  resident  of  St.  Louis,  no  better  description 
can  be  found  than  is  given  in  the  paper  by  Dr.  F.  J.  Lutz, 
which  is  here  presented  in  full: 

BEAUMONT— PRACTITIONER.* 

By  Frank  J.  Lutz,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Saint  Louis,  Missouri. 
When  Beaumont  was  ordered  in  1834  by  Surgeon-Gen- 
eral Lovell  to  report  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  then  as  now  a 
military  post  situated  about  fourteen  miles  south  of  Saint 
Louis,  his  "Experiments  and  Observations  on  the  Gastric 
Juice,  and  the  Physiology  of  Digestion"  had  been  published 
in  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  in  the  previous  year — 1833.  In  1835 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Saint  Louis  Arsenal,  of  which 
he  was  the  medical  officer,  and  there  was  also  entrusted  to 
him  the  medical  purveyorship  of  the  western  military  dis- 
trict. His  appointment  permitted  him  to  engage  in  prac- 
tice in  civil  life.  He  very  soon  occupied  a  conspicuous 
place  in  the  ranks  of  the  local  profession,  for,  as  his  biog- 
rapher and  friend,  Dr.  Thomas  Reyburn,  says,  "His  ma- 
ture age  and  ripe  experience,  the  reputation  he  had  ac- 
quired in  the  army,  and  by  the  publication  of  his  work  on 
the  gastric  juice,  together  with  the  fact  that  society  was  in  a 
large  part  composed  of  military  and  their  families,  tended, 
no  doubt,  to  give  him  that  pre-eminence  in  the  profession 

*  Read  at  a  conjoint  meeting  of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  So- 
ciety and  the  Upper  Peninsula  (Michigan)  Medical  Society,  held  at 
Mackinac  Island,  Michigan,  July  10,  1900. 


IN  MISSOURI.  57 

which  few  could  contest  with  him  on  the  score  of  superior- 
ity in  skill,  age  or  experience." 

About  1840  he  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army  be- 
cause, despite  his  remonstrance  with  the  department,  in 
which  he  pleaded  advanced  age  and  length  of  service,  and 
urged  that  it  was  contrary  to  the  usual  regulations,  the  order 
of  Surgeon-General  Lawson  transferring  him  to  New  Or- 
leans was  insisted  upon. 

From  1841  to  1849  he  resided  a  short  distance  from  the 
city  on  a  forty-acre  tract.  This  tract  is  now  occupied  in 
part  by  the  "Mary  Institute,"*  a  department  of  Washington 
University  for  the  education  of  girls,  and  is  located  in  a 
most  densely  populated  district  of  our  metropolis.  Its  west- 
ern boundary,  Beaumont  street,  was  named  after  the  great 
experimenter. 

As  was  to  be  expected  of  one  so  devoted  to  the  science  of 
medicine,  and  to  the  medical  profession,  he  took  an  active 
interest  in  the  proceedings  of  the  Missouri  Medical  Society, 
the  predecessor  of  the  Saint  Louis  Medical  Society.  In 
1838  he  was  chosen  its  vice-president  and  in  1841  its  pre- 
siding officer. 

Nor  were  his  confreres  and  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
first  medical  department  which  was  organized  west  of  tiie 
Mississippi  in  1837,  the  medical  department  of  the  Saint 
Louis  University,  oblivious  to  his  talents  and  his  ability 
as  a  teacher,  but  gave  expression  to  their  confidence  in  him 
by  offering  him  the  chair  of  surgery.  He  declined  the 
proffered  chair,  however,  urging  as  his  reasons  his  official 
connection  with  the  army,  the  uncertainty  of  his  residence  in 
Saint  Louis  and  the  doubt  of,  as  well  as  the  necessity  for 
obtaining  the  sanction  of  the  war  department,  whose  sub- 
ject he  was.  The  persuasion  of  friends,  civil  and  military, 
together  with  the  urgent  request  of  the  board  of  trustees, 
induced  him  to  accept  reluctantly  on  condition  of  being  per- 
mitted to  resign  at  any  time  should  the  heads  of  the  depart- 
ment at  Washington  disapprove  of  the  step. 

His  lines  seem  to  have  fallen  in  pleasant  places  in  Saint 

*  The   Mary   Institute   has    since   moved   to   new   buildings    at 
Lakq  and  McPherson  avenues. 


58  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

Louis,  for  as  early  as  1837  he  wrote  to  a  friend  at  Washing- 
ton :  "I  have  no  wish  or  intention  of  resigning  my  ap- 
pointment in  the  army  at  present,  though  the  professional 
encouragement  I  meet  with  here  might  seem  sufficient  in- 
ducement to  do  so,  were  avarice  or  professional  fame  the 
motives  of  my  ambition.  I  have  a  very  handsome,  lucra- 
tive and  respectable  private  practice,  reputation  far  above 
my  merits,  and  professional  popularity  more  than  commen- 
surate with  my  best  practical  skill  or  abilities." 

Notwithstanding  the  high  esteem  in  which  Beaumont 
was  held  by  the  community  as  well  as  by  his  professional 
brethren,  or  perhaps,  I  should  say,  because  of  the  eminent 
position  which  he  occupied,  he  was  not  spared  the  annoy- 
ance, chagrin  and  unenviable  notoriety  which  follow  in  the 
wake  of  a  malpractice  suit.  The  case  in  whicii  Beaumont 
was  involved  became  a  "cause  celebre"  in  local  history,  com- 
monly known  as  the  "Mary  Dugan"  case. 

It  appears  from  the  record  that  Alary  Dugan,  a  poor,  un- 
fortunate woman,  fifty-five  years  of  age,  was  afflicted  with 
an  enlargement  in  the  right  inguinal  region,  with  tension 
and  distension  of  the  abdomen — the  swelling  fluctuated;  a 
puncture  was  made  by  Doctor  Adreon,  the  codefendant  of 
Beaumont,  a  quantity  of  "well  digested  pus  was  discharg- 
ed" and  "some  fetid  gas  emitted."  In  the  evening  some 
fecal  matter  passed  through  the  openings  in  the  groin,  to- 
getiier  with  thin  sanies  and  fetid  gas.  In  a  few  days  "the 
abscess  degenerated  into  a  foul,  ill-conditioned  ulcer"  and 
"sloughing  of  soft  parts  from  the  groin  took  place."  Doc- 
tor Beaumont  was  called  in  consultation  and  with  scissors 
cut  off  the  mortified  portions  of  skin  and  cellular  tissue. 
The  patient  so  far  recovered  that  her  physician.  Doctor 
Adreon,  advised  a  trip  into  the  country,  where  she  remained 
for  four  years,  the  fistulous  opening  sometimes  closed,  then 
again  discharging. 

After  the  lapse  of  four  years  she  returned  to  Saint  Louis 
and  brought  an  action  against  Doctors  S.  W.  Adreon  and 
William  Beaumont  to  recover  damages  in  the  sum  of  ten 
thousand  dollars  for  an  injury  which  she  alleged  she  had 
sustained,  occasioned  by  a  surgical  operation  performed  by 


IN  MISSOURI.  59 

defendants  in  April,  1840.  The  declaration  averred  that 
the  plaintiff  was  afflicted  with  a  hernia  and  that  the  de- 
fendants cut  into  the  abdomen  and  also  cut  one  of  the  in- 
testines. The  witnesses  for  the  defendants  testified  that 
there  was  no  hernia,  but  that  the  disease  was  typhlo-en- 
teritis.  The  trial  of  the  cause  occupied  the  court  nearly  a 
week,  a  score  of  physicians,  preachers  and  women  being 
examined  in  behalf  of  both  plaintiff  and  defendants,  and 
the  jury  returned  a  verdict  for  the  defendants. 

The  finding  of  the  jury  did  not,  however,  close  the  case. 
The  physician  into  whose  hands  the  patient  had  fallen,  the 
principals  of  the  suit,  as  well  as  many  of  the  medical  wit- 
nesses, editors  and  attorneys  became  involved  in  a  war  of 
pamphlets  which  extended  over  many  months;  and  whilst 
the  reader  who  pursues  these  literary  productions  after  the 
lapse  of  half  a  hundred  years  is  unable  to  decide  whether 
Mary  had  a  hernia  or  suffered  from  typhlo-enteritis, he  can- 
not but  be  profoundly  impressed  with  the  vigorous  style  of 
the  pamphleteers,  and  the  persistency  with  which  the  par- 
ticipants defended  their  views.  Then,  as  now,  the  breth- 
ren did  not  always  "dwell  in  unity  together." 

In  1849  Beaumont  removed  to  the  city,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  practice  his  profession  until  March,  1853,  when 
he  fell  in  descending  the  steps  from  visiting  a  patient.  A 
few  weeks  afterwards  a  carbuncle  developed  on  the  back  of 
the  neck.  He  penetrated  the  mystery  which  lurks  behind 
the  veil  of  this  life  the  25th  of  April,  1853.  His  earthly 
remains  rest  in  beautiful  Bellefontaine. 

Concerning  his  character  as  a  man  and  a  physican  let  me 
again  quote  from  Reyburn's  memoir: 

"To  you,  who  from  personal  intercourse  could  so  fully 
estimate  his  worth,  nothing  that  we  could  say  can  add  to 
the  veneration  accorded  to  his  memory.  The  amenities  of 
character  which  attract  us  to  the  man,  were  in  him  united 
to  that  vigor  of  mind  and  firmness  of  purpose  which  made 
him  the  trusted  and  admired  professional  brother." 

The  following  remarks  from  two  who  knew  him  long 
and  intimately,  give  so  correct  and  concise  an  idea  of  his 
character  that  it  can  scarcely  be  deemed  a  violation  of  pro- 


60  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

priety  to  quote  them :  "Dr.  Beaumont  possessed  great  firm- 
ness and  determination  of  purpose ;  difficulties  which  would 
have  discouraged  most  men  he  never  allowed  to  turn  him 
from  his  course.  These  he  did  not  attempt  to  evade,  but 
to  meet  and  overcome.  He  possessed,  more  than  any  man 
I  ever  knew,  a  knowledge  (almost  intuitive)  of  human  char- 
acter. You  might  have  introduced  him  to  twenty  different 
persons  in  a  day,  all  strangers  to  him,  and  he  would  have 
given  you  an  accurate  estimate  of  the  character  of  each,  his 
peculiar  traits,  dispositon,  et  cetera,  and  not  a  few  would 
receive  some  appropriate  sobriquet  from  him." 

"He  was  gifted  with  strong  natural  powers,  which  work- 
ing upon  an  extensive  experience  in  life,  resulted  in  a  species 
of  natural  sagacity,  which,  as  I  suppose,  was  something 
peculiar  in  him,  and  not  to  be  attained  by  any  course  of 
study.  His  temperament  was  ardent,  but  never  got  the 
better  of  his  instructed  and  disciplined  judgment,  and  when- 
ever or  however  employed,  he  ever  adopted  the  most  ju- 
dicious means  for  attaining  ends  that  were  always  hon- 
orable. In  the  sick  room  he  was  a  model  of  patience  and 
kindness,  his  intuitive  perceptions,  guiding  a  pure  benevo- 
lence, never  failed  to  inspire  confidence,  and  thus  he  be- 
longed to  that  class  of  physicians  whose  very  presence  af- 
fords nature  a  sensible  relief." 

There  are  but  three  survivors  of  Beaumont's  professional 
associates  in  Saint  Louis :  Doctor  John  B.  Johnson,  Doctor 
S.  Pollak  and  Doctor  William  M.  McPheeters.*  The  lat- 
ter has  indited  the  following  letter  filled  witii  highly  inter- 
esting personal  recollections : 

"When  I  came  to  Saint  Louis  in  1841,  a  recent  graduate 
in  medicine,  I  found  Doctor  Beaumont  in  full  and  suc- 
cessful practice — the  leading  physician  and  surgeon  of  the 
town,  popular  alike  with  the  public  and  with  tlie  profession. 
The  reputation  that  he  had  gained  during  his  long  service 
as  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army — which  position  he 
had  but  recently  resigned — as  well  as  the  widespread  fame 
he  had  acquired  from  the  unique  and  important  experiments 

*  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Pollak  and  Dr.  McPheeters  have  passed  away 

since  this  article  was  written. — Ed. 


IN  MISSOURI.  61 

on  the  physiology  of  digestion,  which  he  was  so  fortunate 
as  to  have  the  opportunity  of  making,  at  once  gave  him 
prominence  and  secured  for  him  a  large  and  lucrative  prac- 
tice, to  which  he  assiduously  devoted  himself. 

"It  was  not  long  before  I  made  his  acquaintance  and  was 
privileged  to  enjoy  the  hospitality  of  his  home,  as  he  was 
ever  the  friend  and  patron  of  the  younger  members  of  the 
profession,  aiding  and  assisting  them  whenever  it  was  in 
his  power.  His  kindness  and  generosity  in  this  regard 
was  shown  in  the  instance  of  a  young  man  of  gentle  birth, 
but  without  means,  who  had  served  as  his  hospital  steward 
whilst  he  was  in  tiie  army.  Appreciating  his  merit,  he  as- 
sisted him  in  acquiring  a  medical  education,  and  after  his 
graduation  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  made  him  his 
junior  partner,  in  which  capacity  he  in  turn  was  able  to  re- 
lieve Doctor  Beaumont  of  much  of  the  drudgery  of  his  ex- 
tensive practice. 

"Doctor  Beaumont  was  a  modest,  retiring  man,  by  no 
means  self-asserting  and  rather  reticent,  but  he  took  a  deep 
interest  in  whatever  pertained  to  his  profession.  He  was 
one  of  the  early  presidents  of  the  Saint  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety and  when  I  became  a  member  of  that  body,  he  bore  a 
prominent  part  in  its  deliberations  and  discussions.  He  was 
possessed  of  strong  common  sense,  which,  added  to  his 
long  experience  and  sound  judgment,  made  him  a  good 
physician  as  well  as  a  skillful  and  successful  surgeon  en- 
joying the  unbounded  confidence  as  well  as  the  affection  of 
his  patients.  As  might  be  expected  from  his  previous  his- 
tory, his  surgical  skill  was  frequently  called  into  requisition, 
and  it  was  never  found  wanting.  True,  the  surgery  of  that 
day  was  very  far  from  what  it  now  is,  but  from  my  knowl- 
edge of  the  boldness  and  aggressiveness  of  Doctor  Beau- 
mont I  am  sure  that  had  his  life  been  prolonged  to  the  pres- 
ent time,  he  would  not  be  a  laggard  in  the  profession." 

It  is  true  Beaumont  had  given  to  the  scientific  world  the 
results  of  his  experiments  and  observations  before  he  be- 
came a  resident  of  Saint  Louis,  but  he  did  not  by  any  means 
consider  them  complete  or  concluded;  on  the  contrary,  he 
was  of  the  opinion  that  more  important  service  might  yet 


62  HISTORY  OF  ME)DICINB 

be  rendered  to  science  by  the  case.  He  intended  to  pursue 
his  experiments  still  further,  but  like  in  his  cherished  wish 
of  presenting  his  patient  to  the  observation  and  experiments 
of  European  physiologists,  he  was  doomed  to  disappoint- 
ment— Alexis  Saint  Martin  was  never  induced  to  place  him- 
self at  the  disposal  of  his  old  benefactor  and  friend  after 
the  latter  resided  in  Saint  Louis,  although  Beaumont  made 
every  effort  to  secure  him,  and  the  government  aid  wiiich  he 
had  sought  as  early  as  1833  by  personal  application  was 
never  extended. 

The  value  of  Beaumont's  work  to  science  and  to  human- 
ity is  so  well  understood  that  itwouldbe  superfluous  to  dwell 
upon  it.  The  knowledge  which  he  obtained  is  now  com- 
mon property.  As  accurate  an  observer  as  John  Hunter  or 
Astley  Cooper,  he  narrated  what  he  observed,  in  plain  lan- 
guage without  speculation.  He  added  to  medical  science 
fundamental  facts  concerning  the  structure,  movements 
and  secretions  of  the  stomach,  and  brushed  aside  at  once 
and  forever  the  theories  that  had  dominated  the  professional 
mind  in  regard  to  this  important  organ  and  its  function. 
If  many  of  his  methods  seem  crude,  recall  the  surroundings 
in  which  he  made  the  observations ;  notice  the  simplicity 
of  the  m.eans  for  observing  and  recording,  and  do  not  forget 
that  he  was  truly  a  pioneer  in  a  field  upon  which  others 
might  have  ventured,  for  the  opportunity  was  not  lacking, 
but  which  no  one  had  trodden  before  him.  And  when  we 
add  to  these  considerations  the  undeniable  fact  that  neither 
by  education  nor  by  experience  had  he  been  prepared  for  the 
work  which  he  undertook,  we  cannot  but  marvel  at  the 
genius  which  embraced  the  opportunity,  observed  so  ac- 
curately and  noted  so  faithfully  that  it  required  half  a 
century  to  add  anything  new  to  what  he  recorded. 

In  1885  there  was  added  to  the  many  institutions  of  learn- 
ing in  the  city  of  his  adoption,  a  school  of  medicine  and  it 
was  singularly  appropriate  that  it  should  be  made  commem- 
orative of  him  whose  reputation  throughout  the  scientific 
world  had  shed  lustre  upon  Saint  Louis.  The  hopes  for 
its  future  success  and  usefulness  in  wiiich  its  founders  in- 
dulged have  been  realized  to  a  gratifying  degree,  but  no 


IN  MISSOURI.  63 

mean  factor  in  bringing  this  about  has  been  the  example 
in  thorough  scientific  work  in  which  the  Beaumont  Hospital 
Medical  Cohege*  has  endeavored  to  follow  him  as  its  pro- 
totype. 

As  the  representative  of  the  board  of  governors  and  of 
the  faculty  of  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College,  it 
gives  me  great  pleasure  to  convey  to  you  their  sincere  con- 
gratulations upon  the  happy  inspiration  which  suggested 
the  erection  of  this  memorial.  The  medical  men  of  this 
country  have  but  recently  awakened  to  the  realization  of 
the  fact  that  in  medicine,  as  in  other  avocations,  he  who  at- 
tains eminence  in  his  profession  and  is  an  adornment  of  his 
calling,  is  also  an  honor  to  his  country. 

In  raising  this  monument  upon  the  very  spot  where  the 
opportunity  occurred  and  was  embraced  for  discovering 
great  facts  in  the  physiology  of  the  human  body,  and  where 
thousands  upon  thousands  annually  congregate  in  search  of 
rest,  and  health  and  pleasure,  unaware  of  the  event  which 
resulted  in  such  immeasurable  benefits  to  mankind,  the 
medical  profession  of  Michigan,  which  already  occupies  a 
forem.ost  position  for  having  inaugurated  methods  for  dif- 
fusing among  the  people  a  useful  knowledge  of  matters  san- 
itary and  hygienic  as  well  as  in  exacting  a  high  standard  of 
proficiency  in  those  to  whom  is  intrusted  the  safe-keeping 
of  their  lives,  health  and  happiness,  has  again  assumed 
leadership  in  proclaiming  to  the  world  that  the  heroes  in 
.medicine  shall  stand  on  pinnacles  as  lofty  and  conspicuous 
as  those  occupied  by  warriors  and  statesm.en. 

In  honoring  Beaumont  you  do  great  honor  to  yourselves 
and  to  your  State. 

The  experiments  made  by  Beaumont  and  the  knowledge 
gained  through  them  are  a  part  of  every  text-book  on  phys- 
iology, so  no  extended  account  of  this  work  will  be  at- 
tempted here.  The  following  account  of  the  accident  v/hich 
has  made  the  name  of  Saint  Martin  famous,  the  readiness 
with  which  Beaumont  grasped  the  opportunity,  the  tenacity 
with  which  he  clung  to  his  patient,  realizing  the  importance 

*  Now  Marion-Sims-Beaumont  Medical  College  (Medical  De- 
partment St.  Louis  University). 


64  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

of  the  discoveries  to  be  made,  are  briefly  described  in  the 
following  extract  from  an  address  by  Dr.  John  Read  Bailey 
of  Mackinac  Island : 

Beaumont  wrote :  Saint  Martin  was  accidentally  wound- 
ed by  the  discharge  of  a  musket  (shot-gun)  on  the  6th  day 
of  June,  1822.  The  charge,  consisting  of  powder  and  buck- 
shot, was  received  in  the  left  side  of  the  youth,  he  being  at 
a  distance  of  not  more  than  one  yard  from  the  muzzle  of 
the  gun.  The  contents  entered  posteriorly,  in  an  oblique 
direction,  forward  and  inward,  literally  blowing  off  integu- 
ment and  muscles  the  size  of  a  man's  hand,  fracturing  and 
carrying  away  the  anterior  half  of  the  sixth  rib,  fracturing 
the  fifth,  lacerating  the  lower  portion  of  the  left  lobe  of  the 
lung,  the  diaphragm,  and  perforating  the  stomach.  The 
whole  mass  of  materials  forced  from  the  musket,  together 
with  the  fragments  of  clothing  and  pieces  of  fractured  ribs, 
were  driven  into  the  muscles  and  cavity  of  the  chest.  I  saw 
him  twenty-five  or  thirty  minutes  after  the  accident  oc- 
curred, and,  on  examination,  found  a  portion  of  the  lung 
as  large  as  a  turkey's  tgg,  lacerated  and  burnt,  protruding 
through  the  external  wound  and  immediately  below  this, 
another  protrusion,  which,  on  further  examination,  proved 
to  be  a  portion  of  the  stomach,  lacerated  through  all  its 
coats,  and  pouring  out  the  food  he  had  taken  for  his  break- 
fast through  an  orifice  large  enough  to  admit  the  forefinger. 
The  projecting  portions  of  the  stomach  were  nearly  as  large 
as  that  of  the  lung.  It  passed  through  the  lacerated  dia- 
phragm and  external  wound,  mingling  the  food  with  the 
external  mucus  blown  from  the  lungs. 

The  wound  was  cleared  of  the  charge  and  extraneous 
matter,  and  the  stomach  and  lung  replaced  and  held  intact 
by  a  compress  and  bandages.  It  is  not  necessary  here  to 
state  the  outlines  of  treatment.  One  year  after  the  accident 
the  injured  parts  were  all  sound  and  firmly  cicatrized,  with 
the  exception  of  the  aperture  in  the  stomach  and  side,  and 
a  valvular  formation  had  adapted  itself  to  the  orifice. 

Beaumont's  experiments  were  made  at  intervals,  from 
1825  to  1833,  the  first  series  at  Fort  Mackinac,  Michigan 
Territory,  in  May,  1825,  continuing  through  June  and  Au- 
gust at  Fort  Niagara,  New  York,  where  the  doctor  had  been 


IN  MISSOURI.  65 

ordered.  About  this  time  he  took  the  man  to  Biirhngton, 
Vermont,  and  from  thence  to  Plattsburg,  New  York,  where 
Saint  Martin  took  French  leave  of  him  and  went  to  his  na- 
tive place  in  Canada,  where  for  about  four  years  he  was 
engaged  as  a  voyageur  by  the  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Company. 
He  was  afterwards  traced,  through  agents  of  the  American 
Fur  Company,  who  annually  visited  Canada  for  men,  and 
they  engaged  him  for  Beaumont.  They  transported  him, 
with  his  wife  and  two  children,  from  Lower  Canada  to  Doc- 
tor Beaumont  at  Fort  Crawford,  Prairie  du  Chien,  on  the 
Mississippi,  nearly  two  thousand  miles,  where  he  arrived  in 
August,  1829.  He  was  in  good  health,  and  the  aperture 
in  the  stomach  and  side  the  same  as  when  he  left  in  1825. 
Then  the  second  series  of  experiments  began,  and  were 
continued  uninterruptedly  until  March,  1831.  During  all  this 
time  he  performed  all  the  duties  of  a  common  servant, 
chopped  wood  and  carried  burdens  with  little  or  no  incon- 
venience from  his  wound,  and  became  the  father  of  more 
children. 

In  the  spring  of  1831  he  left  Fort  Crawford  with  his 
family  for  Lower  Canada,  but  promised  to  return  when  re- 
quired. His  voyage  was  in  an  open  canoe  down  the  Mis- 
sissippi, past  Saint  Louis  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  up  that 
river  to  its  head,  and  across  the  State  to  the  Lakes,  down 
Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  and  the  Saint  Lawrence  River  to 
Montreal,  where  he  arrived,  after  six  or  eight  weeks,  in 
June. 

In  November,  1832,  he  again  joined  Beaumont  at  Platts- 
burg, New  York,  and  traveled  with  him  to  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  There  experiments  were  continued 
until  March,  1833. 

There  were  about  two  hundred  and  forty  experiments  in 
the  four  series,  besides  the  observations  and  microscopic  ex- 
aminations. Beaumont  constructed  a  diet  table  that  is 
quoted  as  authority  to  this  day,  and  drew  a  number  of  ob- 
servations as  the  result  of  his  work.  The  whole  was  pub- 
lished in  a  book  entitled  "Experiments  and  Observations 
on  the  Gastric  Juice,  and  the  Physiology  of  Digestion,  by 
William  Beaumont,  M.  D.,  Surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Army,  Plattsburg.     Printed  by  F.  P.  Allen,  1833." 


66  HISTORY  OF  MKDICINB 


CHAPTER  III. 


Sewerage  and  Water  Systems. 

The  first  general  effort  to  improve  hygienic  conditions  by 
drainage  seems  to  have  been  made  in  1778.  On  Sunday, 
March  15th  of  that  year,  after  mass,  a  committee  of  five 
was  appointed  to  provide  for  the  drainage  of  back  lots 
along  the  back  street  where  the  rain  water  settled.  The  plan 
was  to  dig  a  ditch  down  the  street  or  road  betwen  the  lots 
of  Bissoult  and  Conrad  (now  Chestnut  street)  to  the  river. 
The  construction  of  a  general  sewerage  system  was  not 
considered  until  1849 — prior  to  this  time  the  city  depended 
mainly  upon  surface  drainage,  although  a  number  of  small 
drains  had  been  built  across  the  wharf  to  drain  property 
between  Main  and  Front  streets  and  some  private  drains 
had  been  constructed. 

On  March  12,  1849,  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
State  passed  "An  Act  to  provide  a  general  system  of  sew- 
erage in  the  City  of  St.  Louis."  Section  1  provides  for  the 
laying  of  sewers  in  districts  to  be  numbered  and  recorded. 
Section  2  provides  for  the  construction  on  petition  and 
empowers  City  Council  to  levy  and  collect  special  tax  not 
to  exceed  one-half  of  one  per  cent  per  annum  on  property 
in  district  to  be  drained. 

"Kayser's  Lake." — An  ordinance  passed  August,  1849,  to 
build  sewers  from  Ninth  and  Biddle  to  drain  Kayser  Lake, 
authorizing  $50,000.00  bonds  to  pay  cost.  Up  to  this  time 
there  had  been  no  outlet  from  this  lake  into  which  the 
sewerage  of  a  large  area  emptied  and  became  the  source  of 
considerable  sickness — in  fact  this  lake  and  its  condition 
was  an  important  factor  in  the  epidemic  of  Asiatic  cholera 
in  1849.  In  March,  1850,  this  work  was  put  under  con- 
tract and  completed  at  a  cost  to  the  City  of  $112,843.12. 


IN  MISSOURI.  67 

In  July  and  August,  1850,  three  ordinances  were  passed 
to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  March  12, 
1849,  and  in  addition  to  the  foregoing  provide  for  the  build- 
ing of  a  large  sewer  on  Poplar  street  to  receive  the  drainage 
from  Chouteau  pond  to  the  river,  and  three  other  tributary 
sewers — one  on  Seventh  street  running  north  into  Biddle 
street  sewer  and  two  on  Ninth  street;  one  running  into 
Biddle  street  sewer,  and  one  into  the  Poplar  street  sewer. 
The  five  main  sewers  were  denominated  "Public  Sewers" 
and  were  to  be  paid  for  by  the  City  at  large. 

The  territory  bounded  north  by  Biddle  street,  south  by 
Poplar  street,  east  by  the  river  and  west  by  Ninth  street 
was  then  subdivided  into  districts  numbered  from  one  to 
thirty-three,  each  of  which  was  to  be  drained  by  a  common 
or  district  sewer ;  an  ordinance  was  passed  to  levy  taxes  and 
provide  for  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  said  sys- 
tem. On  March  14,  1859,  an  ordinance  was  passed  allow- 
ing the  property  holder  to  pay  his  assessment  in  a  lump  sum 
to  cover  his  pro  rata  cost  to  contractor,  which  exempted  him 
from  future  levies. 

The  Sewer  Department  for  the  City  of  St.  Louis  was 
created  by  an  ordinance  in  1859.  In  1877  the  present  ar- 
rangement came  into  effect  vesting  the  management  of 
sewers  in  Sewer  Commmission  and  Board  of  Public  Im- 
provement in  place  of  Sewer  Committee. 

St.  Louis  is  admirably  situated  for  effective  sewerage, 
having  natural  drainage  sheds  that  make  the  task  easier 
than  in  most  large  cities;  consequently,  St.  Louis  can 
conscientiously  boast  of  a  healthy  condition  in  this  important 
adjunct  to  municipal  cleanliness. 

For  some  years  after  the  settlement  of  St.  Louis  no  wells 
were  sunk  owing  to  the  difficulties  presented  by  the  lime- 
stone underlying  the  city.  There  were  few  springs  and  spring 
branches  and  almost  the  sole  source  of  water  supply  was 
the  river.  The  water  was  carried  in  primitive  fashion — in 
buckets  attached  to  a  yoke  thrown  across  the  shoulders, 
and  in  barrels  drawn  up  on  a  "drag."  Later  when  the  facil- 
ities increased  for  digging  wells  their  number  increased, 
although  the  river  was  depended  upon  for  the  main  sup- 


68  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

ply.     Today  there  are  over  5,000  wells  in  St.  Louis  and 
the  health  department  is  endeavoring  to  eradicate  them. 

The  first  effort  to  construct  a  system  of  water  supply  was 
made  in  1829  when  a  contract  was  made  with  J.  C.  Wilson 
&  Co.  to  supply  the  city  with  "clarified  water."  This  work 
was  completed  in  1832.  The  first  reservoir  was  floored 
with  heavy  boards  and  on  this  was  laid  a  brick  pavement. 
The  following  extract  from  a  paper  written  by  Dr.  C.  A. 
Snodgras,  City  Bacteriologist,  gives  a  description  of  the 
method  of  clarifying  the  water  supply  now. 

"From  the  installation  of  the  first  water  works  system  in 
1832  until  March  22,  1904,  the  public  water  supply  for  the 
City  of  St.  Louis  was  unsatisfactory.  Following  the  custom 
of  most  cities  in  their  early  history,  St.  Louis  selected  as  a 
source  of  water  supply  that  which  was  most  easily  secured 
and  of  the  least  cost,  which  in  this  case  was  the  Mississippi 
river.  This  supply  from  a  physical  standpoint  has  remained 
constant  and  uniform.  From  that  of  public  health  it  has 
varied  of  late ;  this  city's  water  supply  has  been  of  great  in- 
terest to  men  who  were  entitled  to  an  opinion  upon  the  rela- 
tive and  absolute  value  of  water  supplies.  Many  of  the 
ablest  men  in  this  country  have  been  connected  in  a  greater 
or  less  degree  with  its  investigation.  In  recent  years  it  has 
been  generally  claimed  that  the  water  of  the  Missouri  river 
was  less  contaminated  and  from  the  suspended  and  color- 
ing matter  which  it  contains,  would  be  a  more  suitable 
water  than  that  of  the  Mississippi  for  treatment.  Ninety 
miles  southwest  from  the  City  of  St.  Louis  is  a  large  spring 
called  the  Meramec;  this  in  conjunction  with  three  small 
streams  of  the  upper  Meramec  watershed  has  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  been  considered  a  satisfactory  source  for  the 
City's  water  supply.  In  order  to  determine  the  desirability 
of  selecting  one  of  the  three  above-named  sources  of  water 
supply,  the  Municipal  Assembly  of  the  City  of  St.  Louis, 
on  June  28,  1901,  approved  an  ordinance  which  authorized 
the  Mayor  to  employ  a  commission  of  expert  hydraulic  en- 
gineers to  investigate  and  make  recommendations  on  the 
same.  There  were  appointed  upon  this  commission,  Messrs. 
Benezette  Williams.  George  G.  Wisner  and  Allen  Hazen. 


IN  MISSOURI.  69 

"Messrs.  Williams  and  Wisner  submitted  a  majority  re- 
port recommending  tiie  Meramec  or  gravity  supply.  Mr. 
Hazen  gave  a  minority  report  recommending  the  treatment 
of  the  Mississippi,  using  the  plant  then  existing,  which  was 
to  be  improved  and  supplemented  by  adding  mechanical  fil- 
tration. The  City  authorities  were  satisfied  with  the  minor- 
ity report  and  were  considering  the  early  construction  of 
a  mechanical  filter  plant  using  as  a  coagulant,  sulphate  of 
alumina.  As  soon  as  this  disposition  was  made  known  there 
arose  from  the  press,  medical  societies,  and  supposedly  repu- 
table chemists  the  most  violent  protest.  This  wide-spread 
and  unwarranted  prejudice  against  the  use  of  alum  as  a 
coagulant,  forced  the  Board  of  Public  Improvements  to 
look  for  some  other  agent.  Ferrous  sulphate  and  lime  have 
been  used  as  coagulants  in  connection  with  mechanical  fil- 
ters in  the  cities  of  Quincy,  111.,  and  at  Lorain,  Ohio.  The 
results  shown  there  were  very  satisfactory  and  the  City  of 
St.  Louis  decided  to  use  tiiese  chemicals  applied  in  a  man- 
ner adapted  to  its  then  existing  supply  system. 

"The  people  of  St.  Louis  are  satisfied  with  the  water 
which  is  being  supplied.  The  purified  water  was  thrust 
upon  them  before  they  were  aware  of  the  contemplated 
treatment.  We  have  abundant  evidence  from  manufact- 
urers and  those  having  the  care  of  boilers,  which  shows  the 
treated  water  to  be  satisfactory  to  them  in  the  extreme. 

"The  majority  report  of  the  Commission  of  Hydraulic 
Engineers  prophesied  ^he  most  disastrous  results  from  the 
incrusting  constituents  and  corrosive  effect  of  a  water 
treated  for  mechanical  filtration.  With  our  present  system, 
nothing  of  the  kind  has  occurred.  Tiiis  same  majority  re- 
port, page  31,  is  as  follows :  'First  and  most  important  is 
the  fact  that  there  is  nothing  to  show  what  the  results  ob- 
tained by  such  filters  are  relative  to  disease  germs.' 

"  'It  is  generally  assumed  that  pathogenic  bacteria  will  be 
removed  in  the  same  proportion  that  applies  to  ordinary 
water  bacteria,  but  there  is  little  or  no  evidence  upon  which 
to  base  this  assumption.' 

"These  experts  would  say  the  same  of  the  system  we  are 
now  using.    It  would  be  unreasonable  to  say  that  the  space 


70  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

value  of  a  pathogenic  organism  would  differ  from  that  of 
a  non-pathogenic.  This  is  a  question  of  size,  not  patho- 
genesis. 

"Our  data  is  too  meager  for  the  epidemiologist  to  work 
upon,  however,  there  is  a  much  lower  death-rate  from 
typhoid  fever  in  St.  Louis  this  year  (1904)  than  there  was 
last. 

"It  would  be  unwise  to  claim  that  this  new  method  of 
water  purification  would  be  suitable  for  the  treatment  of 
all  water  in  the  future,,  but  it  is  highly  indicative  of  what 
is  possible  in  handling  waters  of  the  Mississippi  valley  and 
those  of  similar  character." 


IN  MISSOURI.  71 


CHAPTER  IV. 


Epidemic  of  Cholera  in  St.  Louis  in  1849. 

BY  DR.  WM.  M.  McPHEBTERS. 

In  this  article  I  propose  giving  a  report  of  the  late  fear- 
ful visitation  of  cholera  in  St.  Louis,  so  far  as  it  came  un- 
der my  own  observation,  as  the  published  records  of  the 
City  show,  and  as  I  have  been  able  to  gather  from  other 
authentic  sources.  Having  no  new  views  to  present  as  to 
the  nature,  cause  or  treatment  of  cholera,  I  shall  endeavor 
to  confine  myself  as  closely  as  possible  to  facts,  together 
with  a  statement  of  such  general  conclusions  as  these  facts 
seem  to  warrant.  During  the  year  I  had  charge  of  the  St. 
Louis  Hospital — under  tiie  care  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity — 
which  for  a  long  time  was  the  sole,  and  throughout  the  epi- 
demic, the  principal  depot  for  the  reception  of  cholera  pa- 
tients. My  opportunities,  therefore,  for  observing  the  dis- 
ease were  not  surpassed  by  any  other  individual. 

As  early  as  the  months  of  October,  November  and  De- 
cember, 1848,  it  was  obvious  to  all  that  there  was  an  un- 
usual predisposition  throughout  our  entire  population  to 
diarrhea  and  bowel  affections  of  all  kinds.  In  the  hospital, 
so  great  was  this  tendency,  that  the  administration  of 
cathartic  medicines  had  to  be  entirely  suspended,  for,  when 
given  in  any  disease,  troublesome  and  even  unmanageable 
diarrheas  were  the  invariable  restilts.  The  attention  of  the 
clinical  class,  who  accompanied  me  in  my  visits  during  the 
fall  and  winter  was  frequently  directed  to  this  peculiarity, 
and  it  was  stated  that  as  coming  events  cast  their  shadows 
before  them,  it  must  be  regarded  as  the  inevitable  precursor 
of  cholera. 

Early  in  December,  1848,  the  disease  made  its  appearance 
in  New  Orleans,  where  it  soon  became  epidemic,  and  pre- 


72  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

vailed  to  an  alarming  extent.  By  means  of  the  numerous 
steamboats  plying  between  this  port  and  New  Orleans,  and 
in  the  absence  of  all  quarantine  regulations,  cases  of  cholera 
were  frequently,  towards  the  later  part  of  December, 
brought  to  this  City  from  New  Orleans  and  admitted  in- 
to the  St.  Louis  Hospital.  Some  of  these  cases  proved 
fatal,  and  in  this  way  deaths  from  cholera  appeared  in  the 
weekly  reports  at  that  period. 

On  the  fifth  day  of  January,  1849,  the  first  case  of  cholera 
originating  in  St.  Louis  occurred.  The  patient  was  a  stout, 
healthy  laboring  man,  who  had  four  months  previous  to 
this  time  returned  from  New  Mexico,  and  since  which  he 
had  been  employed  in  the  upper  part  of  the  town,  where 
he  -had  no  connection  whatever  with  any  one  afifected  with 
cholera.  On  the  day  of  his  attack,  January  5,  at  dinner, 
he  ate  heartily  of  sour  kraut,  while  laboring  under  a  slight 
diarrhea,  and  in  a  few  days  after  was  taken  with  vomiting, 
cramps  and  frequent  discharges  from  the  bowels.  Four 
o'clock  the  same  afternoon  he  was  taken  to  the  hospital 
and  in  a  short  time  afterwards  I  saw  him.  Found  him  in 
the  following  condition :  vomiting  freely  with  frequent  and 
copious  discharges  from  the  bowels ;  at  first  of  slight  bilious 
character,  but  it  soon  became  pure  "rice  water;"  cramps 
in  the  stomach  and  lower  extremities  and  tongue  cold; 
skin  of  a  blue  color  and  very  much  qorrugated;  urinary 
secretions  suspended;  eyes  sunken  and  surrounded  by  a 
livid  hue.  As  the  public  mind  at  this  time  was  greatly  ex- 
cited on  the  subject  of  cholera,  I  invited  several  professional 
brethren  in  whom  I  had  confidence  to  see  the  patient  with 
me,  all  of  whom  concurred  in  the  opinion  that  it  was  a 
well-marked  case  of  cholera.  From  beginning  the  treatment 
instituted  was  of  the  most  vigorous  character  and  was  kept 
up  with  great  assiduity,  notwithstanding  which  the  patient 
sank  rapidly  into  a  state  of  complete  collapse  and  died  the 
following  morning  about  2  o'clock, 

I  have  been  thus  minute  in  describing  this  case,  as  it 
goes  to  show  that  from  the  very  commencement  the  disease 
showed  a  most  malignant  character  and  that  at  this  early 
period  the  unknown  morbid  agent  giving  rise  to  cholera 


IN  MISSOURI.  73 

already  existed  in  the  atmosphere,  and  only  required  an 
exciting  cause,  such  as  saur  kraut  as  in  the  instance  afforded 
to  develop  it  in  all  its  violence,  and  this,  too,  at  a  time  when 
the  weather  was  cold  and  the  streets  and  alleys  completely 
frozen  and  when  there  was  an  absence  of  those  local  causes 
of  disease  which  usually  exist  so  abundantly  in  our  midst. 
The  next  case  of  local  origin  occurred  two  days  after,  on 
the  7th  of  January;  patient  an  Irish  boatman,  but  out  of 
employment  at  that  season  of  the  year.  This  man  also  had 
a  slight  diarrhea  for  several  days  prior  to  his  attack  and 
was  guilty  of  imprudence  in  diet.  On  entering  the  hospital 
he  presented  all  the  characteristics  of  cholera,  though  not 
in  so  aggravated  a  form  as  in  the  last  case.  This  patient 
recovered.  No  other  cases  are  known  to  have  originated 
here  until  the  ITth,  when  a  stout  middle-aged  laborer  was 
brought  into  the  hospital ;  in  a  few  hours  after  he  was  taken 
in  a  state  of  collapse  and  died  the  same  night.  From  the 
first  his  symptoms  were  of  the  most  violent  kind.  This 
case,  unlike  the  last  two,  was  not  preceded  by  diarrhea,  nor 
could  it  be  traced  to  any  imprudence  in  diet. 

The  next  case  was  on  the  18th ;  patient  a  laborer  of  good 
habits,  but  had  suffered  with  diarrhea  for  a  week.  Entered 
the  hospital  in  an  advanced  stage  and  died  on  the  20th. 
Previous  to  death  his  evacuation  became  decidedly  fecal 
and  bilious.  The  fifth  case  of  local  origin  occurred  on  the 
20th  in  the  person  of  a  female,  who  resided  in  the  same 
house  with  the  patient  last  named  (on  St.  Charles  street, 
between  Third  and  Fourth),  in  which  house  several  other 
cases  subsequently  occurred.  She  had  diarrhea  ten  days 
previous  to  attack,  for  which  she  was  treated  and  recov- 
ered; was  seized  with  great  violence,  and  in  eight  hours 
after  the  first  attack  she  died. 

The  sixth  case  originating  here  occurred  on  the  21st 
and  the  seventh  on  the  28th.  The  two  last  cases  were  of 
a  milder  character  than  the  others  and  both  recovered. 
Towards  the  latter  part  of  January  cases  occasionally  pre- 
sented themselves  in  various  parts  of  the  City,  besides  those 
enumerated  as  having  been  sent  to  the  hospital,  but  they 
were  not  numerous. 


74  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

During  the  whole  month  of  January  thirty-three  deaths 
are  reported  as  having  taken  place  from  cholera  in  the 
city  and  five  from  cholera  morbus.  Two-thirds  of  these, 
at  least,  were  imported  from  New  Orleans,  while  only  the 
remaining  one-third  were  of  local  origin.  The  real  num- 
ber of  deaths  from  cholera  in  January,  1849,  may,  there- 
fore, be  stated  at  tiiirty-eight.  Of  these,  eight  occurred 
at  St.  lyouis  Hospital,  two  at  the  Hospital  for  Invalids 
and  two  at  the  City  Hospital.  The  remainder  were  from 
the  city  at  large  and  from  the  different  steamboats.  The 
whole  number  of  deaths  from  all  diseases  in  January 
was  276. 

During  the  first  week  in  February  four  deaths  are  re- 
ported from  cholera,  all  of  whom  died  in  the  St.  Louis 
Hospital,  and  were  from  different  steamboats.  The  second 
week  in  February  there  were  eleven  deaths  from  cholera; 
three  or  four  of  these  were  of  local  origin  and  the  re- 
mainder were  brought  up  from  New  Orleans  and  died  in 
different  hospitals.  During  the  third  week  there  were 
only  four  deaths  from  cholera,  all  of  which  were  imported, 
and  from  the  19th  to  the  26th  not  a  single  death  occurred 
from  cholera.  Throughout  the  whole  month  of  February 
there  were  only  twenty  deaths  from  cholera,  being  eighteen 
less  than  in  January.  The  whole  number  of  deaths  from 
all  diseases  during  the  month  was  241. 

The  first  week  in  March  there  were  three  deaths  from 
cholera,  the  second  week  ten,  the  third  week  twenty-seven 
and  the  fourth  week  twenty-eight.  The  total  number  of 
deaths  from  cholera  in  March  was  sixty-eight,  and  from 
all  diseases  294.  This  exhibits  a  decided  increase  from 
the  months  of  January  and  February,  and,  although  many 
cases  were  imported,  the  number  originating  here  was 
vastly  augmented. 

For  the  first  week  in  April  there  were  eighteen  deaths 
of  cholera;  second  week,  seventeen;  third  week,  twenty- 
five;  fourth  week,  twenty-seven,  and  fifth  week  forty-four. 
Making  in  all  for  the  month,  131  deaths  from  cholera  and 
456  from  all  diseases.  From  the  beginning  of  April  the 
number  of  imported  cases  began  to  decrease,  of  those  of 


IN  MISSOURI.  75 

local  origin  to  multiply.  Towards  the  latter  part  of  the 
month  the  disease  broke  out  with  great  violence  among 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Orphans'  Home,  situated  on  Fourth 
street,  between  Poplar  and  Cerre,  and  in  a  few  days  swept 
off  the  matron  of  the  establishment  and  many  of  the  un- 
fortunate inmates  of  the  asylum.  So  fatal  was  the  dis- 
ease among  the  children  that  it  was  thought  best  to  re- 
move those  remaining  and  temporarily  to  suspend  the 
operation  of  the  institution.  At  this  period  apprehension 
became  very  great.  With  the  approach  of  warm  weather 
the  disease  was  seen  greatly  to  increase,  and  all  seemed 
now  convinced  that  a  summer  of  unparelleled  mortality 
awaited  our  population. 

The  first  week  in  May  showed  a  fearful  increase  in  the 
progress  of  the  disease,  there  being  seventy-eight  deaths 
from  cholera,  with  a  total  from  all  diseases  of  135.  Still 
the  mortality  was  principally  confined  to  the  lower  classes 
and  unacclimated  emigrants  coming  among  us  in  great 
numbers.  This  state  of  things,  however,  did  not  continue 
long,  for  the  very  next  week  revealed  the  astonishing  re- 
sult of  193  deaths  of  cholera,  and  273  from  all  other  dis- 
eases. The  panic  at  this  time  among  all  classes  of  our 
citizens  was  at  its  height;  not  even  afterwards,  when  the 
daily  mortality  reached  145,  was  it  ever  greater.  At  this 
juncture  (May  ITth)  the  great  fire  occurred,  and  for  two 
weeks  immediately  following  it  there  was  a  perceptible 
decrease  in  the' number  of  deaths.  From  193  for  the  week 
preceding  the  fire  it  was  reduced  to  138  the  first  and  118  the 
second  week  thereafter.  This  circumstance,  which  was 
probably  only  a  coincidence  or  one  of  those  variations 
which  frequently  occur  during  prevalence  of  epidemics, 
was  attributed  to  the  influence  of  the  fire  in  purifying  the 
atmosphere,  and  it  was  confidently  believed  by  many  that 
the  disease  would  thenceforth  decline.  The  sequel  shows 
how  little  foundation  there  was  for  this  opinion.  By  mak- 
ing a  powerful  impression  on  the  minds  of  the  people,  and 
for  a  time  diverting  their  attention  from  the  all-absorbing 
subject  of  cholera,  the  great  fire  may  have  influenced  the 
disease  in  temporarily  suspending  one  of  the  chief  exciting 


76  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

causes,  to-wit :  fear,  but  in  no  other  way  that  I  can  per- 
ceive. The  summing  up  of  the  month  of  May  shows  an 
aggregate  of  786  deaths;  of  these  517  were  from  cholera, 
showing  an  increase  of  386. 

The  first  week  in  June  there  were  seventy-four  deaths 
from  cholera  and  in  all  144.  During  the  second  week  139 
of  cholera  and  283  in  all.  At  this  period  the  increase  in 
mortality  was  so  great  that  it  now  became  necessary,  in 
order  to  convey  a  just  idea  of  the  progress  of  the  epidemic, 
to  give  the  daily  as  well  as  the  weekly  mortality. 

From  the  details  already  given  and  particularly  from 
those  which  are  to  follow,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  number 
of  deaths  from  other  diseases  besides  cholera  is  unusually 
great.  This  greatly  increased  mortality  attributed  to  other 
diseases  is  unquestionably  owing  to  the  all-pervading  chol- 
era influence.  During  the  months  of  June  and  July,  and 
to  some  extent  throughout  the  epidemic,  such  was  tiie 
almost  irresistible  tendency  to  death  that  slight  ailments, 
which  under  ordinary  circumstances  and  during  other  sea- 
sons would  have  yielded  readily  to  treatment,  now  became 
serious  in  their  character  and  not  infrequently  ran  on 
rapidly  to  a  fatal  termination.  Besides,  in  the  weekly  re- 
ports of  deaths  during  the  year,  432  were  returned  as  oc- 
curing  from  unknown  diseases.  Nine-tenths  of  these,  it  is 
fair  to  presume,  died  from  cholera,  and  were  buried  with- 
out regular  certificates  from  physicians,  and  consequently 
were  reported  by  the  sextons  as  unknown.  It  is  manifest, 
therefore,  that  this  enormous  mortality  (4,046)  from  dis- 
eases other  than  cholera  is  in  a  very  great  measure  to  be 
attributed  to  the  baneful  influence  of  the  epidemic.  The 
following  tables  exhibit  the  daily  mortality  from  June  12 
to  July  30  inclusive: 


Deaths  from 

Other 

Cholera. 

Diseases. 

Total, 

Tuesday, 

June  12, 

there 

were 

47 

12 

59 

Wednesday, 

"     13, 

65 

18 

83 

Thursday, 

"     14, 

58 

10 

68 

Friday, 

"     15, 

62 

12 

74 

Saturday, 

"     16, 

61 

13 

74 

Sunday, 

"     17, 

69 

16 

85 

Monday, 

"     18, 

64 

15 

79 

IN  MISSOURI. 


77 


Making  an  aggregate  for  the  week  of  426  from  cholera; 
96  from  other  diseases.     Total,  522. 


Deaths  from 

Other 

Cholera. 

Diseases. 

Total 

Tuesday, 

June  19, 

there  were 

74 

16 

90 

Wednesday, 

"     20, 

67 

35 

102 

Thursday, 

"     21, 

85 

10 

95 

Friday, 

"     22, 

95 

25 

120 

Saturday, 

"     23, 

98 

27 

125 

Sunday, 

"     24, 

118 

21 

139 

Monday, 

"     25, 

99 

28 

127 

Being  for  the  week,  636  from  cholera,  162  from  other 
diseases;  in  all  798.  We  here  see  a  rapid  increase  within 
the  last  two  weeks,  from  47  to  118  deaths  a  day  from 
cholera. 

Deaths  from       Other 


CI 

lolera. 

Disease 

3.  Total 

Tuesday, 

June  26, 

there  were 

94 

20 

114 

Wednesday 

"     27, 

115 

25 

140 

Thursday, 

"     28, 

123 

32 

155 

Friday, 

"     29, 

119 

43 

162 

Saturady, 

"     30, 

83 

39 

122 

Sunday, 

July     1, 

100 

25 

125 

Monday, 

"       2, 

105 

28 

133 

This  week  presents  the  largest  aggregate  mortality  dur- 
ing the  whole  year,  there  being  739  deaths  from  cholera, 
and  212  from  other  diseases;  in  all  951,  though  the  most 
fatal  days  yet  remain  to  be  mentioned. 

Deaths  from      Other 

Cholera.  Diseases.  Total. 


Tuesday, 

July 

3, 

there  were 

103 

28 

131 

Wednesday, 

" 

4, 

108 

29 

139 

Thursday, 

" 

5, 

98 

28 

121 

Friday, 

" 

6, 

81 

27 

108 

Saturday, 

" 

7, 

89 

34 

123 

Sunday, 

" 

8, 

80 

27 

107 

Monday, 

" 

9, 

101 

24 

125 

Making  654  deaths  from  cholera  during  this  week,  and 
197  from  other  diseases;  in  all  851. 

Deaths  from      Other 


Tuesday, 

July  10, 

there  were 

145 

39 

5.      iULc 

184 

Wednesday, 

"     11, 

124 

33 

157 

Thursday, 

"     12, 

105 

31 

134 

Friday, 

"     13, 

87 

13 

100 

Saturday, 

"     14, 

89 

42 

131 

Sunday, 

"     15, 

58 

34 

92 

Monday, 

"     16, 

61 

27 

88 

78 


HISTORY  OF  medicine; 


Tuesday  and  Wednesday  of  this  week  were  the  most 
terrible  days  of  the  whole  year.  On  the  previous  Satur- 
day and  Sunday  there  were  heavy  rains;  on  Monday  the 
sun  came  out  with  great  power,  and  the  number  of  inter- 
ments on  Monday  were  the  fearful  consequences  of  the 
combined  heat  and  moisture.  Monday  and  Monday  night, 
July  9,  will  be  long  remembered  by  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis. 
But  having  once  reached  its  height,  the  disease  began  rap- 
idly to  decline.  The  whole  number  of  deaths  from  cholera 
during  the  week  was  669   and  from  other  diseases  219, 

in  all  888. 

Deaths  from      Other 

Cholera.  Diseases.  Total. 


Tuesday, 

July  17, 

there 

were 

61 

23 

84 

Wednesday, 

"     18, 

50 

34 

84 

Thursday, 

"     19, 

36 

30 

66 

Friday, 

^'     20, 

37 

29 

66 

Saturday, 

"     21, 

33 

20 

53 

Sunday, 

"     22, 

21 

13 

34 

Monday, 

"     23, 

31 

22 

53 

Total  from  cholera  for  the  week  was  269,  and  from 
other  diesases  lYl,  in  all  440.  This  exhibits  a  manifest 
improvement. 


Deaths  from      Other 

Cholera.  Diseases.  Total. 


Tuesday, 

July  24, 

there  were 

19 

16 

35 

Wednesday, 

"     25, 

22 

26 

48 

Thursday, 

"     26, 

14 

15 

29 

Friday, 

"     27, 

10 

16 

26 

Saturday, 

"     28, 

11 

15 

26 

Sunday, 

"     29, 

9 

18 

27 

Monday, 

"     30, 

15 

25 

40 

Total  from  cholera  for  the  week,  100;  from  other  dis- 
eases, 131 ;  in  all,  231.  On  Tuesday,  July  31,  only  three 
deaths  occurred  from  cholera,  and  the  Board  of  Health 
therefore  pronounced  that  the  disease  was  no  longer  an 
epidemic.  For  the  remainder  of  the  year  I  shall  only  give 
the  weekly  reports;  which  are  as  follows: 

Deaths  from  Other 

Cholera.  Diseases.  Total. 

For  week  ending          Aug.    6    there  were    43  109  152 

"     13      "        "          12  105  117 

"     20      "        "            4  90  94 

"     27      "        "            3  70  73 

Sept.     3      "        "            4  67  71 

"    10      "        "            2  64  66 


For  week  ending 


IN  MISSOURI. 

79 

Deaths  from 

Other 

Cholera. 

Diseases. 

Total 

Sept. 

17 

there  were 

1 

87 

88 

" 

24 

"        " 

6 

74 

80 

Oct. 

1 

"        " 

3 

74 

77 

" 

8 

"        " 

0 

69 

69 

" 

15 

"        " 

2 

61 

63 

" 

22 

«               <c 

0 

44 

44 

" 

29 

11           « 

0 

57 

57 

Nov. 

5 

"         " 

1 

52 

53 

" 

12 

"         " 

0 

44 

44 

" 

19 

"        " 

0 

53 

53 

" 

26 

"         " 

1 

38 

39 

Dec. 

3 

«        ii 

2 

45 

47 

" 

10 

"         " 

1 

41 

42 

" 

17 

"        " 

2 

44 

46 

" 

24 

"        " 

0 

31 

31 

" 

31 

"         " 

0 

36 

36 

From  the  data  here  furnished,  which  has  been  carefully 
revised,  it  appears  that  the  whole  number  of  deaths  from 
cholera  during  the  year  was  4,557;  from  other  diseases, 
4,046;  making  in  all  8,603.  As  frightful  as  this  array  of 
figures  may  seem,  they  do  not  tell  the  whole  story,  as  it 
was  well  known  that  scores  and  even  hundreds  were  taken 
to  the  country  and  across  the  river  or  otherwise  secretly 
buried  without  having  been  reported  to  the  Register. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  epidemic  our  city  contained 
a  population  of  near  70,000,  but  this  number  was  reduced 
to  50,000  by  July,  so  that  the  greatest  mortality  occurred 
at  a  time  when  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  greatly 
diminished.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  whole  num- 
ber of  deaths  from  all  diseases  during  each  month  of  the 
year  of  1849.  The  number  from  cholera  and  also  the 
proportion  of  children  of  five  years  and  under : 

Whole  number  of  persons  in: 

January   276 

February    241 

March    294 

April    456 

May 786 

June     2440 

July    2668 

August   436 

September    . . .  305 

October     310 

November     . . .  189 
December     ...  202 

8603  4557  2173 


from  cholera   38; 

5  years  and  under  97 

20; 

91 

68; 

93 

131; 

146 

517 

158 

"      1799 

512 

"      1895 

675 

62 

208 

13 

125 

5 

125 

«           «             2 

81 

5 

62 

80  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

The  infantile  mortality  as  exhibited  by  the  foregoing 
table,  while  it  is  frightfully  great  (2,173),  yet  as  com- 
pared with  the  whole  number  of  deaths,  is  smaller  than 
usual,  being  less  than  one-fourth  of  the  whole  number. 
Of  the  2,173  deaths  among  children,  only  526  are  reported 
as  having  taken  place  from  cholera,  from  which  fact  it 
appears  that  while  no  age,  sex  or  condition  is  exempt 
from  the  ravages  of  the  ruthless  disease,  it  at  least  showed 
some  respect  to  the  tender  age  of  infancy. 

The  rapid  disappearance  of  the  disease  after  it  had  once 
reached  its  acme  (July  10  and  11)  is  as  remarkable  as  the 
gradual  manner  in  which  it  came  on.  Yet,  notwithstand- 
ing the  warning  given  by  this  gradual  approach,  and  the 
length  of  time  thus  afforded  for  placing  the  city  in  order 
for  its  reception  by  a  thorough  cleansing  and  by  removing 
every  source  of  disease  as  well  as  by  establishing 
and  maintaining  a  vigorous  health  police  and  pre- 
paring suitable  hospitals  for  the  indigent  sick,  there 
was  manifest  an  almost  reckless  apathy  on  the  part 
of  our  authorities.  The  city  was  never  in  a 
more  filthy  condition,  and  yet  inadequate  steps  were 
taken  towards  cleansing  it  until  at  length  public  indigna- 
tion was  aroused  to  such  a  pitch  by  the  cruel  inaction  of 
the  authorities  that  mass  meetings  were  assembled  and  the 
people  in  their  sovereign  capacity  demanded  of  them — in 
language  not  to  be  mistaken — either  to  do  their  duty  or  at 
once  resign.  But  so  afraid  were  they  of  taking  the  respon- 
sibility on  themselves  or  of  spending  the  people's  money 
for  the  people's  good,  when  they  themselves  demanded  it 
at  their  hands,  that  they  ingloriously  shrunk  from  the  crisis 
and  conferred  all  the  power  and  authority,  which  by  law 
was  vested  in  them,  and  which  they  only  should  have  ex- 
ercised, upon  an  irresponsible  "committee  of  health"  com- 
posed of  private  citizens  who  patriotically  stepped  forward 
and  did  what  the  city  authorities  long  before  should  have 
done.  Too  much  praise  cannot  be  awarded  "the  commit- 
tee of  health"  for  the  prompt  and  efficient  manner  in  which 
they  discharged  the  duties  assigned  them.  They  com- 
menced their  operations  about  the  28th  of  June,  held  daily 


IN  MISSOURI.  81 

meetings,  and  by  systematic  and  vigorous  action  did  all 
in  their  power  to  stay  the  arm  of  the  destroyer.  Tem- 
porary hospitals  were  established  in  each  ward,  physicians 
employed  and  all  the  appliances  of  comfort  secured  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  poor.  The  city  was  also  cleansed 
as  thoroughly  as  possible;  bonfires  were  nightly  built  in 
nearly  every  street  and  the  whole  city  repeatedly  fumi- 
gated with  tar  and  sulphur,  and  other  hygienic  measures 
adopted. 

I  am  not  disposed  to  attribute  the  rapid  decline  of  the 
cholera  to  the  action  of  the  "Committee  of  Health"  nor  to 
any  other  cause,  save  only  the  withdrawal  of  the  peculiar 
unknown  atmospheric  poison  which  has  always  given  rise 
to  it.  Yet  it  is  undoubtedly  true  in  those  parts  of  the  city 
which  were  damp  and  filthy  and  in  which  the  greatest 
number  of  persons  were  crowded  together,  tiie  disease 
prevailed  to  the  most  deadly  extent.  This  of  itself  is  suf- 
ficient to  show  the  importance  of  paying  strict  attention 
to  hygienic  regulations. 

As  to  the  bonfires  and  fumigations,  if  they  did  any  good 
at  all  it  was  only  by  diverting  the  minds  of  the  people. 

Among  the  causes  tending  greatly  to  swell  the  number 
of  deaths  is  to  be  mentioned  the  large  number  of  emi- 
grants who  were  constantly  pouring  in  upon  us  by  the 
boat  load,  while  our  own  permanent  population  were  leav- 
ing as  fast  as  they  could.  I  have  no  means  of  ascertain- 
ing the  number  who  arrived  during  the  whole  season,  but 
some  idea  may  be  formed  from  a  single  fact,  that  on  the 
28th  of  June  350  foreigners  landed  on  our  wharf  from  a 
single  steamer,  the  New  Uncle  Sam.  The  poor  creatures, 
recently  off  shipboard,  debilitated  by  the  long  sea  voyage, 
and  in  the  most  favorable  condition  for  contracting  dis- 
ease, were  landed  in  an  atmosphere  reeking  with  the 
deadly  influence  of  cholera,  and  3.6  a  matter  of  course  were 
swept  off  by  scores  and  by  hundreds.  Instead  of  victimiz- 
ing the  rest  of  the  community  they  were  themselves  the 
victims.  Towards  the  latter  part  of  June  a  quarantine 
was  established  by  which  a  check  was  put  to  the  rapid  in- 
flux of  emigrants.     The  decline  of  the  cholera  soon  after 


82  HISTORY  OF  MRDICINB 

induced  many  to  believe  that  they  were  mainly  indebted 
to  the  quarantine  for  its  disappearance.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  of  the  fact  that  had  the  quarantine  been  established 
sooner  many  lives  would  have  been  saved  by  keeping  out  vic- 
tims already  predisposed  to  the  disease,  but  it  is  as  un- 
reasonable to  suppose  that  the  cholera  was  kept  up  solely 
by  the  influx  of  foreigners  as  it  was  originally  brought  by 
them  or  that  the  establisiiing  of  a  quarantine  was  the  cause 
of  its  decline.  As  has  already  been  stated,  the  disease  ran 
its  course  and  finally  ceased,  not  for  want  of  material  on 
which  to  act,  but  from  the  subsidence  of  the  epidemic 
tendency  to  it. 

The  question  then  arises,  what  good,  if  any,  is  to  be 
accomplished  by  a  quarantine  during  cholera  or  at  any 
other  time?  The  answer  to  this  question  has  already  been 
partially  anticipated  by  showing  that  it  prevented  persons 
previously  disposed  to  this  or  any  otiier  disease  from  ex- 
posing themselves  to  the  prevailing  epidemic  influence,  and 
in  so  far  only  as  the  multiplication  of  diseases  during  the 
existence  of  an  epidemic  tends — as  it  may  reasonably  be 
supposed  to  do — to  augment  the  atmospheric  causes,  can 
it  be  said  to  affect  the  diseases.  But  the  establishing  of 
the  quarantine  during  the  late  visitation  of  cholera  un- 
questionably did  good  indirectly  in  another  way — by  quiet- 
ing the  apprehensions  of  our  citizens  and  inducing  the  feel- 
ing of  security  in  a  firm  belief  on  their  part  that  the  chief 
source  of  the  disease  had  been  removed. 

Circumstanced  as  St.  Louis  is,  being  the  point  at  which 
thousands  of  foreigners  from  all  parts  of  Europe  annually 
collect  for  distribution  throughout  this  widely  extended 
fertile  valley,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  a  permanent  quar- 
antine at  this  point  could  be  attended  with  the  happiest 
results,  especially  for  the  emigrants  themselves.  Here, 
by  remaining  a  few  days  and  undergoing  the  process  of 
cleansing,  they  would  be  better  able  to  stand  the  sudden 
change  of  climate  and  be  less  liable  subsequently  to  typhoid 
fever  and  other  diseases  arising  from  long  confinement  on 
shipboard.  But  such  an  establishment  would  be  attended 
with  no  inconsiderable  expense,  as  in  order  to  render  it 


IN  MISSOURI.  83 

useful  for  these  purposes,  large  and  well  ventilated  build- 
ings would  have  to  be  erected  and  all  the  appliances  for 
health  and  comfort  sustained.  By  reference  to  the  daily- 
mortality  it  will  be  seen  that  there  is  usually  an  increased 
number  of  interments  on  Monday.  This  is  owing  to  the 
excess  on  the  previous  Sunday.  It  strikes  one  as  strange 
that  in  the  midst  of  pestilence,  in  which  the  hand  of  Provi- 
dence was  so  manifest,  men  gave  full  reign  to  their  passions 
and  indulged  in  unwonted  dissipation.  Instances  are 
known  in  which  individuals,  not  having  the  fear  of  God 
before  their  eyes,  went  out  on  Sabbath  excursions,  defy- 
ing the  cholera,  and  engaging  in  all  manner  of  excesses, 
who  would  suddenly  be  taken  with  the  disease  and  in  a 
few  hours  hurried  into  eternity.  It  is  also  true  that  there 
was  an  unusually  large  quantity  of  alcoholic  liquors  drunk 
by  all  classes  of  our  citizens  from  the  erroneous  belief  in 
its  prophylactic  powers,  and  the  records  show  an  increased 
number  of  deaths  from  mania  apotu  during  the  prevalence 
of  the  epidemic. 

As  the  cholera  began  to  disappear  dysenteric  affections 
became  very  prevalent.  They  were  often  troublesome  and 
not  infrequently  fatal.  The  chief  peculiarity  which  was 
presented  was  the  very  great  prostration  of  strength  ac- 
companying them,  but  in  other  respects  they  did  not  differ 
from  ordinary  dysenteries  of  this  climate.  I  am  inclined 
to  attribute  this  dysenteric  tendency  to  a  too  rigid  adher- 
ence to  an  exclusively  animal  diet,  which  almost  eveiy  one 
followed  throughout  the  summer.  And  this  view  is  strength- 
ened by  the  fact  that  the  disease  rapidly  disappeared  as 
soon  as  a  proper  admixture  of  vegetable  food  was  taken. 

After  the  abatement  of  cholera  and  the  succeeding  dys- 
entery our  city  exhibited  an  unusual  state  of  health,  and 
during  the  months  of  October,  November  and  December 
the  weekly  reports  of  mortality  were  unusually  small  and 
will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  any  other  State. 
Like  the  calm  which  follows  a  tornado,  as  it  has  swept 
from  the  forest,  carrying  destruction  in  its  path,  when 
once    the    storm    of    disease  had  subsided  the  atmosphere 


84  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINK 

seemed  to  be  purified  by  its  fury  and  rendered  fitter  for 
respiration. 

From  tiie  commencement  of  cholera  in  St.  Louis  to  its 
termination  there  were  certain  locahties  in  which  the  dis- 
ease raged  with  peculiar  violence.  These  points  seemed 
to  act  as  foci  from  whence  the  disease  radiated  to  other 
points,  and  the  facts  connected  with  them  formed  an  in- 
teresting subject  of  inquiry,  especially  as  they  were  re- 
garded by  those  who  advocated  the  doctrine  of  contagion 
as  having  an  important  bearing  on  that  subject.  The  first 
of  these  infected  localities  which  attracted  public  attention 
was  a  house  situated  neai  the  corner  of  Seventii  and  St. 
Charles  streets  and  occupied  by  several  Irish  families; 
some  inhabited  the  damp  basement  and  others  the  upper 
apartments.  As  early  as  the  middle  of  January  a  case  of 
cholera  originating  on  the  river  was  taken  to  this  house 
and  died.  Soon  after  the  disease  broke  out  among 
otiier  inmates.  Some  six  or  seven  died  in  the  course  of 
ten  days  or  two  weeks,  after  which  the  house  was  aban- 
doned. The  character  and  habits  of  those  persons  were 
such  as  to  render  them  fit  subjects  for  cholera  or  any  other 
disease.  Thus,  with  the  predisposing  cause  already  ex- 
isting in  the  atmosphere,  superadded  to  the  bad  habits  of 
living,  it  is  possible  that  the  fear  occasioned  by  the  intro- 
duction of  the  isolated  case  among  them  may  have  acted 
as  the  determining  cause  of  the  disease  in  otiiers. 

The  next  of  these  ill-fated  locations,  which  at  a  later 
period  became  celebrated  for  its  mortality,  was  on  the 
northwest  side  of  Green  street,  between  Sixth  and  Seventh, 
in  a  row  of  small,  two-story  frame  buildings.  This  row 
was  densely  inhabitated,  mostly  by  Irish.  Here  the  dis- 
ease prevailed  violently.  Scarce  a  family  escaped  without 
one  or  more  deaths,  and  some  were  almost  entirely  swept 
off.  The  peculiarity  about  the  situation  of  these  houses 
is  that  they  were  built  near  the  ground  and  with  lots  so 
exceedingly  shallow  as  to  bring  the  outhouses  within  a  few 
feet  of  the  back  doors. 

Still  later  in  tiie  season  the  disease  prevailed  with  fear- 
ful violence  on  the  north  side  of  St.   Charles  street,  be- 


IN  MISSOURI.  85 

tween  Eighth  and  Ninth  streets,  in  a  row  of  small,  two- 
story  frame  and  brick  houses,  numerously  occupied  by 
mechanics  and  laborers,  whose  condition  was  somewhat 
better  than  those  on  Green  street.  Nearly  the  entire  popu- 
lation of  this  block  was  swept  off;  192  deatiis  occurring  in 
the  row.  The  street  opposite  had  never  been  paved;  the 
situation  was  damp;  the  cellars  were  filled  with  water  and 
the  premises  otherwise  filthy. 

What  is  called  Vinegar  Hill,  situated  between  Four- 
teenth and  Fifteenth  streets  and  Christy  avenue  and  Morgan 
street,  was  also  another  of  these  fatal  localities.  The  in- 
habitants here  were  mostly  Irish. 

The  neighborhood  of  Biddle  and  O'Fallon  and  Eighth 
streets,  as  well  as  Biddle  and  Tenth,  may  also  be  included 
among  the  infected  districts.  Here  the  disease  reached  an 
unmitigated  violence,  sweeping  oiT  hundreds.  During  the 
months  of  June  and  July,  having  frequently  gone  into 
those  neighborhoods  to  see  a  single  case,  I  was  detained 
for  hours,  going  from  house  to  house,  prescribing  as  rap- 
idly as  possible.  The  population  of  these  neighborhoods 
was  almost  entirely  composed  of  Germans  and  Irish,  who 
had  herded  together  in  large  numbers.  Nearby  also  were 
large  ponds  of  stagnant  water,  some  of  which  covered 
twenty  to  thirty  acres  of  ground. 

But  by  far  the  most  fatal  locality  was  that  known  as 
Shepherd's  graveyard  (so-called  from  the  number  of 
deaths  which  occurred  there),  being  in  the  southwest  part 
of  the  city  and  embracing  three  squares,  the  former  bed 
of  Chouteau  pond.  The  situation  of  this  place  was  low 
and  damp  and  filthy  and  teemed  with  a  population  of  the 
poorest  of  the  poor  and  most  destitute  character.  Here, 
as  might  naturally  be  expected,  the  cholera  raged  with  un- 
mitigated violence  and  carried  off  its  scores  and  hundreds. 
I  am  informed  by-  Dr.  Alleyne,  who  had  charge  of  that 
district  during  the  epidemic,  that  very  many  cases  occurred 
without  the  slightest  premonitory  diarrhoea  and  terminated 
in  an  unusually  short  time. 

Besides  the  points  above  enumerated,  there  were  several 
other  localities  in  different  parts  of  the  city  in  which  the 


86  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINB 

disease  was  more  fatal  than  usual,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  the  district  on  St.  George  street  and  Bremen. 
As  a  general  fact  it  may  be  stated  tiiat  the  cholera  pre- 
vailed most  in  those  parts  of  the  city  in  which  there  were 
the  largest  number  of  persons  herded  together,  where  the 
streets  were  unpaved  and  where  there  was  the  greatest 
amount  of  filth  and  moisture.  As  a  proof  of  this  it  is 
worthy  of  remark  that  there  were  compartively  few  cases 
in  that  part  of  the  city  which  was  well  paved,  well  built 
and  inhabitated  by  the  better  class  of  persons — for  example, 
from  Sixth  street  east  to  the  river.  But  while  no  class  of 
persons  could  claim  exemption,  and  while  some  of  our 
best  and  most  useful  citizens  fell  victims  to  the  disease,  it 
fell  most  heavily  on  the  poorer  class  from  their  exposed 
condition,  and  especially  on  our  foreign  population.  It  is 
perhaps  not  too  much  to  say  that  at  least  seven-tenths  of 
the  entire  mortality  occurred  among  the  Germans  and 
Irish. 

The  question  of  the  contagiousness  or  the  noncontag- 
iousness  of  cholera  has  for  a  long  time  divided  the  medical 
profession,  and  it  is  one  of  those  cjuestions  which  perhaps 
never  can  be  definitely  settled,  as  facts  upon  which  different 
individuals  formed  their  opinions,  are,  it  must  be  admitted, 
somewhat  contradictory.  Without  intending  to  enter  upon 
a  discussion  of  this  subject,  I  shall  merely  state  the  prin- 
cipal facts  connected  with  the  spread  of  the  disease  in  the 
St.  Louis  Hospital  so  far  as  they  bear  upon  this  point. 
Prior  to  the  late  epidemic  I  knew  nothing  of  cholera  from 
my  own  personal  observation,  but  from  what  I  had  read 
in  reference  to  it  I  regarded  the  subject  of  contagion  as 
an  open  question,  and  therefore  determined  to  examine  it 
impartially  in  reference  to  this  particularly.  The  result  of 
my  observation  has  been  to  convince  me  that  while  the  dis- 
ease is  strictly  epidemic  in  its  nature,  yet  under  some  cir- 
cumstances and  to  a  limited  extent  it  may  also  become 
moderately  contagious.  My  observation  also  proves  that 
those  persons,  professional  as  well  as  nonprofessional,  who 
regard  the  disease  as  contagious,  were  more  guarded  in 
their  intercourse  with  cholera  patients,   and  suffered   far 


IN  MISSOURI.  87 

more  from  fear  of  the  disease  than  those  who  viewed  it 
merely  as  an  epidemic  affection,  and  in  so  far  as  fear  acts 
as  an  exciting  cause,  were  rendered  more  susceptible  to  it 
than  they  would  otherwise  have  been.  Thus  many  in- 
stances of  what  I  shall  denominate  mental  contagion  oc- 
curred. For  example,  when  a  case  originated  in  a  family 
the  panic  often  became  so  great  that  the  other  inmates  of 
the  house  would  yield  so  much  to  the  depressing  influence 
of  fear  as  to  render  them  less  capable  of  resisting  the  pre- 
vailing atmospheric  tendency  of  the  disease;  and  that  every 
additional  case  thus  caused  would  act  with  redoubled  force. 
In  this  way  much  of  the  so-called  contagion  of  cholera 
may  be  accounted  for. 

From  the  beginning  of  January  to  the  close  of  the  epi- 
demic there  was  a  constant  influx  of  cholera  patients  in 
all  stages  of  the  disease  in  the  St.  Louis  Hospital,  requir- 
ing the  constant  attention  day  and  nigiit  of  nurses  and 
assistants,  both  male  and  female,  yet  not  in  a  single  in- 
stance did  any  one  of  them  suffer  from  the  disease.  On 
the  female  side  of  the  house  and  to  some  extent  on  the 
male  side,  numerous  patients  laboring  under  other  dis- 
eases were  placed  in  the  same  wards  with  cholera  cases, 
but,  as  it  is  believed,  without  any  injury  to  their  health. 
The  whole  number  of  inmates  in  the  institution,  including 
the  Sisters  of  Charity,  male  and  female  nurses,  orphan 
children  and  disabled  and  indigent  persons  having  no 
home — but  exclusive  of  the  patients  properly  so  called — 
were  eighty-six  in  all.  Of  these  only  five  died  of  cholera 
during  the  whole  season.  Two  of  them  were  Sisters  of 
Charity,  neither  of  whom,  however,  was  engaged  in  nurs- 
ing, the  one  being  exempt  from  duty  on  account  of  age 
and  infirmity,  but  who  occasionally  visited  the  wards  for 
the  purpose  of  administering  consolations  of  religion  to 
the  dying,  while  the  other  was  eng^aged  as  precutrix  of  the 
establishment,  and  had  no  connection  whatever  with  the 
wards.  The  remaining  three  were  healthy  female  children 
from  four  to  twelve  years  of  age,  all  residing  in  the  female 
ward,  common  to  cholera  and  other  diseases.  In  addition 
to  the  above,  a  female  recovering  from  typhoid  fever  was 


88  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

taken  with  cholera  and  died.  Besides  those  no  other  in- 
mates of  the  hospital  suffered  with  the  epidemic.  In  com- 
mon with  the  rest  of  the  community,  they  occasionally  had 
diarrhceas  which  yielded  with  greater  or  less  readiness  to 
the  ordinary  remedies. 

Treatment. — On  this  subject  I  can  only  give  the  result 
of  my  own  experience  in  and  out  of  the  hospital,  which 
experience,  w^hile  it  does  not  enable  me  to  suggest  any 
plan  of  treatment  which  promises  more  than  ordinary  suc- 
cess, has  at  least  taught  me  how  little  reliance  is  to  be 
placed  in  the  "thousand  and  one"  vaunted  remedies  which 
are  constantly  heralded  forth,  both  by  the  medical  and 
secular  press,  as  specifics  for  cholera,  nearly  all  of  which 
were  fairly  tried  and  proved  to  be  entirely  worthless.  Further, 
that  those  physicians  who  boast  most  loudly  of  their  ex- 
traordinary success  in  the  treatment  of  cholera  have  either 
seen  no  malignant  cholera  at  all  or  else  they  are  guilty  of 
the  most  willful  misrepresentation. 

That  although  no  skeptic  as  to  the  powers  of  medicine, 
my  experience  in  the  treatment  of  cholera  has  taught  me 
how  impotent  is  our  art  when  the  disease  is  malignant — 
that  the  result  of  medication  depends  vastly  more  on  the 
character  of  the  case  than  on  the  nature  of  the  treatment, 
and  that  while  mild  cases  will  yield  to  opposite  plans  of 
treatment,  nineteen-twentieths  of  all  the  worst  cases  will 
die  in  spite  of  all  the  doctors  and  all  the  medicine  in  the 
universe.  But  while  I  fast  believe,  I  am  far  from  think- 
ing that  all  plans  of  treatment  are  equally  successful  in 
one  case  or  unsuccessful  in  the  other,  or  that  even  the  most 
malignant  cases  should  be  abandoned  without  an  effort  to 
save  them.  My  invariable  rule  was  to  abandon  no  case 
as  hopeless  until  death  had  rendered  it  absolutely  so,  and 
in  pursuance  of  this  course  some  of  the  very  worst 
cases  recovered. 

The  precursory  diarrhoea  generally  yielded  readily  to  the 
ordinary  mercurial  astringent  and  opiate  plan  of  treatment, 
but  while  this  was  the  case  they  could  not  be  neglected  for 
a  moment,  without  an  imminent  risk  of  the  life  of  the 
patient. 


IN  MISSOURI.  89 

One  of  the  first  remedies  I  employed  in  my  work  was  ren- 
dered by  Dr.  Cartwright  and  subsequently  endorsed  by  a 
physician  in  this  city  in  an  article  published  in  a  news- 
paper— consisting  of  20  grains  of  calomel,  20  grains  of 
capsicum  and  10  grains  of  camphor.  This  compound,  in- 
stead of  arresting  the  disease,  was  found  to  be  positively 
prejudicial,  the  capsicum  in  many  instances  increasing  the 
gastritis,  and  it  was  therefore  abandoned  as  worse  than 
useless.  From  the  known  action  of  large  doses  of  quinine 
in  congestive  fever,  in  producing  a  prompt  and  powerful 
impression  on  the  nervous  system,  I  had  hoped  to  derive 
benefit  from  its  use  in  cholera.  I  therefore  employed  it  in 
large  and  small  doses  (from  two  to  twenty  grains)  alone 
and  in  combination,  in  repeated  instances,  without  any 
good  effect. 

Opium  and  the  preparations  of  morphine,  in  doses  vary- 
ing from  two  to  ten  of  the  former,  and  from  a  quarter  to 
two  grains  of  the  latter,  were  also  tried,  alone  and  in  com- 
bination, but  with  no  effect  more  than  the  quinine.  In- 
deed, in  some  instances,  troublesome  symptoms  seemed  to 
be  the  consequence. 

Calomel,  which  is  regarded  by  many  as  the  sheet  anchor 
in  the  treatment  of  cholera,  was  faithfully  tried  in  him- 
dreds  of  cases,  in  doses  varying  from  two  to  sixty  grains, 
frequently  repeated,  as  well  as  numerous  combinations.  I 
am  not  prepared  to  say  that  no  benefit  was  derived  from 
its  use,  but  certainly  it  did  not  meet  my  expectations.  Not 
a  few  instances  occurred  in  which  the  discharges  from  tke 
bowels  assumed  a  decidedly  bilious  character,  and  some  in 
which  even  ptyalism  was  induced,  and  yet  the  patients  died, 
though  the  occurrence  of  ptytalism  was  generally  regarded 
as  a  favorable  sign.  I,  however,  continued  to  use  calomel 
throughout  the  epidemic,  but  in  greatly  diminished  quan- 
tities. 

Blood  Letting. — No  remedies  employed  by  me  during 
the  cholera  seemed  at  first  to  produce  such  decided  and 
favorable  results  as  the  lancet.  In  some  six  or  eight  in- 
stances, in  which  the  collapse  was  almost  complete,  and  in 
which  all  the  symptoms  of  advanced  cholera  were  present, 


90  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

the  patients  seemed  rescued  from  the  jaws  of  death  by- 
free  blood  letting.  In  these  cases  the  blood  first  came  drop  i 
by  drop,  and  was  of  dark  molasses  color,  but  gradually  be-  " 
gan  to  run  and  ultimately  to  flow  freely,  at  the  same  time 
assuming  a  brighter  hue.  Simultaneously  with  these 
changes  respiration  became  more  frequent  and  less  labored, 
and  the  pulse  seemed  to  increase  or,  from  not  being  per- 
ceptible at  all,  became  manifest.  As  the  disease  progressed, 
however,  the  same  favorable  results  did  not  attend  the 
)use  of  the  lancet,  and  it  finally  fell  into  disuse,  not  that  I 
did  not  believe  that  there  were  many  cases  in  which  it 
might  have  done  good,  but  because  my  zeal  in  the  use 
of  the  remedy  flagged,  owing  to  repeated  failures,  and 
from  the  very  great  demand  there  was  for  every  moment 
of  my  time.  In  every  instance  in  which  bleeding  was  tried 
other  remedies  were  simultaneously  employed. 

Dry  cups  to  the  spine  and  wet  cups  to  the  abdomen  were 
also  freely  used,  and  the  latter  with  good  results,  the 
former  not.  The  warm  bath,  the  cold  douse  were  also 
severely  tried,  mustard  plasters,  frictions  with  capsicum, 
dry  mustard  and  salt,  hot  bricks,  blankets  wrung  in  hot 
water,  etc.,  etc.,  were  extensively  tried  but  with  no  effect. 
In  one  instance  the  patient  was  brought  into  the  hospital, 
the  soles  of  whose  feet  were  burnt  to  a  crisp  by  the  appli- 
cation of  hot  bricks,  yet  without  producing  reaction.  In 
another  case  plasters  were  allowed  to  remain  until  the 
death  of  the  part  from  gangrene  ensued.  So  thor- 
oughly was  I  persuaded  of  the  ineflicacy  of  external  appli- 
cations that  in  the  hospital  they  were  almost  wholly  aban- 
doned and  my  efforts  to  bring  on  reaction  were  directed 
to  the  center  of  circulation  rather  than  to  the  extremities. 
Indeed,  it  seems  to  me  as  unreasonable  to  expect  to  excite 
animal  heat  by  applying  remedies  to  the  extremities,  when 
neither  the  heart  nor  the  lungs  are  doing  their  functions 
properly,  as  it  would  be  to  think  of  increasing  the  tem- 
perature of  an  apartment  by  tampering  with  the  flues  when 
the  furnace  where  the  heat  is  generated  is  out  of  order.  In 
private  practice  I  continued  to  use  the  friction  and  ex- 
ternal applications  because  it  was  gratifying  to  friends  to  be 


IN  MISSOURI.  91 

employed  in  doing  every  thing  in  their  power  to  prevent 
a  fatal  termination  of  the  disease.  Chloroform  by  inhala- 
tion and  taken  internally  was  also  tried,  the  former  to  re- 
lieve cramps,  the  latter  as  a  diffusible  stimulant.  In  both 
these  respects  it  answered  a  good  purpose.  It  is  worthy 
of  remark,  however,  that  in  the  worst  cases  there  were  no 
cramps  at  all,  or  they  were  so  inconsiderable  as  to  not  re- 
quire treatment.  According  to  my  experience  cramps  were 
by  no  means  a  troublesome  symptom,  and  I  ultimately  re- 
garded them  as  a  favorable  omen.  In  perhaps  a  majority 
of  fatal  cases,  the  vomiting,  diarrhoea  and  cramps  would  all 
disappear  hours  prior  to  death  and  the  patient  would  sink 
into  a  state  of  collapse  in  which  he  would  die,  with  appar- 
ently less  physical  suffering  than  almost  any  disease  with 
which  I  am  acquainted. 

Besides  the  remedies  above  enumerated,  many  others 
were  tried  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  mention.  I  shall  there- 
fore close  this  subject  with  a  brief  detail  of  the  plan  of 
treatment  which  I  found  most  beneficial.  When  called  to 
a  case  in  the  early  stage  of  the  disease,  in  whicii  there  was 
vomiting,  an  emetic  of  salt  and  mustard  mixed  and  dis- 
solved in  warm  water  was  invariably  given.  This  would 
generally  arouse  the  vomiting,  after  which  a  single  dose 
of  twenty  grains  of  dry  calomel  was  placed  on  the  back  of 
the  tongue  and  washed  down  with  a  small  quantity  of 
water.  This  was  followed  every  fifteen  minutes,  half  hour  or 
hour,  according  to  the  circumstances,  with  a  powder  con- 
sisting of  musk,  calomel  and  tannin,  each  five  grains,  and 
camphor,  four  grains.  Injections  of  acetate  of  lead  and 
laudanum  or  a  strong  infusion  of  nut  galls,  after  each  op- 
eration of  the  bowels  and  a  large  blister  over  the  abdomen. 
If  the  tendency  was  to  sink,  I  also  gave  in  addition  to  the 
above  ten  grains  of  carbonate  of  ammonia,  in  solution, 
every  fifteen  minutes  or  half  hour,  according  to  circum- 
stances. 

Brandy  was  extensively  tried  as  a  stimulant,  but  without 
any  favorable  result. 

The  remedies  on  which  I  mainly  relied  were  the  salt  and 
mustard  emetic,  the  musk  powders,  the  solution  of  carbon- 


92  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

ate  of  ammonia,     the    astringent  injections    and    blisters 
on  the  abdomen. 

In  numerous  instances  patients  who  seemed  to  recover 
from  the  immediate  effects  of  cholera  subsequently  died  of 
consecutive  fever,  which  was  usually  typhoid  in  its  char- 
acter, and  in  which  the  brain  was  involved  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent.  There  are  many  points  connected  with  the  treat- 
ment as  well  as  the  pathology  of  the  disease,  which  might 
be  enlarged  upon,  but  my  object  is  not  to  write  a  treatise 
on  cholera,  but  simply  a  record  of  its  progress  in  St.  Louis. 
I  have  not  even  thought  it  necessary  to  give  a  minute  de- 
scription of  the  disease,  as  it  so  closely  resembled  the  num- 
erous descriptions  already  published  as  to  render  this  un- 
necessary. 


IN  MISSOURI,  93 


CHAPTER  V. 


In  the  Counties. 


MEDICAL  HISTORY  OF  JACKSON  COUNTY.* 

The  early  history  of  medicine  in  the  Western  portion  of 
our  State  is  involved  in  much  obscurity,  owing  to  the  lack 
of  records  naturally  incident  to  a  frontier  region,  with  its 
rapidly  changing  population.  Undoubtedly  there  were 
medical  men  among  the  early  settlers,  some  of  them  grad- 
uates of  medical  colleges,  others  only  the  pupils  of  older 
practitioners,  with  scanty  libraries  and  no  access  to  current 
literature,  who  nevertheless  rendered  faithful  service  to  the 
sick  and  the  injured  and  often  developed  great  natural 
genius,  adopting  simple  means  to  complex  ends,  and  that 
self-reliance  which  comes  to  men  thrown  entirely  upon 
their  own  resources.  But  history  is  silent  with  regard  to 
their  achievements. 

One  of  the  names  that  has  come  down  to  us  from  this 
early  period  is  that  of  Dr.  Joseph  M.  Wood,  who  was  born 
in  Mercer  County,  Kentucky,  ]\Iarch  27th,  1810,  and  who 
began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Clay  County,  Missouri, 
in  1832,  moving  to  Kansas  City  in  1857.  He  was  a  man  of 
powerful  ph3^sique  and  of  stalwart  mind,  bold,  original  and 
studious,  who  might  easily  have  won  a  national  reputation 
had  his  lot  been  cast  in  an  eastern  city  instead  of  on  the 
western  frontier.  He  was  successful  as  a  practitioner  of 
medicine,  keen  in  diagnosis  and  vigorous  in  treatment.  In 
those  early  days  when  malaria  was  rife  in  this  region  he 
was  one  of  the  first  to  recognize  the  value  of  heroic  doses 
of  quinine,  as  opposed  to  the  trifling  methods  taught  in 
*Prepared  by  Dr.  B.  W.  Schauffler. 


94  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

the  books,  thus  saving  many  a  life  that  would  otherwise 
have  been  lost.  But  it  was  in  surgery  that  Dr.  Wood  made 
his  reputation,  giving  special  attention,  among  other  things, 
to  the  operation  of  lithotomy.  He  introduced  certain  modi- 
fications of  the  operation,  fully  described  in  his  article  on 
this  subject,  published  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Journal, 
Vol.  1,  No.  1,  February,  1871.  Dr.  Wood's  success  as  a 
lithotomist  brought  him  many  cases  for  operation  that 
traveled  "overland,"  which  means  on  horseback  or  by 
wagon,  from  as  far  away  as  New  Mexico  and  even  Old 
Mexico.  Dr.  Wood  lived  to  see  a  large  city  grow  at  the 
juncture  of  the  Missouri  and  tiie  Kansas  rivers,  at  a  point, 
which,  when  he  first  settled  in  Clay  County,  was  the  abode 
of  the  red  man  and  of  the  occasional  white  trapper.  Here  he 
lived  to  the  end  of  his  life,  honored  by  the  profession  and 
by  the  entire  community. 

Before  Kansas  City  came  into  existence  two  other  cen- 
ters of  population  in  the  eastern  part  of  Jackson  County 
were  well  under  way,  made  important  as  the  starting  points 
of  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  or  wagon  route  to  New  and  Old 
Mexico.  These  were  the  towns  of  Independence,  which 
is  still  the  county  seat,  ten  miles  east  of  Kansas  City,  and 
the  village  of  Westport,  three  miles  south  of  the  same.  In 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  latter  were  the  camping  and 
hunting  grounds  of  several  Indian  tribes. 

The  first  regular  practitioner  of  medicine  of  whose  set- 
tlement here  we  find  a  record  was  Dr.  Leo  Twyman,  born 
in  Scott  County,  Kentucky,  January  23,  1799.  He  moved 
to  Missouri  in  1827,  first  locating  in  the  city  of  St.  Charles. 
He  came  to  Westport  in  1844  and  in  the  next  year  estab- 
lished himself  at  Independence,  where  he  remained  to  the 
day  of  his  death,  April  22,  1872.  His  finished  education 
and  high  social  qualities  fitted  him  for  any  position  in  life, 
but  he  was  wholly  devoted  to  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. His  son.  Dr.  L.  W.  Twyman,  a  graduate  of  what 
was  then  known  as  the  McDowell  School  of  St.  Louis,  prac- 
ticed with  and  succeeded  the  father ;  and  the  grand-son. 
Dr.  G.  T.  Twyman,  still  maintains  the  medical  reputation 
of  the  family  at  Independence,  being  one  of  the  best  in- 


IN  MISSOURI.  95 

formed  and  most  successful  practitioners  of  medicine  in  this 
part  of  the  country. 

Dr.  Joseph  Boggs.  a  brother  of  Governor  Boggs  of  this 
state,  located  at  Independence  in  1847.  He  was  recognized 
as  a  well  educated  and  capable  practitioner  and  drew  to 
himself  a  group  of  medical  students,  several  of  whom  af- 
terwards attained  distinction.  am.ong  them  Dr.  Alfred  B. 
Sloan,  long  a  prominent  practitioner  in  Kansas  Cit\-. 

Two  other  medical  men  who  settled  in  Independence  in 
1849  and  who  continued  there  during  long  and  honored 
professional  careers,  were  Dr.  J.  P.  Henr\-  and  Dr.  John  W. 
Bryant.  They  both  came  from  Kentucky-,  a  state  which 
might  almost  be  called  the  parent  of  Missouri,  and  while 
these  two  men  differed  greatly  from  each  other  in  many 
respects  they  both  contributed,  in  no  small  degree,  towards 
giving  character  to  the  future  of  the  medical  profession  in 
this  and  the  neighboring  counties. 

The  first  physician  to  settle  in  Kansas  Cit}-  was  Dr. 
Benoist  Troost,  who  came  here  in  184.5.  He  v/as  a  native 
of  Holland,  had  graduated  in  m-edicine  at  Paris,  and  had 
been  appointed  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the  French  army 
stationed  on  the  island  of  Java,  whence  he  fled  when  the 
English  took  possession  of  the  island.  First  settling  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  opened  a  chemical  laborator}',  he 
soon  began  to  move  westwards,  finally  arriving  at  this 
point,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Dr.  Troost 
was  an  enthusiastic  student  of  chemistry  and  of  the  natural 
sciences  generally,  which  interested  him  more  than  the 
practice  of  medicine.  Nevertheless  he  rendered  good  pro- 
fessional sen-ices  to  the  early  settlers  and  was  afterwards 
especially  helpful  to  the  younger  practitioners  as  they  be- 
gan to  come  in.  Unlike  most  doctors  he  was  also  a  good 
business  men  and  accumulated  quite  a  fortune  for 
those  days.  He  built  the  first  hotel  in  Kansas 
City,  which  during  the  time  of  the  ^lissouri  and 
Kansas  border  troubles  was  known  as  the  ''Free 
State  Hotel."  It  is  not  surprising  that  a  son  of  the 
old  Dutch  Republic  should  be  a  Free  State  man.  In  1853 
Dr.  Troost  than  a  Whig,  ran  for  mayor  of  Kansas  City, 


96  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

but,  as  has  so  often  been  the  case  since,  he  was  beaten  by 
the  Democrat. 

Isaac  j\I.  Ridge,  ISl.  D.,  is  another  of  the  prominent  and 
one  of  the  most  picturesque  figures  in  the  early  history  of 
Western  ^Missouri.  Born  in  Adair  County,  Kentucky, 
July  9,  1825,  he  first  came  to  ^Missouri  with  his  parents  in 
1834.  He  graduated  from  the  ]\Iedical  Department  of  the 
Transylvania  University  in  1848  and  immediately  after- 
wards settled  in  Kansas  City,  where  he  still  lives.  In  those 
days  there  were  more  Indians  than  white  people  in  this  im- 
mediate neighborhood  and  practice  was  very  light.  The 
Indians  had  their  own  medicine  men,  the  whites  were  a 
sturdy  race  of  trappers  and  traders  and  the  "shooting 
matches"  that  occasionally  took  place  were  more  likely  to 
call  for  the  services  of  the  undertaker  than  the  doctor.  But 
Dr.  Ridge  had  faith  in  the  future  and  was  also  very  for- 
tunate in  securing  the  friendship  of  the  Indians.  The 
Wyandotte  tribe,  then  occupying  this  region,  declared  him 
in  council  as  their  "Pale-faced  Brother,"  bestowing  upon 
him  the  name  of  "Little  Thunder,"  owing  to  his  rather 
short  stature  and  his  stentorian  voice.  During  the  slavery 
turmoil  of  1856  and  the  troubled  period  of  the  Civil  War, 
Dr.  Ridge  was  fortunate  in  retaining  the  good  will  of  the 
partisans  of  both  sides  and  built  up  a  large  practice.  He 
went  through  two  epidemics  of  cholera  and  several  of 
smallpox,  working  day  and  night,  and  sometimes  riding  a 
hundred  miles  a  day  in  the  saddle.  By  large  and  fortunate 
dealings  in  real  estate,  as  well  as  by  the  income  from  his 
practice,  Dr.  Ridge  was  early  enabled  to  accumulate  a  com- 
petency, which  has  since  grown  to  a  large  fortune,  and  in 
1875  he  retired  from  the  practice  of  medicine,  although 
still  maintaining  his  interest  in  medical  matters  and  for 
many  years  continuing,  at  times,  to  attend  the  meetings 
of  the  local  m.edical  societies. 

Dr.  Joel  T.  Morris  was  born  in  Nelson  county,  Virginia, 
in  1822,  graduated  at  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1850 
and  immediately  settled  in  Westport,  Alissouri,  moving  to 
Kansas  City  in  1859.  Dr.  Morris  was  another  of  the  "old 
guard,"  who  saw  the  last  of  the  Indian  occupation,  who 


IN  MISSOURI.  97 

lived  through  the  trying  days  of  the  border  warfare  be- 
tween Kansas  and  Missouri  and  the  subsequent  Civil  War, 
who  fought  cholera  and  smallpox  among  red  men  and 
white,  and  who,  surviving  all  these  experiences,  lived  to 
see  a  goodly  city  built  over  the  bluffs  and  ravines  which 
had  formerly  looked  so  unpromising.  He  was  a  faithful 
and  careful  practitioner  of  medicine,  a  loyal  member  of 
the  Methodist  church,  prominent  in  the  Masonic  order  and 
a  universal  favorite.  He  was  a  charter  member  of  the  Kan- 
sas City  Medical  Society,  organized  in  1868,  and  always 
ready  to  lend  a  hand  in  everything  that  was  for  the  good 
of  the  city.  He  died  in  December,  1872.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  practice  of  medicine  by  his  son,  Dr.  Wihiam 
C.  Morris,  who  after  some  years  spent  in  arduous  life  in 
Montana,  returned  to  his  native  city  and  is  worthily  filling 
the  place  so  long  occupied  by  his  father. 

Dr.  Thomas  B.  Lester  was  born  in  Charlotte  County, 
Virginia,  June  24,  1824,  and  died  in  Kansas  City,  February 
24,  1888.  His  family  emigrated  to  Illinois  in  1835.  Dr.  Les- 
ter attended  his  first  course  of  medical  lectures  at  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College,  St.  Louis,  in  the  winter  of  1845-46, 
In  the  spring  of  1847  when  the  second  call  for  volunteers 
to  the  Mexican  War  was  made  from  Illinois,  he  enlisted 
and  was  mustered  into  service  in  the  1st  Regiment  of  Il- 
linois Volunteer  Infantry.  When  the  regiment  arrived  at 
Fort  Leavenworth  the  medical  staff  having  failed  to  report, 
he  was  appointed  acting  assistant  surgeon  of  his  regiment. 
From  Fort  Leavenworth  the  command  marched  across  the 
plains  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.  Dr.  Lester  was  put  in 
charge  of  the  general  hospital  at  this  point,  afterwards  oc- 
cupying the  same  position  at  Albuquerque  to  the  end  of  the 
war.  On  his  return  home  he  took  his  second  course  at  the 
Missouri  Medical  College,  graduating  in  1850.  In  1854 
Dr.  Lester  removed  to  Kansas  City,  then  a  straggling  vil- 
lage of  some  four  hundred  inhabitants.  From  his  very 
first  settlement  here  his  admirable  social  qualities,  his  en- 
thusiasm and  his  sterling  uprightness  of  character  marked 
him  as  a  valuable  acquisiton  to  the  community.  These 
qualities,  added  to  rare  common  sense  and  good  judgment 


98  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE; 

and  a  very  sympathetic  nature  and  untiring  activity,  made 
him,  throughout  his  long  hfe,  a  striking  figure  in  tlie  his- 
tory of  the  city. 

Though  always  devoted  to  the  practice  of  his  profession 
Dr.  Lester  found  time  to  serve  the  city  as  a  member  of  the 
Common  Council  through  several  terms  and  as  a  member 
of  the  School  Board  before  the  Civil  War,  as  well  as  on  its 
re-oraginzation  in  1867.  In  1870  he  was  elected  President  of 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of  the  American 
Medical  Association.  For  many  years  he  was  a  regular 
attendant  at  the  meetings  of  the  National  Association, 
serving  as  a  delegate  from  the  state  of  Missouri,  and  was 
held  in  high  esteem  and  affection  by  many  of  the  leading 
men  of  the  country,  whom  be  thus  habitually  met. 

On  the  organization  of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College 
in  1869,  Dr.  Lester  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  The  Prin- 
ciples and  Practice  of  Medicine,  a  position  which  he  filled 
most  acceptably  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  clear 
and  forceful  as  a  teacher  and  made  himself  not  only  the 
instructor  but  the  friend  of  his  pupils.  Among  the  many 
papers  read  by  Dr.  Lester  before  local,  state  and  national 
societies,  the  first  one  that  appeared  in  print  (in  the  Kansas 
City  Medical  and  Surgical  Review,  July,  1860)  gave  as 
striking  evidence  as  any  of  original  thought  and  logical 
reasoning.  It  was  entitled  "Points  of  Analogy  Between 
Typhoid  Fever  and  the  Exanthemata,  Being  an  Argument 
in  Favor  of  the  Specific  Nature  of  the  Former."  Not 
every  practitioner  of  medicine  in  the  Western  world,  as  he 
rode  over  its  unbroken  prairies  and  waded  its  rushing 
streams,  had  given  to  him  this  prophetic  insight  into  the 
problems  of  disease,  which  decades  of  laboratory  work  have 
since  demonstrated  to  the  profession.  All  honor  to  the 
thinkers  on  horseback  of  the  early  days. 

Dr.  Theodore  S.  Case  was  born  in  Jackson,  Georgia, 
January  26,  1832.  His  parents  were  from  Connecticut 
and  soon  moved  to  Columbus,  Ohio,  where  he  spent  his 
early  years.  He  graduated  from  Marietta  College,  Ohio, 
in  1851,  and  from  the  Starling  Medical  College  at  Colum- 


IN  MISSOURI.  99 

bus,  in  1856,  coming  to  Kansas  City  the  next  year.  Dr. 
Case  was  actively  engaged  in  practice  until  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  in  1861,  when  he  entered  the  army.  In 
1860,  in  connection  with  Dr.  G.  M.  B.  Maughs,  afterwards 
of  St.  Louis,  he  had  the  audacity  to  begin  the  publication 
of  the  first  medical  journal  in  this  part  of  the  country, 
"The  Kansas  City  Review  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,"  a 
most  creditable  journal  during  its  brief  life  of  a  little  over 
a  year,  which  was  terminated  by  the  war.  Entering  the 
military  service  of  the  United  States  as  a  private  in  Van 
Horn's  Battalion  of  Missouri  militia,  Dr.  Case  was  soon 
commissioned  by  President  Lincoln  as  a  Captain  and  As- 
sistant Quarter-Master,  United  States  Volunteers  and  in 
that  capacity  rendered  valuable  service  until  the  end  of  the 
war.  In  1865  he  was  appointed  Quarter-Master  General 
of  the  State  of  Missouri.  Retiring  from  this  position  the 
next  year  the  quondam  doctor  engaged  in  various  business 
enterprises  and  was  always  prominent  among  that  irre- 
pressible band  of  enthusiasts  and  workers,  who  in  the  late 
sixties  began  to  lift  Kansas  City  into  the  prominence  which 
she  has  ever  since  maintained.  Colonel  Case  filled  many 
positions  of  honor  and  trust,  state  and  national,  during  his 
long  career,  and  never  failed  to  fill  them,  in  fact  as  well  as 
in  name,  always  commanding  the  fullest  confidence  of  his 
fellow-citizens  of  every  shade  of  political  opinion.  He  held 
the  position  of  postmaster  in  Kansas  City  for  nearly  thir- 
teen consecutive  years.  From  18YY  to  1885.  Dr.  Case  ed- 
ited and  published  the  "Kansas  City  Review  of  Science 
and  Industry,"  a  magazine  of  high  literary  and  scientific 
standing,  reflecting  great  credit  upon  its  editor.  From 
1885  until  shortly  before  his  death,  although  engaged  in 
non-professional  pursuits,  he  most  ably  filled  the  chair  of 
professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Col- 
lege. Dr.  Case  died  February  26,  1900,  at  the  age  of  68, 
universally  honored  and  mourned,  having  probably  served 
his  adopted  city  in  more  different  ways  than  any  other  one 
of  her  many  public-spirited  citizens. 

Dr.  Joshua  Thorne  was  bom  in  Devonshire,  England, 
March  14,  1832.     His  father's  family  came  to  the  United 


100  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

States  in  1845.  Dr.  Thorne  took  his  first  course  of  medical 
lectures  in  the  McDowell  Medical  College,  at  St.  Louis, 
in  1851-1852,  and  graduated  from  the  Charleston  (S.  C.) 
Medical  College  in  1853,  In  1856  he  graduated  from  the 
Homeopathic  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia.  He  made 
his  home  in  Kansas  City  in  1859  and  from  that  time  to 
the  day  of  his  death  was  active  in  everything  that  contrib- 
uted to  the  growth  and  welfare  of  the  city.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  war  in  1861,  Dr.  Thorne  assisted  in  organiz- 
ing the  Van  Horn  Battalion,  which  was  mustered  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States  with  himself  as  its  surgeon. 
He  was  soon  afterwards  ordered  by  the  Surgeon  General 
of  the  Army  to  open  a  general  hospital  in  Kansas  City, 
which  he  did,  remaining  in  charge  of  the  same  to  the  close 
of  the  war.  In  1865  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  Assessor  of 
Internal  Revenue,  which  position  he  held,  with  a  brief  in- 
terregnum, until  1873.  The  doctor  then  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  carying  it  on  successfully  for  the  balance 
of  his  life.  In  1882  Dr.  Thorne  joined  with  a  number  of 
other  gentlemen,  homeopaths,  "allopaths"  and  eclectics,  in 
organizing  a  Medical  College  where  all  the  "pathies"  should 
be  taught.  This  school  was  finally  turned  into  a  Homeo- 
pathic College. 

Dr.  Alfred  B.  Sloan  was  born  in  Cooper  County,  Mis- 
souri, September  24,  1827.  The  family  of  his  grandfather 
had  moved  consecutively  from  Pennsylvania  to  Virginia, 
thence  to  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  and  finally,  in  1819,  to 
Missouri.  Dr.  Sloan  obtained  his  early  education  in  pri- 
vate schools  at  Lexington  and  Independence,  Missouri, 
studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Joseph  O.  Boggs  of  Independ- 
ence, and  attended  medical  lectures  at  the  Transylvania 
University,  Kentucky.  He  practiced  his  profession  in 
Bates  County,  Missouri,  in  1848-49,  went  overland  to  Cal- 
ifornia in  1850  and  returned  to  Missouri  via  Panama  and 
New  Orleans  in  1852.  He  now  settled  in  Harrisonville, 
Cass  County,  where  he  practiced  until  the  spring  of  1861. 
In  April  of  that  year  he  set  out  for  the  Pike's  Peak  gold 
region,  hauling  the  machinery  for  a  quartz  mill  across  the 
plains  with  ox-teams  from  Leavenworth  to  Idaho  Springs, 


IN  MISSOURI.  101 

Colorado,  where  he  and  his  father-in-law,  Tarlton  Railey, 
of  Cass  County,  set  up  the  mill.  Returning  to  Missouri 
again  in  the  winter  of  1861-62,  he  found  the  country  in 
the  throes  of  civil  war.  Most  of  the  able  bodied  men  had 
joined  one  army  or  the  other  and  Dr.  Sloan  attached  him- 
self to  the  Confederate  Army  of  General  Price,  then  at 
Springfield,  Mo.  In  the  fall  of  1862  he  was  commissioned 
Surgeon  of  Col.  S.  D.  Jackman's  16th  Missouri  Infantry 
(Confederate.)  He  continued  with  his  command  through 
much  active  service  in  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  Texas  until 
the  war  closed  and  in  June,  1865,  rejoined  his  family  in 
Johnson  County,  Missouri.  During  the  same  year  he  lo- 
cated at  Kansas  City,  where  he  remained  to  the  close  of  his 
life. 

Dr.  Sloan  soon  acquired  a  large  practice.  He  was  not 
only  a  successful  practitioner,  but  a  man  whom  everyone 
loved;  honorable  and  kindly  in  all  his  dealings,  charitable 
in  his  judgments  and  always  ready  to  "lend  a  hand."  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  So- 
ciety and  for  twelve  years  its  president.  He  was  also  pres- 
ident of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Society,  a  member  of 
the  American  Medical  Association  and  for  six  years  one  of 
its  Judicial  Council.  He  died  at  the  home  of  his  son.  Dr. 
Robert  T.  Sloan,  in  April,  1900,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
three.  Dr.  A.  B.  Sloan  was  another  of  the  early  physicians 
who  left  a  son  worthy  to  succeed  him  in  the  profession. 
Dr.  Robert  T.  Sloan  has  for  years  filled  a  most  enviable 
position  in  medical  circles,  has  been  one  of  the  professors 
of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine  In  the  Kansas 
City  Medical  College,  and  is  most  highly  esteemed  by  his 
brethren  not  only  for  his  social  qualities  but  as  an  uncom- 
monly well  informed,  scientific  and  level-headed  practi- 
tioner. 

After  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  In  1865,  Kansas  City 
began  to  grow  rapidly  and  there  was,  of  course,  a  large  In- 
flux of  medical  men.  It  would  be  Impossible  even  to  name 
them  all,  but  a  few  who  were  Instrumental  In  organizing 
medical  colleges  and  medical  journals,  etc.,  must  be  men- 
tioned. 


102  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

Dr.  Simeon  S.  Todd  was  born  at  Vevay,  Indiana,  March 
10,  1826.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  began  the  study  of 
medicine  under  the  tutorship  of  Dr.  Wm.  Davidson  of  Mad- 
ison, Indiana.  In  1847  before  completing  his  medical  stud- 
ies he  was  seized  with  the  desire  to  join  the  army,  the  Un- 
ited States  being  then  at  war  with  Mexico.  While  visiting 
friends  in  Illinois  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Fifth  Regi- 
ment of  Illinois  Volunteer  Cavalry.  Reaching  Jefferson 
Barracks,  Mo.,  he  was  soon  assigned  to  duty  as  acting  assist- 
ant surgeon.  In  July  of  1848  he  was  on  the  Rio  Grande 
with  his  Regiment.  Peace  was  then  declared  and  the  troops 
returned  home.  In  1849  Dr.  Todd  received  the  degree  of 
medicine  from  the  Indiana  Medical  College  at  LaPorte, 
Indiana,  and  settled  at  Lawrenceburg,  Kentucky.  In  1854 
he  moved  to  Sacramento,  California.  After  some  mining 
experiences  he  settled  down  to  the  practice  of  medicine  until 
1861,  when  he  was  commissioned  surgeon  of  the  Fourth 
California  Infantry,  remaining  in  the  service  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  In  September,  1865,  he  moved  to  Kansas  City 
where  he  continued  in  the  practice  of  medicine  until  his 
death.  In  the  fall  of  1866  Asiatic  cholera  broke  out  in 
Kansas  City  continuing  for  a  period  of  three  months.  In 
the  spring  of  1867  Dr.  Todd  was  appointed  city  physician 
and  inaugurated  the  first  steps  toward  hygienic  precautions 
and  the  proper  guarding  against  the  recurrence  of  this  and 
other  epidemic  diseases.  In  1869  he  conceived  the  idea 
of  establishing  a  medical  college  in  Kansas  City  and  in  con- 
nection with  Drs.  F.  Cooley  and  A.  B.  Taylor  obtained  a 
charter  for  the  Kansas  City  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, afterwards  named  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College. 
He  was  the  first  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  of  the  Dis- 
eases of  Women  and  Children  in  this  institution  and  was 
Dean  of  the  Faculty.  He  continued  his  connection  with 
the  college  in  the  position  of  Professor  of  Gynecology  until 
nearly  the  close  of  his  life.  Dr.  Todd  was  an  active  and 
working  member  of  many  medical  societies,  among  others, 
the  Kansas  City  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medi- 
cal Association,  of  which  he  was  at  one  time  president,  the 


IN  MISSOURI.  103 

Kansas  State  Medical  Society  and  the  American  Medical 
Association,  the  meetings  of  which  he  often  attended.  In 
August,  1887,  he  was  made  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Sci- 
ence, Letters  and  Arts  of  London.  He  contributed  many 
papers  of  value  to  current  medical  literature.  Two  are 
especially  worthy  of  note,  one  entitled  "Tranquilization  as 
an  Element  of  Cure,"  published  in  the  Kansas  City  Medi- 
cal Journal  in  1872,  before  the  "Rest  Cure"  had  become 
fashionable,  and  the  other  advocating  "Large  Hypodermic 
Injections  of  Water  in  Cholera  to  Supply  the  Demand  of 
Blood  and  Tissues  for  Water  when  it  is  Impossible  to  Give 
it  otherwise."  This  paper  was  read  about  the  year  1869, 
long  before  the  present  methods  of  infusion  of  saline  solu- 
tions had  been  introduced. 

Dr.  Alfred  B.  Taylor  was  born  in  Ohio,  November  2, 
1837.  During  his  boyhood  his  parents  moved  to  Kokomo, 
Indiana,  where  he  grew  up,  receivng  the  education  then  to 
be  obtained  in  the  public  schools.  He  graduated  in  medi- 
cine at  the  Ohio  Medical  College  in  1860.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War  Dr.  Taylor  was  commissioned  as 
assistant  surgeon  of  the  Twelfth  Regiment  Indiana  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  with  which  he  remained  until  the  close  of  the 
war,  seeing  much  active  service,  being  with  Rosecrans  in 
Tennessee  and  with  Sherman  in  his  march  from  Atlanta 
to  the  sea,  etc.  In  1865  he  settled  in  Kansas  City  and  soon 
built  up  a  large  practice  as  well  as  taking  an  active  part 
in  the  public  life  of  the  young  city.  He  acquired  an  ex- 
cellent and  well-earned  reputation  as  a  bold  and  skillful  sur- 
geon. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Kansas  City 
Medical  College  and  made  his  influence  felt  generally  not 
only  in  medical  circles  but  throughout  the  community.  Dr 
Taylor's  career  was  unfortunately  cut  short  at  the  age  of 
forty-two  by  an  attack  of  erysipelas  which  ended  his  life 
September  13,  1879. 

Dr.  John  Wesley  Jackson  was  born  in  Charles  County, 
Maryland,  November  6,  1834.  During  his  childhood  the 
family  moved  to  Virginia  where  he  grew  up,  graduating 
from  the  West  Virginia  Academy,  of  Charleston,  West 
Virginia,  in  1853.     In  1859  he  moved  to  Franklin  County, 


104  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

Missouri,  and  during  the  same  year  began  the  study  of 
medicine  under  Dr.  George  Johnson.  He  graduated  from 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1863  and  was  commis- 
sioned surgeon  of  the  Fortieth  Regiment,  Missouri  Volun- 
teers in  which  capacity  he  served  to  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War.  After  a  couple  of  years  of  practice  in  St.  Louis 
Dr.  Jackson  returned  to  Labadie,  Mo.  In  1873-74  he 
spent  a  year  in  New  York  graduating  from  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  (Medical  Department  of  Colum- 
bia University).  On  his  return  to  Missouri  he  was  made 
chief  surgeon  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  and  in  1879 
had  the  distinction  of  organizng  the  first  Railway  Hospital 
System  in  the  United  States,  with  a  hospital  at  Washington, 
Missouri,  where  he  then  lived.  In  1881  the  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas &  Texas  R.  R.  having  been  added  to  the  Missouri 
Pacific,  the  hospital  was  moved  to  Sedalia  and  others  were 
built  at  Ft.  Worth,  Texas,  and  elsewhere. 

In  1884  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Wabash  Railway 
systems  having  come  under  one  management  and  it  not 
being  legal  for  the  two  roads  to  have  the  same  offices.  Dr. 
Jackson  was  relieved  from  duty  in  the  Missouri  Pacific 
and  made  chief  surgeon  of  the  Wabash  lines  west  of  the 
Mississippi.  He  then  moved  to  Kansas  City  and  opened 
the  Wabash  R.  R.  Hospital  at  Third  and  Campbell  streets. 
Previous  to  his  removal  to  Kansas  City,  while  living  at 
Sedalia,  he  had  been  made  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the 
University  Medical  College  of  Kansas  City,  which  position 
he  filled  most  acceptably  until  his  death,  at  which  time  he 
was  also  president  of  the  college.  He  was  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  National  Association  of  Railway  Surgeons 
in  1888  and  was  the  first  president  of  that  body.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  first  vice-president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Ma- 
sonic Order  and  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion. 

Dr.  Jackson  was  a  man  of  large  heart  and  genial  man- 
ner, popular  among  all  classes  of  people  and  numbering 
among  his  devoted  friends  a  host  of  the  members  of  his 
own  profession  as  well  as  of  the  most  prominent  railroad 
officials  in  the  country.     His  untimely  death,  the  result  of 


IN  MISSOURI.  105 

septicaemia  following  a  slight  injury  received  during  the 
performance  of  an  operation,  took  place  at  Kansas  City, 
March  13,  1890.  His  funeral  was  largely  attended  by  rep- 
resentatives of  medical  and  railroad  organizations  from 
various  parts  of  the  country,  as  well  as  by  medical,  fra- 
ternal and  civic  bodies  at  home,  and  the  large  number  of 
resolutions  of  regret  and  sympathy  passed  by  different  or- 
ganizations at  the  time  of  his  death,  testified  to  the  deep 
hold  on  the  community  which  his  active  life  and  winning 
personality  had  secured. 

BUCHANAN  COUNTY. 

From  its  earliest  settlement  Buchanan  County  has  had 
a  large  number  of  well  qualified  regular  physicians.  St. 
Joseph,  the  county  seat,  had  a  population  of  twelve  hundred 
in  184:5,  being  at  that  time  and  for  twenty-five  years  after- 
wards the  only  important  terminal  point  of  civilization  in 
the  West. 

The  first  gathering  of  the  members  of  the  regular  pro- 
fession in  this  county  occurred  in  St.  Joseph  in  1845  when 
the  local  physicians  agreed  upon  a  fee  bill;  further  that 
no  contract  practice  be  countenanced  and  that  settlement 
for  services  rendered  in  all  cases  should  be  made  either  by 
note  or  cash  as  soon  as  the  service  was  rendered.  This 
agreement  was  signed  by  the  following  physicans :  J.  H. 
Crane,  D.  G.  Keedy,  J.  L.  Page,  T.  J.  Todd,  W.  B.  Wood, 
J.  W.  Hays,  B.  V.  Teel,  R.  Martin,  R.  A.  Gray,  W.  P.  Flint 
and  D.  Benton. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1849  began  the  rush  to  California 
and  St.  Joseph  offered  advantages  which  no  other  point 
possessed.  During  the  years  1849  and  1850  over  100,000 
emigrants  started  from  St.  Joseph  for  the  west  by  wagon 
trains  and  the  overland  stage  and  pony  express  were  soon 
inaugurated.  These  circumstances  attracted  prominent 
physicians  to  locate  in  St.  Joseph. 

The  first  surgical  operation  of  importance  in  St.  Joseph 
was  performed  by  Dr.  O.  B.  Knode  in  1857,  when  he  suc- 
cessfully removed  a  large  tumor  of  the  thigh.     The  first 


106  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

hospital  in  St.  Joseph  was  founded  through  the  initiative 
of  Dr.  T.  H.  Doyle  who  called  a  meeting  of  all  the  Catholic 
organizations  in  1869,  as  a  result  of  which  the  Sisters  of 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul  opened  a  hospital  at  714  Felix  street. 
In  1872  Dr.  E.  A.  Donelan,  who  is  still  living,  while  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature  introduced  a  bill  creating  the  State 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  No.  2,  at  St.  Joseph.  Many  addi- 
tions have  been  made  to  the  original  building  until  now  it 
contains  over  thirteen  hundred  patients.  The  first  use  of 
sulphuric  ether  as  a  general  anesthetic  occurred  in  1869 
and  its  advantages  over  chloroform  were  championed  by 
Dr.  T.  H.  Doyle  at  that  time.  The  District  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Northwest  Missouri,  was  founded  in  1872  by  Drs. 
J.  B.  Atchison,  Jacob  Geiger  and  T.  H.  Doyle.  For  twenty 
years  this  society  held  regular  meetings  and  exercised  a 
most  beneficial  influence  in  bringing  the  physicians  together 
to  read  and  discuss  papers.  In  1877  a  number  of  physicians 
started  a  quiz  class  for  mutual  benefit.  They  were  Drs. 
T.  H.  Doyle,  Jacob  Geiger,  Chas.  K.  Knight,  J.  M.  Rich- 
mond, G.  C.  Catlett,  J.  D.  Smith,  J.  M.  D.  France,  D.  I. 
Christopher  and  W.  B.  Craig.  Out  of  this  quiz  class 
arose  the  first  medical  college  in  St.  Joseph  with  these  gen- 
tlemen composing  the  faculty.  In  1879  The  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  was  organized  by  the  following 
gentlemen:  W.  I.  Heddens,  E.  A.  Donelan,  J.  W.  Red- 
dens and  P.  J.  Kirschner.  These  two  colleges  were  merged 
in  1881  under  the  name  of  the  St.  Joseph  Medical  College 
(now  the  Ensworth  Medical  College.)  In  1880  the  North- 
western Medical  College  was  founded  by  Drs.  F.  A.  Sim- 
mons, S.  F.  Carpenter,  J.  P.  Chesney  and  J.  T.  Berghoff. 
The  faculty  was  reorganized  in  1894  under  the  name  of  the 
Central  Medical  College  which  is  still  in  existence. 

The  pioneer  surgeon  in  Buchanan  county  since  1870  is 
Dr.  Jacob  Geiger.  In  1870  he  performed  the  first  laparo- 
tomy and  took  out  a  cyst  of  the  broad  ligament.  Dr.  W.  I. 
Heddens  operated  on  a  case  of  peri-typhlitis  in  1879  and 
again  in  1881,  and  championed  the  method  of  operating 
in  this  condition.  In  1885  Dr.  P.  I.  Leonard,  after  special 
studies  in  the  laboratories  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 


IN  MISSOURI.  107 

vania,  broug-ht  to  Buchanan  county  the  first  sterilizer  with 
apparatus  for  the  cultivation  of  bacteria.  At  the  same 
time  also  he  began  to  teach  normal  and  pathological  his- 
tology at  the  Ensworth  Medical  Colege.  Dr.  Leonard 
was  the  first  surgeon  to  use  successfully  the  transplanta- 
tion of  a  rabbit's  conjunctiva  in  a  case  of  symblepharon. 
In  1889  Dr.  Chas.  G.  Geiger  performed  the  first  laminec- 
tomy in  St.  Joseph  for  traumatism.  In  1890  Dr.  J.  W. 
Heddens  successfully  drained  the  pericardial  sac  in  a  case 
of  suppurative  pericarditis.  He  also  removed  a  bullet 
which  entered  over  the  left  eye  and  became  lodged  in  the 
posterior  lobe  of  the  brain.  The  operation  was  performed 
eleven  days  after  the  injury  and  the  patient  recovered.  St. 
Joseph  has  furnished  three  presidents  of  the  State  Medical 
Association,  namely,  Dr.  George  C.  Catlett,  Dr.  J.  M.  Rich- 
mond and  Dr.  Jacob  Geiger.  In  1880  Dr.  J.  P.  Chesney 
published  a  work  entitled  "Shakespeare  as  a  Physician." 
In  1904,  Dr.  J.  W.  Heddens,  assisted  by  Dr.  W.  B.  Deffen- 
baugh,  performed  the  first  successful  Caesarean  section  ac- 
complished in  St.  Joseph. 

From  1880  to  1898  a  number  of  medical  societies  were 
organized  in  St.  Joseph  but  all  proved  short  lived.  In  the 
latter  year  a  mass  meeting  of  the  local  physicians  was  held 
and  a  new  society  was  formed  called  the  St.  Joseph  Medi- 
cal Society,  the  first  officers  being  Dr.  P.  I.  Leonard,  presi- 
dent; Dr.  E.  A.  Donelan,  vice-president;  Dr.  J.  W.  Bell, 
secretary.  This  society  continued  an  active  working  body 
under  its  original  name  until  1903  when  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  State  Medical  Association  required  affiliation  of 
county  medical  societies  to  secure  representation  in  the 
State  Association  and  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Buch- 
anan County  Medical  Society. 

The  medical  profession  in  St.  Joseph  has  furnished  two 
mayors  of  the  city,  Dr.  T.  H.  Doyle  being  elected  to  that 
position  in  1886  and  Dr.  P.  J.  Kirschner  in  1898.  Each 
of  these  gentlemen  took  advantage  of  the  opportunity  to 
improve  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the  city  and  advanced 
methods  looking  to  the  betterment  of  the  public  health. 


108  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

CARROLL  COUNTY. 

Prominent  among  the  first  physicians  who  began  to  prac- 
tice in  Carroll  County  was  William  Wilson  Austin,  born 
in  Bedford  County,  Virginia,  on  October  26,  1Y8Y.  He 
received  his  medical  education  in  the  Jefferson  College  of 
Philadelphia  and  graduated  in  1804.  After  practicing  in 
Virginia  for  a  number  of  years  he  moved  to  Missouri  and 
settled  in  Carroll  County  in  1836,  where  he  continued  to 
practice  until  his  deatii  in  September,  1843.  Contemporary 
with  him  was  his  son.  Dr.  John  Thompson  Austin,  who  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1807.  He  graduated  from  Jefferson 
College,  Philadelphia,  in  1834,  and  practiced  his  profession 
in  Carroll  County  with  his  father  until  his  death  in  May, 
1841.  Among  the  early  practitioners  in  Carroll  County 
were  Dr.  George  W.  Folger  and  Dr.  Walling,  and  associa- 
ted with  them,  Dr.  Edward  Arnold,  formerly  of  Campbell 
County,  Virginia,  who  came  to  Missouri  in  1842  and  prac- 
ticed in  Carroll  County  for  many  years.  In  1841  Dr.  Thos. 
Austin  came  from  Virginia  to  Carroll  County,  Missouri, 
and  was  identified  with  the  history  of  that  section  for  many 
years.  He  but  recently  died  in  Texas,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
91  years.  In  1843  Dr.  Ignatius  Heidel  came  from  Germany 
and  began  practice  in  Carroll  County  and  in  1844  Dr.  J. 
S.  Atwood  moved  from  New  York  to  Carroll  County,  and 
for  many  years  was  prominent  in  the  profession  of  that 
section  of  the  state.  He  met  his  death  from  septicemia  as 
the  result  of  pricking  his  finger  with  a  needle  while  as- 
sisting Dr.  Peter  Austin  at  a  post  mortem  examination  in 
1856.  Contemporary  with  these  men  was  Dr.  Charles 
Heidel,  a  brother  of  Ignatius  Heidel,  who  is  still  living  in 
Carrollton,  now  in  his  eighty-fourth  year,  and  Dr.  William 
Clover,  who  studied  medicine  under  the  preceptorship  of 
Dr.  Atwood.  These  two  men  graduated  from  the  Mc- 
Dowell Medical  College,  St.  Louis,  in  1856.  Dr.  Peter 
Austin  came  to  Missouri  with  his  father.  Dr.  William  Wil- 
son Austin,  when  a  boy  of  thirteen.  Upon  reaching  the 
age  of  maturity  he  enlisted  in  the  army  and  served  through 
the  Mexican  War.     After  the  close  of  the  war  he  took  up 


IN  MISSOURI.  109 

the  study  of  medicine  and  graduated  from  the  Jefferson 
College  of  Philadelphia.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War  he  was  appointed  surgeon  in  Slack's  division  of  Gen- 
eral Price's  army.  He  was  of  a  retiring  disposition,  but 
a  man  of  sterling  worth.  He  died  in  Carrollton  on  March 
9,  1904.  Dr.  Maurice  Leftwich  came  to  Missouri  from 
Lynchburg,  Virginia,  and  was  associated  with  Dr.  Peter 
Austin  for  a  number  of  years.  Dr.  Leftwich  was  in  charge 
of  the  ]\Iasonic  Home  in  St.  Louis  for  many  years.  While 
in  active  practice  in  Carroll  County  Dr.  Leftwich  had  under 
his  preceptorship  Drs.  William  Arnold,  Thomas  Dobbins, 
Theophalus  Dobbins  and  Peter  E.  Austin,  all  of  whom 
graduated  from  McDowell  College  in  St.  Louis  in  1859. 
Dr.  Arnold  died  in  Denver,  Colorado,  in  1861,  and  Drs. 
Thomas  and  Theophalus  Dobbins  died  in  California.  Dr. 
Peter  E.  Austin  was  bom  in  Bedford  County,  Virginia, 
August  6,  1833,  and  came  to  Missouri  in  October,  1842, 
settling  in  Carroll  County.  He  graduated  from  the  Mc- 
Dowell College  of  St.  Louis  in  1859.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  served  as  surgeon  in  Col.  Shelby's  brigade  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  This  experience  served  to  quicken  his  natural 
perceptive  powers  and  made  him  remarkably  quick  and 
accurate  in  his  decisions.  Upon  his  return  to  Carroll 
County  a  few  months  after  the  close  of  the  war  he  took  up 
his  practice  among  a  people  made  destitute  by  the  ravages 
of  the  war.  He  continued  to  practice  in  Carrollton  and 
Carroll  County  until  his  death,  December  7,  1901. 

Dr.  Austin  was  firm,  aggressive  and  capable  as  a  physi- 
cian and  successful  in  business  affairs.  He  never  married 
and  left  his  estate  to  his  brothers  and  sisters  and  their 
descendants.  His  name  will  ever  remain  on  the  records 
of  the  state  and  county  medical  societies.  He  came  from  a 
line  of  physicians  running  through  several  generations. 

JASPER  COUNTY. 

In  Jasper  County  there  were  very  few  physicians  previous 
to  1858.  In  that  year  Dr.  A.  H.  Coffee,  now  of  Carthage, 
located  at  a  little  village  called  Leadville.    During  the  Civil 


110  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

War  Carthage  was  practically  destroyed  and  its  rebuilding 
began  in  1865.  In  the  same  year  Dr.  J.  A.  Carter  located 
in  Carthage,  he  being  the  first  physician  to  occupy  that 
field.  He  has  enjoyed  a  large  practice  ever  since  and  is 
still  active  in  the  profession.  Soon  after  the  war  the 
county  filled  up  rapidly  and  a  number  of  physicians  settled 
in  Carthage,  Joplin  and  other  parts  of  the  county,  bringing 
with  them  the  latest  ideas  in  advanced  methods  of  practice 
as  advocated  in  those  days.  In  1872  the  Jasper  County 
Medical  Society  was  organized  with  seventeen  members; 
Dr.  H.  H.  Wale  was  elected  president,  and  Dr.  A.  H. 
Coffee  secretary.  The  society  was  reorganized  in  1903,  in 
harmony  with  the  general  movement  throughout  the  state 
to  unify  the  profession  and  reorganize  the  state  medical 
association,  and  affiliate  with  the  state  association.  The 
membership  now  numbers  thirty  physicians,  meetings  being 
held  on  the  first  and  third  Mondays  in  each  month.  Dr. 
A.  B.  Freeman  is  president  and  Dr.  Stamey  secretary.  At 
present  the  only  hospital  in  Jasper  County  is  the  St.  John's 
Hospital  at  Joplin,  with  a  capacity  of  thirty  patients.  There 
is  a  hospital  association  in  Carthage,  which  has  been  in 
existence  for  about  ten  years,  during  which  time  it  iias  ac- 
cumulated quite  a  sum  of  money.  Recently  a  donation  of 
$10,000  was  made  anonymously  and  the  association  has 
purchased  a  plot  of  ground  on  which  a  hospital  building 
will  soon  be  erected. 


IN  MISSOURI.  Ill 


CHAPTER   VI. 


BACTERIOLOGY — STATE    BOARD    OF    HEALTH — ST.     LOUIS 
MEDICAL   LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION. 

The  first  medical  college  in  the  state  to  include  bacteri- 
ology in  its  curriculum  was  the  medical  department  of 
Missouri  State  University  in  1885. 

In  St.  Louis  the  first  fully  equipped  bacteriological 
laboratory  to  be  equipped  with  a  highly  trained  and  effec- 
tive instructor  in  charge,  was  established  in  1888.  Previous 
to  that  time  some  good  work  had  been  done  by  men  who 
had  received  training  abroad,  notable  among  whom  was 
Dr.  Ludwig  Bremer,  the  pioneer  in  bacteriology  in  St. 
Louis.  From  1883  to  1886,  when  he  began  teaching  bac- 
teriology in  a  small  laboratory  in  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  he  had  accomplished  much  good  work.  In  1887 
he  published  the  results  of  his  investigations  upon  the  bacil- 
lus of  malignant  oedema,  the  first  work  of  the  kind  done 
in  the  West. 

In  January,  1888,  Professor  William  Trealease,  profes- 
sor of  botany  in  the  Washington  University,  delivered  an 
address  before  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College  on  bacteria  from  a  botanical  viewpoint. 
After  this  address  was  delivered  several  of  the  younger 
members  of  the  Alumni  Association  asked  Professor  Trea- 
lease if  he  would  instruct  a  class  of  physicians  in  bacteriol- 
ogy from  a  medical  viewpoint.  After  discussing  this  sub- 
ject with  Mr.  Henry  Shaw,  whose  munificence  had  en- 
dowed the  School  of  Botany,  the  latter  decided  to  advance 
funds  sufficient  to  equip  a  bacteriologic  laboratory  and  to 
send  Professor  Trealease  abroad  for  the  purpose  of  study- 
ing bacteriology  from  the  medical  aspect.     Professor  Trea- 


112  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

lease  made  the  trip  and  worked  all  summer  under  Profes- 
sor Koch,  in  Berlin,  and  Professor  Hanen,  in  Copenhagen. 
In  the  fall  he  returned  with  the  apparatus,  glassware,  mi- 
croscopes, etc.,  purchased  abroad,  and  established  the  labo- 
ratory in  the  ShaAV  School  of  Botany  at  1724  Washington 
avenue. 

Dr.  A.  N.  Ravold  had  organized  a  class  of  physicians  to 
take  up  the  study,  of  which  the  following  gentlemen  were 
members:  Drs.  Joseph  Grindon,  Jules  Valle,  A.  B.  Ewing, 
H.  W.  Hermann,  Wm.  Townsend  Porter,  Robert  Funk- 
houser,  H.  L.  Wolfner,  Charles  Dixon,  Frank  A.  Glasgow. 
Work  began  in  November,  1888,  and  continued  without 
interruption  until  May  of  the  next  year.  A  second  class 
took  up  the  work  in  the  fall  of  1889  and  studied  until  the 
summer  of  1890. 

The  laboratory  was  completely  equipped  for  carrying 
on  the  study  of  bacteriology  in  a  scientific  manner  and  was 
admirably  arranged  for  teaching  purposes.  It  contained 
fifteen  work  tables,  instruments,  racks  for  staining  solu- 
tions, test  tubes,  etc.,  prepared  culture  media,  steam  steril- 
izing apparatus,  incubators,  and  a  number  of  microscopes 
with  immersion  lenses.  Each  student  was  instructed  in  the 
preparation  of  media;  the  technique  of  staining  and  the 
preparation  of  staining  solutions;  plating  methods,  and  the 
separation  of  bacteria  in  pure  cultures;  the  careful  study 
in  pure  cultures  of  a  large  number  of  pathogenic  and  non- 
pathogenic bacteria;  the  inoculation  of  laboratory  animals 
with  pathogenic  bacteria;  the  study  of  the  symptomatol- 
ogy of  disease  in  the  infected  animal;  the  examination  of 
the  secretions  before  death,  and  of  the  tissues  after  death, 
and  the  separation  of  the  disease  producing  bacterium  from 
the  tissues  of  the  animal  dead  of  the  disease.  After  a  fair 
technique  had  been  gained  the  students  were  encouraged 
to  undertake  original  investigations  upon  material  obtained 
in  practice. 

Dr.  Amand  Ravold  became  instructor  in  bacteriology  in 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1889,  and  Dr.  Funk- 
houser  instructed  the  first  class  in  the  Beaumont  Hospital 
Medical  College.     In  1894  Dr.  Ravold  was  appointed  bac- 


IN  MISSOURI.  113 

teriologist  to  the  Health  Department  and  he  introduced  the 
method  of  making  an  early  bacteriologic  diagnosis  of  diph- 
theria by  the  aid  of  the  culture  media;  the  examination 
of  the  sputum  for  the  diagnosis  of  tuberculosis ;  the  exam- 
ination of  the  blood  (Widal  reaction)  in  suspected  cases 
of  typhoid  fever;  the  bacteriologic  study  of  disinfectants 
and  the  bacteriologic  examination  of  vaccine  virus  before 
distribution  by  the  health  department.  The  preparation 
of  antitoxin  for  the  cure  of  diphtheria  and  its  free  distri- 
bution by  the  city  was  inaugurated  by  Dr.  Ravold.  From 
1899  to  1902  he  was  employed  by  the  City  of  St.  Louis 
to  carry  on  the  extensive  biologic  investigations  of  the 
waters  of  the  Missouri,  the  Mississippi,  and  the  Illinois 
rivers,  the  Chicago  drainage  canal  and  Lake  Michigan,  the 
results  of  his  investigation  being  used  as  evidence  in  the 
litigation  between  the  City  of  St.  Louis  and  the  trustees 
of  the  Chicago  drainage  canal. 

In  1903  the  department  of  pathology  and  bacteriology 
of  the  health  department  of  St.  Louis  was  established,  and 
Dr.  C.  A.  Snodgras  was  appointed  City  Bacteriologist. 

STATE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH. 

The  State  Board  of  Health  of  Missouri  was  originally 
organized  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  which  went  into 
effect  July  1,  1883.  The  board  consists  of  seven  members 
five  of  "whom  must  be  physicians  with  no  discrimination 
against  the  different  systems  of  medicine  recognized  as 
reputable  by  the  laws  of  the  state.  The  members  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  Governor  and  approved  by  the  Senate.  The 
first  board  appointed  was  as  follows :  Dr.  E.  H.  Gregory, 
president;  Dr.  G.  M.  Cox,  vice  president;  Dr.  J.  C.  Hearne, 
secretary;  Dr.  W.  B.  Conery,  Dr.  H.  F.  Hereford,  Dr.  C. 
T.  Bartlett,  Dr.  P.  D.  Yost. 

The  State  Board  of  Health  is  charged  with  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  provisions  of  the  statutes  relating  both  to  mat- 
ters of  public  health  and  to  the  registration  of  physicians 
practicing  within  the  state.  The  conditions  of  registra- 
tion, as  interpreted  by  the  board  and  its  attempts  to  en- 


114  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

force  penalties  for  non-compliance  at  first  created  much 
opposition  to  this  feature  of  it.  By  1885  the  work  of  the 
board  was  practically  suspended.  Governor  Marmaduke 
was  urged  to  fill  vacancies  which  had  occurred  through 
resignation  and  by  expiration  of  time  of  service  and  in  1885 
the  board  was  reorganized. 

The  organization  throughout  the  state  of  county  and 
other  local  boards  of  health  was  urged.  Especial  atten- 
tion was  directed  toward  measures  for  the  prevention  of 
cholera,  smallpox,  diphtheria,  yellow  fever,  scarlet  fever, 
etc.,  the  proper  method  of  disinfection  and  vaccination  and 
the  innocuous  transportation  and  cremation  of  dead  bodies. 
The  board  has  promptly  responded  to  applications  for  help 
in  suppressing  local  outbreaks  of  smallpox  in  many  locali- 
ties in  the  state,  preparing  and  circulating  instructions  and 
giving  personal  advice  and  assistance  through  its  secre- 
tary. The  meagre  financial  support  granted  to  the  board, 
and  the  fact  that  on  public  health  matters  its  powers  are 
mainly  advisory,  have  limited  its  work  in  a  large  degree 
to  questions  of  registration  and  the  promotion  of  advanced 
standards  and  instruction  in  schools  for  medical  education. 

ST.  LOUIS  MEDICAL  LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION. 

From  time  to  time,  extending  over  a  number  of  years, 
attempts  had  been  made  to  establish  a  medical  library  in 
St.  Louis,  but  it  was  not  until  January,  1899,  that  these 
efforts  reached  a  successful  conclusion.  Before  that  year 
the  profession  was  dependent  for  its  medical  literature  upon 
the  St.  Louis  Public  School  Library,  the  library  of  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  Society  and  of  the  Verein  Deutscher 
Aerzte.  Through  the  courtesy  of  the  editors  of  the  Courier 
of  Medicine  a  number  of  exchange  journals  and  medical 
books  sent  in  for  review  were  placed  on  the  shelves  of  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  Society  and  these  formed  a  nucleus 
for  a  working  library.  Although  small  it  was  well  ar- 
ranged and  became  very  helpful  to  the  profession  under 
the  able  management  of  Dr.  E.  M.  Nelson,  librarian  to 
the  Society  and  editor  of  the  journal.    In  1894  the  Medico- 


IN  MISSOURI.  115 

Chirurgical  Society  disbanded  and  the  books  and  journals 
reverted  to  the  Courier  of  Medicine.  Eventually  they  were 
donated  to  the  new  medical  library. 

A  number  of  years  ago  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society 
entered  into  an  agreement  with  the  Public  School  Library 
whereby  each  member  of  the  society  became  a  life  mem- 
ber of  the  library  upon  payment  of  three  dollars  a  year  for 
four  years.  The  money  thus  obtained  was  used  by  the 
library  in  purchasing  medical  books  and  subscriptions  to 
medical  journals.  In  1893  the  Public  Free  Library  was 
established,  the  St.  Louis  Public  School  Library  being  ab- 
sorbed by  the  Public  Free  Library.  This  annuled  the  ar- 
rangement between  the  society  and  the  library  in  regard 
to  life  membership.  Mr.  Crunden,  the  librarian  of  the  Free 
Library,  then  set  apart  a  small  room  for  the  exclusive  use 
of  the  medical  profession  and  in  it  were  kept  on  file  several 
of  the  more  prominent  journals  published  in  English  and 
a  number  of  bound  journals  and  reference  books  were 
placed  on  the  shelves.  The  arrangement  was  good  as  far  as 
it  went  but  as  the  number  of  journals  was  limited  and  as 
very  few  new  books  could  be  added,  it  did  not  meet  the 
increasing  needs  of  the  profession.  The  demands  for  a 
medical  library  became  insistent  and  various  plans  were 
freely  discussed  in  and  out  of  the  medical  societies.  In  the 
fall  of  1898  Dr.  Amand  Ravold  undertook  the  formation 
of  a  medical  journal  exchange  club  in  which  he  was  joined 
by  Dr.  James  Moores  Ball.  After  discussing  a  plan  of 
organization  for  the  exchange  club  it  was  decided  to  at- 
tempt the  formation  of  a  medical  library  and  Dr.  F.  J. 
Lutz  was  asked  to  lend  his  assistance  in  the  undertaking. 
Dr.  Lutz  readily  consented  to  this  and  at  a  meeting  held 
in  Dr.  Ball's  ofhce  a  plan  of  organization  was  outlined  by 
Dr.  Lutz  in  accordance  with  which  invitations  were  sent 
out  to  twenty-five  members  of  the  profession  requesting 
their  attendance  at  a  meeting  to  be  held  at  the  West  End 
Hotel. 

On  January  11,  1899,  Doctors  S.  Pollak,  A.  N.  Ravold, 
A.  Alt,  F.  J.  Lutz,  W.  B.  Outten.  J.  M.  Ball  and  J.  H. 
Duncan  met  in  the  parlor  of  the  West  End  Hotel  to  con- 


116  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

sider  the  best  means  of  organizing  a  medical  library  in 
the  City  of  St.  Louis.  Dr.  Pollak  was  elected  chairman 
and  Dr.  Duncan  secretary.  These  gentlemen,  with  others 
to  be  added,  organized  themselves  into  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal Library  Association  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
adopt  a  temporary  constitution.  On  January  27th  this 
committee  reported  at  a  meeting  held  in  the  West  End 
Hotel  and  the  constitution  was  adopted  and  signed  by 
eighty-four  physicians.  The  first  officers  of  the  associa- 
tion were:  President,  Dr.  S.  Pollak;  vice-president,  Dr. 
N.  B.  Carson;  secretary,  Dr.  J.  H.  Duncan;  treasurer,  Dr. 
A.  R.  Kieffer;  librarian.  Dr.  F.  J.  Lutz. 

For  some  time  the  association  occupied  rented  quarters 
in  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  building.  In 
January,  1905,  a  building  was  purchased  at  3515  Pine 
street  and  here  the  association  has  a  permanent  home. 

There  are  one  hundred  and  sixty  journals  on  file  and 
about  7,000  bound  volumes  on  the  shelves.  The  library  is 
open  from  1  to  6  and  8  to  10. 


IN  MISSOURI.  117 


CHAPTER  VIL 


Medical  Societies. 

The  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. — The  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Association  was  organized  in  April, 
1850,  and  has  held  meetings  annually  since  then  except 
during  the  years  1859  to  1867  when  meetings  were  sus- 
pended owing  to  the  Civil  War.  In  1837  the  physicians  of 
St.  Louis  obtained  a  charter  from  the  Legislature  under 
the  name  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 
Its  provisions  were  sufficiently  broad  to  embrace  in  its 
membership  the  profession  of  the  state,  but  it  remained 
local  in  its  membership  and  influence. 

During  the  attendance  at  a  meeting  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  held  in  Cincinnati,  the  delegates  from 
the  Missouri  Medical  Society  learned  to  their  discomfort 
that  associations  embracing  the  medical  profession  existed 
in  the  various  states,  Arkansas  excepted,  but  not  in  Mis- 
souri. Upon  their  return  to  St.  Louis  they  submitted  to 
the  local  society  a  set  of  resolutions  according  to  which 
the  time  had  arrived  "for  an  efficient  and  permanent  union 
of  the  medical  profession  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  for 
the  purpose  of  mutual  improvement  and  protection." 

To  carry  out  the  purposes  of  this  resolution  a  committee, 
consisting  of  Drs.  William  M.  McPheeters,  John  B.  John- 
son, S.  Gratz  Moses,  George  Engelmann  and  George  Penn, 
issued  the  following  circular  to  the  medical  profession : 

"Whereas,  In  the  opinion  of  the  society,  the  time  has 
arrived  when  it  is  both  expedient  and  desirable  to  unite 
the  medical  profession  of  the  State  of  Missouri  for  the 
purpose  of  mutual  improvement  and  protection ;  be  it,  there- 
fore, 

"  'Resolved,  That  a  committee  be  appointed  to  address 


118  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

the  regular  members  of  the  medical  profession  throughout 
the  state,  inviting  them  to  meet  in  general  convention  in 
the  City  of  St.  Louis  on  Monday,  the  4th  day  of  Novem- 
ber next,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation with  auxiliary  societies  in  each  town  or  county  in 
the  state.' 

"The  undersigned,  the  committee  appointed  to  carry  out 
this  resolution,  presuming  that  the  objects  for  holding  the 
proposed  convention  must  be  apparent  to  every  one,  take 
this  method  of  addressing  you  on  this  subject  and  soliciting 
your  co-operation, 

"The  medical  profession  in  Missouri  has  been  for  too 
long  a  time  indifferent  to  the  many  and  great  advantages 
to  be  derived  from  an  efficient  state  organization,  and 
whilst  in  other  sections  of  our  country,  under  the  influence 
of  such  societies  the  happiest  results  have  been  obtained 
towards  elevating  the  standard  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession by  the  united  and  cordial  action  of  all  its  members, 
we,  on  the  contrary,  have  been  content  to  stand  still,  and 
have,  consequently,  accomplished  but  little  in  the  important 
work  of  medical  reform,  notwithstanding  we  live  in  an 
age  and  in  the  midst  of  a  community  in  which  the  inevita- 
ble law  of  progress  is  stamped  on  every  one  around. 

"The  committee  have,  therefore,  caused  this  circular  let- 
ter to  be  addressed  to  the  profession  throughout  the  state, 
calling  upon  them  to  hold  town,  county  or  district  meet- 
ings, and  to  appoint  delegates  to  the  proposed  convention, 
and  when  no  such  meetings  can  be  held  they  hope  that  you 
will  consider  yourself  a  delegate  to  the  same  and  will  use 
your  exertions  to  extend  the  invitation  to  those  whom  they 
may  not  be  able  to  reach,  and  in  otherwise  promoting  the 
desirable  and  contemplated  and  foregoing  preamble  and 
resolution. 

"The  committee  have  not  thought  proper  to  limit  the 
number  of  delegates  each  town,  county  or  district  may  ap- 
point, but  have  extended  the  invitation  to  every  regular 
practitioner  of  medicne  in  Missouri,  and  they  hope,  by  these 
meetings,  to  insure  a  full  representation  from  all  parts 
of  the  state." 


IN  MISSOURI.  119 

The  first  meeting  was  held  in  St.  Louis  in  November, 
1849.  Dr.  W.  G.  Thomas,  of  Boonville,  was  chosen  presi- 
dent, and  Dr.  J.  S.  B.  Alleyne,  of  St.  Louis,  secretary. 
Boonville  was  chosen  as  the  place  for  the  next  meeting 
and  the  date  set  for  April  21,  1850.  At  this  meeting  Dr. 
Thomas  delivered  an  address,  setting  forth  with  force  and 
ability  the  objects  for  which  the  association  was  formed  and 
the  means  necessary  to  effect  these  objects.  The  address 
was  listened  to  by  a  large  audience  composed  of  citizens 
as  well  as  members  of  the  association.  Dr.  William  ^L 
McPheeters,  who  had  been  a  prime  mover  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  association,  was  elected  president.  At  this  meet- 
ing a  report  was  made  by  Dr.  D.  M.  Davidson,  of  Cole 
County,  on  the  status  of  obstetric  knowledge  and  diseases 
of  women  and  children,  and  on  surgery  by  Dr.  Joseph 
Nash  McDowell,  of  St.  Louis.  Dr.  M.  L.  Linton  read  the 
report  on  medicine  and  Dr.  John  Laughton  on  medical  edu- 
cation. 

The  number  of  delegates  in  attendance  was  not  as  large 
as  anticipated  but  was  considerable  and  represented  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  state. 

In  November,  1851,  the  first  volume  of  the  transactions 
of  the  association  was  published  and  distributed  to  the 
members. 

The  next  meeting  was  held  in  St.  Louis  on  April  19, 
1852,  and  continued  in  session  for  three  days.  The  presi- 
dent. Dr.  McPheeters,  delivered  the  annual  address  on  the 
subject  of  Medical  Reform  and  the  Feasibility  of  Bring- 
ing it  about  by  the  Combined  Action  of  the  National  and 
State  Associations  without  an  Appeal  to  Legislative  En- 
actments. At  this  meeting  certain  alterations  and  amend- 
ments to  the  fundamental  law  of  the  association  were  pro- 
posed. Heretofore  the  members  consisted  of  delegates 
from  permanently  organized  medical  societies,  permanent 
members  and  members  by  invitation.  It  was  now  pro- 
posed to  have  delegates  from  the  several  medical  schools 
in  the  state  and  all  hospitals  with  fifty  beds.  Permanent 
members  were  to  be  placed  on  the  same  footing  with  dele- 
gates from  county  societies  by  conferring  upon  them  all 


120  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

the  rights  and  privileges  enjoyed  by  the  delegates.  It  was 
also  proposed  to  abolish  all  standing  committees,  except 
the  publication  and  arrangements  committees,  and  substi- 
tute a  nominating  committee  which  should  annually  select 
subjects  for  special  reports  and  nominate  suitable  persons 
as  chairmen,  each  of  whom  may  choose  additional  mem- 
bers to  constitute  a  special  committee  to  report  on  the  sub- 
ject assigned  them.  The  treasury  of  the  association  was 
to  consist  of  a  tax  of  not  more  than  $3  to  be  levied  upon 
each  member  annually. 

Most  of  these  amendments  were  adopted  at  the  meeting 
held  in  St.  Louis  on  April  19,  1853. 

The  association  continued  to  hold  annual  meetings  until 
1858  when  they  were  suspended  on  account  of  the  condi- 
tions which  led  up  to  the  Civil  War. 

In  1867  the  reorganization  of  the  association  was  ac- 
complished and  a  meeting  held  in  St.  Louis  under  the 
presidency  of  Dr.  G.  A.  Williams,  of  Boonville.  Since  that 
time  annual  meetings  have  been  held  without  interruption. 

Most  of  the  meetings  were  held  in  St.  Louis  until  1872, 
although  Boonville  entertained  the  association  in  1850, 
Lexington  in  1854  and  1856  and  St.  Joseph  in  1857.  In 
1872  it  was  decided  that  the  objects  of  the  association  could 
be  more  effectively  accomplished  and  a  greater  number  of 
the  physicians  in  the  state  brought  within  its  sphere  of  in- 
fluence if  the  annual  meetings  were  held  in  different  sec- 
tions of  the  state.  This  wise  policy  continues  in  force  and 
has  borne  good  results  in  maintaining  interest  and  increas- 
ing membership. 

In  1903  a  new  constitution  and  by-laws  was  adopted. 
Under  the  new  laws  the  association  is  composed  of  county 
medical  societies  and  membership  in  the  state  association 
can  be  obtained  only  through  membership  in  the  county 
society  which  must  be  in  affiliation  with  the  state  associa- 
tion, and  membership  in  the  American  Medical  Association 
can  be  obtained  only  if  the  applicant  is  a  member  of  the 
State  Medical  Association. 

The  work  of  organizing  county  medical  societies  had 
been  prosecuted  during  the  year  1902  and  with  the  adop- 


IN  MISSOURI.  121 

tion  of  the  new  constitution  in  1903  the  membership  in- 
creased from  300  to  1,200  with  forty  counties  in  affihation. 
The  state  was  divided  into  councillor  districts  and  the 
following  councillors  appointed  whose  duty  it  should  be 
to  organize  a  local  society  in  each  of  the  counties  included 
in  the  district : 

LIST  OF  DISTRICTS  AND  COUNCILLORS  WITH 

THE  COUNTIES  EMBRACED  IN  EACH 

DISTRICT. 

First  District. — Dr.  W.  B.  Sisson,  Councillor,  Kahoka. 
Counties :    Clark,  Scotland,  Schuyler,  Adair,  Knox,  Lewis. 

Second  District. — Dr.  Robt.  Haley,  Councillor,  Brook- 
field.  Counties:  Linn,  Carroll,  Chariton,  Livingston, 
Grundy,  Sullivan,  Mercer,  Putnam. 

Third  District.— Dr.  E.  H.  Miller,  Councillor,  Fayette- 
ville.  Counties:  Clay,  Ray,  Platte,  Clinton,  Caldwell,  De- 
Kalb,  Gentry,  Harrison,  Worth,  Davies. 

Fourth  District. — Dr.  C.  H.  Wallace,  Councillor,  St. 
Joseph.  Counties:  Buchanan,  Holt,  Atchison,  Nodaway, 
Andrew. 

Fifth  District. — Dr.  L.  W.  Dallas,  Councillor,  Hunne- 
well.  Counties:  Macon,  Shelby,  Marion,  Randolph,  Mon- 
roe, Ralls. 

Sixth  District — Dr.  E.  S.  Cave,  Councillor,  Mexico. 
Counties:  Audrain,  Callaway,  Montgomery,  W^arren, 
Pike,  Boone,  Howard. 

Seventh  District. — Dr.  W.  B.  Dorsett,  Councillor,  St. 
Louis.     Counties:     St.  Charles,  St.  Louis,  Lincoln. 

Eighth  District. — Dr.  F.  J.  Lutz,  Councillor,  St.  Louis. 
Counties:     Franklin,  Gasconade,  Crawford. 

Ninth  District. — Dr.  B.  M.  Hypes,  Councillor,  St.  Louis. 
Counties:    St.  Genevieve,  Cape  Girardeau,  Perry. 

Tenth  District. — Dr.  J.  J.  Norwine,  Councillor,  Poplar 
Bluf¥.  Assistants  to  Dr.  Norwine,  Dr.  Higginbotham,  De 
Soto;  Dr.  I.  A.  Marshall,  Ironton.  Counties:  Dr.  Nor- 
wine— Butler,  Mississippi,  Scott,  New  Madrid,  Bollinger, 
4  Dunklin,  Stoddard,  Center,  Ripley.     Dr.  Higginbotham — 


122  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

Jefferson,  Washington,  St.  Francois.  Dr.  Marshall — Iron, 
Reynolds,  Wayne,  Madison. 

Eleventh  District. — Dr.  W.  S.  Allee,  Councillor,  Olean. 
Counties :  Miller,  Morgan,  Maries,  Cole,  Osage,  Moniteau, 
Camden. 

Twelfth  District. — Dr.  W.  J.  Ferguson,  Councillor, 
Sedalia.  Counties :  Pettis,  Johnson,  Lafayette,  Henry,  St. 
Clair,  Benton,  Saline,  Cooper. 

Thirteenth  District. — Dr.  Jabez  N.  Jackson,  Councillor, 
Kansas  City.     Counties :     Jackson,  Cass,  Bates. 

Fourteenth  District. — Dr.  A.  R.  Snyder,  Councillor,  Jop- 
lin.  Counties :  McDonald,  Berry,  Newton,  Jasper,  Law- 
rence, Dade,  Barton,  Cedar,  Vernon. 

Fifteenth  District, — Counties:  Hickory,  Stone,  Taney, 
Greene,  Christian,  Dallas,  Polk. 

Sixteenth  District. — Dr.  R.  L.  Johnson,  Councillor, 
Rolla.  Counties :  Phelps,  Pulaski,  Laclede,  Webster, 
Ozark,  Dent,  Texas,  Wright,  Douglas,  Howell,  Oregon. 

Under  the  new  constitution  the  association  is  separated 
into  two  bodies,  the  House  of  Delegates  and  the  Scientific 
Body.  The  House  of  Delegates  consists  of  delegates  from 
the  county  medical  societies,  one  delegate  for  each  fifty 
members,  and  here  all  the  business  of  the  association  is 
transacted,  including  the  election  of  officers,  except  the 
president.  The  president  is  elected  in  the  general  assem- 
bly being  nominated  by  ballot. 

This  reorganization  of  the  association  has  resulted  in 
bringing  the  profession  of  the  state  into  closer  relation  than 
ever  before.  The  association  is  now  one  of  the  best  or- 
ganized medical  bodies  in  the  country  and  exercises  a  potent 
influence  in  the  advancement  of  professional  learning,  in 
the  enactment  of  laws  for  the  regulation  of  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  the  state  and  the  betterment  of  hygienic  condi- 
tions. 

All  reputable  and  legally  registered  physicians  are  eligi- 
ble to  membership  in  the  association  if  they  are  accepted 
by  the  county  society;  on  condition,  however,  that  no  phy- 
sician shall  practice  ''sectarian"  medicine. 

Until  1904  the  proceedings  were  published  in  book  form 


IN  MISSOURI.  123 

but  in  that  year  the  Journal  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association  was  estabhshed  as  the  official  organ  to  be  pub- 
lished monthly.  The  first  number  appeared  in  July,  1904, 
and  the  "Journar'  has  appeared  each  m.onth  since  that  time. 
It  is  owned  and  controlled  by  the  association  and  has  been 
an  important  factor  in  aiding  the  councillors  to  organize 
the  various  county  societies. 

The  ''Journal"  is  edited  by  the  Publication  Committee: 
Dr.  C.  M.  Nicholson,  chairman;  Drs.  F.  J.  Lutz,  M.  P. 
Overholser,  C.  Lester  Hall,  Woodson  Moss,  Robert  T. 
Sloan  and  L.  A.  Todd. 

The  fee  for  membership  in  the  association  is  $2 ;  this 
sum  being  paid  by  the  county  society  for  each  member. 
The  "Journal''  is  sent  free  to  the  members  of  all  county 
societies  in  affiliation  with  the  state  association.  At  pres- 
ent there  are  eighty-four  counties  in  affiliation  with  a  total 
membership  of  1,754. 

The  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  was  founded  in  1836 
and  incorporated  by  act  of  the  Missouri  Legislature  in 
1837  under  the  name  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State 
of  Missouri.  Its  first  officers  were  Dr.  B.  G.  Farrar,  presi- 
dent; Dr.  Hardage  Lane,  vice-president;  Dr.  B.  B.  Brown, 
recording  secretary;  Dr.  J.  Johnson,  corresponding  secre- 
tary; Dr.  Y.  D.  Boling,  treasurer.  The  society  adopted 
the  code  of  ethics  recommended  by  the  American  Medical 
Association  in  1847.  It  has  three  classes  of  members,  asso- 
ciate, corresponding  and  honorary.  Meetings  were  held 
monthly  from  May  to  November  and  semi-monthly  from 
November  to  May,  but  for  many  years  weekly  meetings 
have  been  held  from  September  to  June.  In  1848  it  vir- 
tually suspended  and  for  two  years  no  interest  was  mani- 
fested in  the  meetings.  In  1850  a  reorganization  was  ef- 
fected under  the  name  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and 
it  has  been  an  active  working  body  since  that  time.  For 
twelve  years  after  the  society  was  organized  the  meetings 
were  held  in  the  Masonic  Hall,  then  in  the  Westminster 
Church,  corner  of  Broadway  and  Locust  street,  then  in  a 
hall  on  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Chestnut  streets  and  aft- 


124  HISTORY  OF  MBDICINE 

erwards  in  the  Medical  College  building  on  Seventh  and 
Myrtle  streets.  Later  the  meetings  were  held  in  the  Poly- 
technic building  and  the  Board  of  Education  building  and 
for  the  last  year  the  meetings  have  been  held  in  the  halls 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Library  Association  at  3525  Pine 
street. 

When  the  State  Medical  Association  was  reorganized  in 
1903,  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  was  nominated  the  rep- 
resentative body  in  St.  Louis,  through  which  membership 
in  the  state  association  should  be  secured  and  was  accepted 
as  an  affiliated  county  medical  society  for  the  City  of  St 
Louis.  The  membership  now  numbers  435,  The  officers 
for  1905  are  Dr.  F.  L.  Henderson,  president;  Dr.  J.  C. 
Morfit,  vice-president;  Dr.  T.  A.  Hopkins,  recording  secre- 
tary; Dr.  Chas.  J.  Orr,  corresponding  secretary;  Dr.  R.  M. 
King,  treasurer. 

The  St.  Louis  Surgical  Society  was  incorporated  on 
June  1,  1891,  through  the  efforts  of  Dr.  Frank  J.  Lutz.  The 
first  meeting  was  held  on  January  13,  1892,  with  the  fol- 
lowing charter  members :  Drs.  E.  H.  Gregory,  T.  F. 
Prewitt'^,  H.  Tuholske,  N.  B.  Carson  and  F.  J.  Lutz.  Since 
the  organization  Dr.  Gregory  has  been  the  president  and 
Dr.  Lutz  secretary.  The  society  meets  once  a  month  from 
October  to  June,  the  meetings  being  held  at  the  homes  of 
the  various  members.  Membership  is  limited  to  those  who 
practice  general  surgery  and  the  meetings  are  devoted  to 
papers  and  discussions  on  this  subject. 

The  Medical  Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni  of  St. 
Louis  was  organized  November  4,  1891,  Dr.  Norvelle  Wal- 
lace Sharpe  and  Dr.  Bransford  Lewis  having  inaugurated 
the  movement.  The  membership  is  composed  solely  of  phy- 
sicians who  have  served  as  interne  or  superintendent  of 
the  City  Hospital  in  St.  Louis.  This  society  has  taken  the 
initiative  in  many  reform  movements,  notably  the  effort  to 
have  introduced  into  the  public  schools  a  system  of  medical 
inspection  of  children  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the 
spread  of  disease;  the  establishment  of  a  state  sanatorium 

*Deceased. 


IN  MISSOURI.  125 

for  consumptives,  this  object  having  been  accomplished  in 
1905  after  united  action  by  the  profession  of  the  entire 
state.  Meetings  are  held  on  the  first  and  third  Thursday 
of  each  month  except  during  July  and  August.  The  officers 
for  1905  are  John  Green,  Jr.,  president;  L.  H.  Behrens, 
vice-president;  Walter  Baumgarten,  secretary. 

The  St.  Louis  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 
— This  society  is  composed  of  physicians  and  laymen  and 
was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  spread  of 
tuberculosis.  With  the  certain  knowledge  that  tuberculosis 
was  a  communicable  disease  and  therefore  preventable,  the 
medical  profession  with  characteristic  energy  and  prompt- 
ness where  the  welfare  of  the  community  is  conserved  and 
the  health  of  the  individual  is  improved,  set  to  work  to  de- 
vise means  for  preventing  the  spread  of  tuberculosis  and 
early  in  1904  the  organization  of  the  St.  Louis  Society 
was  completed.  The  plan  of  association  was  to  make 
each  branch  as  representative  as  possible  and  yet,  in  a  man- 
ner interdependent.  The  chairmen  of  the  different  com- 
mittees, with  the  general  officers,  constitute  the  executive 
committee,  with  power  to  act,  and  in  turn  was  appointed  the 
''Committee  for  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis"  for  the 
Civic  Improvement  League.  This  gave  the  society  the 
sanction  of  the  league  without  limiting  its  sphere  of  action. 

Included  in  the  committee  on  publicity  is  the  editor  of 
each  St.  Louis  daily  paper  and  several  editors  of  medical 
journals.  The  advisory  committee  consists  of  the  presi- 
dent or  manager  of  each  of  the  large  St.  Louis  charities. 
The  legal  committee  has  for  its  members  some  of  the  best 
known  attorneys  of  the  city.  The  committee  on  inspection 
and  the  medical  committee  consist  of  representatives  from 
all  of  the  medical  schools  and  universities  with  the  health 
commissioner  and  members  of  the  board  of  health,  while 
the  ways  and  means  committee  is  composed  of  a  number 
of  well-known  merchants  and  capitalists. 

The  first  organization  of  medical  men  on  the  western 
border  of  the  state  of  which  we  have  any  record  is  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  Society,  which  was  formed  in  1869. 
Its  first  president  was  Dr.  Alfred  B.  Sloan.     It  maintained 


126  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE^ 

its  existence  until  about  1889,  when  it  was  practically  ab- 
sorbed by  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society,  which  at 
that  time  developed  new  life.  During  its  existence  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  Society  was  an  active  working  body, 
holding  meetings  every  two  weeks  at  which  papers  were 
read  and  discussed,  sending  delegates  to  the  meetings  of 
the  State  and  National  Associations  and  holding  its  mem- 
bers to  a  rigid  compliance  with  the  Code  of  Ethics.  It 
did  much  to  give  character  and  unity  to  the  profession  in 
the  city  during  its  formative  period. 

The  Kansas  City  District  Medical  Society  was  organized 
in  1874.  It  was  intended  to  embrace  within  its  member- 
ship the  medical  men  of  Jackson,  Clay,  Ray,  Platte  and 
Lafayette  counties  and  to  a  considerable  degree  succeeded 
in  accomplishing  this  purpose.  Dr.  J.  M.  Allen,  of  Liberty, 
was  its  first  president  and  Dr.  E.  W.  Schauffler,  of  Kan- 
sas City,  the  first  secretary,  which  position  he  held  con- 
tinuously for  twenty-three  years.  Meetings  were  held  in 
Kansas  City  once  in  two  months  at  first  and  afterwards 
quarterly.  Many  papers  of  great  value  were  read  and  dis- 
cussed and  the  society  served  an  admirable  purpose  in  mak- 
ing the  physicians  of  the  different  counties  acquainted  with 
one  another,  in  stimulating  study,  and  in  uniting  them  in 
many  efforts  for  the  good  of  the  profession  and  the  good 
of  the  community.  Like  other  societies  of  this  sort  it  took 
the  place  of  a  county  society  in  many  regions  where  it  had 
proved  impossible  to  maintain  a  live  county  organization, 
and  served  as  a  feeder  to  the  State  Medical  Association. 
At  the  end  of  twenty-eight  years,  in  1902,  the  society  hav- 
ing served  its  purpose  and  the  county  societies  having  to 
a  great  degree  taken  its  place,  it  went  out  of  existence, 

Jackson  County  Medical  Society.  Whether  there  was 
any  medical  organization  in  Jackson  County  previous  to 
the  Civil  War,  in  1861,  seems  to  be  a  matter  of  doubt. 
Traditions  to  that  effect  cannot  be  verified.  The  present 
society  was  formed  in  1874.  Its  records  having  been  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  no  details  can  be  given.  It  maintained  a 
feeble  existence  for  four  years  and  lay  absolutely  dormant 
from  1878  to  1881.     At  that  time  it  was  resuscitated  and 


IN  MISSOURI.  127 

has  ever  since  maintained  an  active  life,  growing  in  num- 
bers and  importance  and  in  the  value  of  its  work  and  in- 
fluence. The  officers  elected  in  1881  were  president,  Dr. 
C.  D.  McDonald;  vice-president,  Dr.  Joshua  Miller,  and 
secretary,  Dr.  C.  W.  Adams.  Of  late  years  the  meetings 
are  held  with  great  regularity  twice  a  month,  the  attend- 
ance is  large  and  the  character  of  the  work  admirable. 
Since  the  medical  reorganization  of  the  state  two  years 
ago,  in  compliance  with  the  uniform  plan  proposed  by  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the  membership  of  the 
county  society  has  increased  and  it  now  numbers  two  hun- 
dred and  forty-one  members.  The  present  officers  are  Dr. 
Robert  T.  Sloan,  president;  Dr.  E.  H.  Thrailkill,  vice- 
president;  Dr.  Max  Goldman,  secretary,  and  Dr.  L.  W. 
Luscher,  treasurer. 

The  Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medicine  was  organized 
and  incorporated  June,  1890,  its  first  officers  being  Dr.  H. 
C.  Crowell,  president;  Dr.  C.  F.  Wainwright,  vice-presi- 
dent; Dr.  H.  S.  Douglas,  censor;  Dr.  C.  B.  Hardin,  secre- 
tary, and  Dr.  B.  Van  Sweringen,  treasurer.  It  was  pro- 
vided that  the  membership  or  "Fellows"  should  consist  of 
members  of  the  medical  profession  in  good  standing  living 
in  Kansas  City,  or  within  ten  miles  thereof,  who  had  been 
graduates  in  medicine  for  at  least  two  years  and  had  lived 
in  this  city  or  vicinity  for  at  least  one  year.  The  society 
meets  for  the  consideration  of  a  professional  program  every 
two  weeks.  Two  or  three  times  in  the  course  of  the  year 
lecturers  or  speakers  of  distinction  are  brought  from  a  dis- 
tance to  address  the  society.  The  beginning  of  a  medical 
library  has  been  made.  The  registered  membership  of  the 
academy  is  one  hundred  and  ten — the  active  membership 
between  fifty  and  sixty.  The  president  for  the  current  year 
is  Dr.  T.  J.  Beattie,  and  the  secretary,  Dr.  George  B.  Nor- 
berg. 

The  Kansas  City  Surgical  Club  was  organized  in  May, 
1903.  The  organizers  were  Dr.  J,  F.  Binnie,  W.  J.  Frick, 
W.  Eugene  King,  Howard  Hill,  Robert  McE.  Schauffler 
and  E.  G.  Mark.  Since  then  the  membership  has  increased 
to  the  number  of  nineteen.     It  is  composed  solely  of  men 


128  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

devoted  to  the  practice  of  surgery,  meets  once  a  month  for 
the  discussion  of  matters  pertaining  to  that  specialty  as 
well  as  for  a  social  hour.  The  present  officers  are  Presi- 
dent Dr.  Jacob  Block,  Vice-President  Dr.  G.  W.  Lilly,  Sec- 
retary Dr.  E.  G.  Mark. 

The  Linton  District  Medical  Association.  —  This 
was  the  first  district  medical  society  organized  in  the 
state.  By  common  consent  it  was  named  for  Dr.  Lin- 
ton, who  was  one  of  the  original  founders  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College.  The  counties  embraced  are  St.  Charles, 
Warren,  Montgomery,  Callaway,  Boone,  Audrain,  Pike 
and  Lincoln. 

The  original  conception  was  due  to  the  late  Dr.  H.  H. 
Middlekamp,  of  Warrenton.  About  1872  Dr.  Middlekamp 
called  the  first  meeting.  Those  attending  were  Drs.  Russell, 
Rothwell  and  Humphries  of  Mexico,  Adams  of  Montgom- 
ery, Willis  of  Price's  Branch,  and  Dr.  L  M.  Foreman  of 
Jonesburg.  Dr.  Foreman  is  the  only  survivor.  Under  the 
leadership  of  such  a  noble  band,  the  society  grew  in  a  few 
years  to  a  membership  of  over  one  hundred.  Every  mem- 
ber added  his  mite  and  every  member  went  away  feeling 
wiser  and  better  toward  his  professional  brother,  broad- 
ened out  by  this  interchange  of  thought.  The  society  is 
in  a  flourishing  condition  and  holds  meetings  at  stated  in- 
tervals. 


IN  MISSOURI.  129 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


Medical  Colleges. 


MISSOURI  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1840,  mainly  through 
the  energy  and  enterprise  of  Dr.  Joseph  Nash  McDowell, 
then  but  recently  removed  to  St.  Louis  from  Cincinnati. 
At  first  the  college  operated  under  the  charter  of  a  literary 
institution,  known  as  Kemper  College,  conducted  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  was  called  the  Medi- 
cal Department  of  Kemper  College.  The  first  course  of 
lectures  was  delivered  in  the  winter  of  1840-1,  by  the  fol- 
lowing faculty:  Joseph  N.  McDowell,  John  S.  Moore, 
Josephus  W.  Hall,  John  D.  Wolf,  Hiram  L.  Prout.  These 
lectures  were  delivered  in  a  building  erected  for  the  pur- 
pose on  a  high  bank  of  Chouteau's  pond,  at  the  corner  of 
Ninth  and  Cerre  streets,  where  the  Wainwright  brewery 
now  stands.  In  1847,  Kemper  College  having  failed,  owing 
to  the  lack  of  financial  support,  the  Medical  Department 
became  the  Medical  Department  of  the  State  University, 
and  was  so  conducted  until  the  general  organization  of 
the  State  University,  when  a  separate  charter  was  procured, 
under  which  the  college  was  independently  conducted  as 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  Missouri  Institute  of 
Science,  but  was  more  commonly  known  as  the  Missouri 
Medical  College.  The  college  was  located  on  the  corner 
of  Eighth  and  Gratiot  streets,  whereon  was  erected  a  pre- 
tentious stone  building  of  octagonal  design,  with  all  con- 
veniences for  the  accommodation  of  the  school.  This 
building  was  occupied  until  the  commencement  of  the  Civil 
War,  when  it  w^as  confiscated  by  the  United  States  gov- 


130  HISTORY  OF  MEIDICINE; 

ernment,  and  became  famous  as  a  military  prison.  After 
the  close  of  the  war  the  faculty  was  reorganized  and  lec- 
tures resumed  in  the  same  building;  but  later,  in  1874,  a 
joint  stock  company  was  formed,  witii  a  capital  of  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  a  new  college  building  was  erected  at 
the  northeast  corner  of  Lucas  avenue  and  Twenty-third 
street.  Here  the  school  remained  until  1894,  when  more 
commodious  quarters  being  required  to  accommodate  the 
increased  attendance  of  students,  the  school  was  removed 
to  Jefferson  avenue  and  Lucas  avenue,  where  a  handsome 
college  building  had  been  previously  erected  for  the  accom- 
modation of  the  school.  The  building  was  designed  with 
special  reference  to  the  requirements  of  modern  scientific 
medical  instruction.  It  was  amply  provided  with  well 
equipped  histological,  physiological,  chemical  and  patholog- 
ical laboratories,  dissecting  rooms,  anatomical  and  surgical 
amphitheaters,  lecture  halls,  clinic  rooms,  and  such  other 
features  of  scientific  and  practical  utility  as  were  demanded. 
Adjoining  the  college  building  is  the  St.  Louis  Polyclinics, 
so  arranged  that  the  lecture  halls,  laboratories,  clinics  and 
hospital  rooms  are  practically  under  one  roof  with  the 
college.  In  the  Polyclinic  building  is  also  located  the  col- 
lege museum,  where  are  exhibited  over  fifteen  hundred 
(1,500)  individual  objects.  Among  the  subjects  well  rep- 
resented are  human  and  comparative  anatomy,  anthropol- 
ogy, teratology,  embryology  and  pathology.  Here  are  also 
to  be  found  a  very  complete  series  of  pathological  specimens 
in  gynecology  and  a  fine  collection  of  human  and  compara- 
tive anatomy,  embracing  types  of  all  the  mammalian  orders 
except  monotremata. 

After  enjoying  a  prosperous  career  of  fifty-nine  years, 
the  college  was,  in  1899,  in  conjunction  with  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  merged  into  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  Washington  University.  The  last  commencement  ex- 
ercises were  held  April  18,  1899,  when  three  hundred  stu- 
dents were  in  attendance  and  a  class  of  eighty-one  members 
was  graduated.  The  closing  exercises  of  the  noted  school 
were  witnessed  by  hundreds  of  Its  former  students  and 
friends,  and  not  a  few  pathetic  incidents  marked  the  memo- 


IN  MISSOURI.  131 

rable  occasion.  Dr.  H.  Tuholske  delivered  the  diplomas 
to  the  graduates  and  a  farewell  address  to  the  students, 
while  Dr.  H.  N.  Spencer  awarded  the  medal  and  announced 
the  names  of  the  students  who  obtained  honorable  mention. 
The  valedictory  was  delivered  by  Dr.  William  M.  Mc- 
Pheeters.  At  the  time  of  the  consolidation  of  the  school 
with  the  Washington  University,  the  board  of  trustees 
consisted  of  T.  F.  Prewitt,  M.  D.,  president;  P.  G.  Robin- 
son, M.  D. ;  H.  Tuholske,  M.  D. ;  F.  V.  L.  Brokaw,  M.  D. ; 
Selden  P.  Spencer.  The  last  faculty  was  composed  of  the 
following  physicians:  Wm.  M.  McPheeters,  G.  M.  B. 
Maughs,  G.  A.  Moses,  P.  G.  Robinson,  Dean ;  J.  K.  Bauduy, 
Chas.  E.  Michel,  H.  Tuholske,  T.  F.  Prewitt,  Justin  Steer, 
W.  A.  Hardaway,  H.  N.  Spencer,  vice-dean ;  Wm.  C,  Glas- 
gow, H.  M.  Whelpley,  Secretary  of  the  faculty ;  A.  J.  Steele, 
Treasurer  and  Registrar;  W.  H.  Ford,  A.  V.  L.  Brokaw, 
E.  W.  Saunders,  Selden  P.  Spencer,  Francis  Temm,  H. 
Rohlfing,  H.  W.  Hermann,  D.  C.  Gamble,  F.  C.  Amiess, 
W.  S.  Barker,  J.  C.  Falk,  Carl  Fisch,  Hartwell  Lyon,  Henry 
S.  Brooks,  C.  H.  Dixon,  John  M.  Grant,  E.  H.  Behrens, 
John  Zahorsky,  R.  E.  Schleuter,  Given  Campbell,  Robert 
J.  Terry,  Frank  Hinchey,  H.  A.  Geitz,  H.  L.  Wolfner, 
T.  C.  Lane,  Phil  Hoffmann,  C.  L.  Wilson,  Phillip  Cogan, 
Keating  Bauduy,  M.  G.  Gorin,  L.  C.  Boisliniere,  B.  W. 
Moore. 

ST.  LOUIS  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 

On  October  14,  1841,  the  board  and  faculty  of  St  Louis 
University  enacted  the  constitution  of  a  Medical  Depart- 
ment, and  by  this  act  created  the  institution  later  known  as 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College.  Its  organization  was  per- 
fected on  October  8,  1842,  and  the  Board  of  Trustees  con- 
firmed the  faculty  already  appointed  by  the  university. 

This  original  faculty  consisted  of  Drs.  Josephus  Wells 
Hall,  Hiram  Augustus  Prout,  James  Vance  Prather,  Daniel 
Brainerd  of  Chicago,  and  Moses  Lewis  Linton  of  Spring- 
field, Ky.  Dr.  Prather  was  elected  first  dean,  and  instruc- 
tion in  medicine  was  begun  in  a  small  house  owned  by  the 
dean,  on  Washington  avenue,  between  Tenth  and  Eleventh 


132  HISTORY  OF  MKDICINB 

Streets,  and  there  the  first  graduating  class,  numbering  six 
members,  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

Vacancies  by  resignation  occurred  in  the  faculty  before 
the  next  session,  Drs.  Prout  and  Brainerd  retiring.  These 
were  filled  by  Dr.  Abram  Litton  of  Nasiiville,  Tenn.,  Dr. 
Joseph  Granville  Norwood,  of  Madison,  Iowa,  and  Dr. 
Charles  Alexander  Pope.  In  the  following  year  Dr.  Moses 
M.  Pallen  entered  the  faculty,  which  was  in  that  year  re- 
organized, and  separate  chairs  assigned  for  the  teaching  of 
anatomy  and  chemistry.  In  the  mean  time  a  small  building 
had  been  erected  by  Dr.  Prather  on  the  same  lot  and  de- 
voted to  the  uses  of  the  Medical  Department.  In  1847 
Dr.  Linton  was  elected  dean  and  served  for  two  years. 

The  school  prospered  and  soon  outgrew  its  modest  quar- 
ters on  Washington  avenue,  and  in  1849  entered  a  new 
home  erected  by  Col.  John  O'Fallon  on  Seventh  and  Myrtle 
streets  (now  Clark  avenue).  The  new  college  building  was 
a  conspicuous  edifice  in  the  city  at  that  time  and  was  pro- 
vided with  two  large  lecture  rooms,  a  well  stocked  museum, 
two  large  anatomical  rooms  and  a  small  physical  and  chem- 
ical laboratory.     In  this  year  Dr.  Pope  was  elected  dean. 

In  1855  the  school  separated  its  connection  with  the 
St.  Louis  University  and  became  an  independent  institu- 
tion. This  was  chiefly  due  to  pressure  growing  out  of  the 
"Know  Nothing"  movement  in  politics.  The  school  was 
incorporated  under  the  name  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege and  a  charter  was  granted  by  the  Legislature  on  Feb- 
ruary 23,  1855.  Changes  in  the  faculty  during  these  years 
brought  to  the  college  Drs.  Ellsworth  F.  Smith,  E.  H. 
Gregory,  J.  H.  Watters,  J.  B.  Johnson. 

Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen  became  dean  in  1864  and  continued 
in  that  capacity  until  his  death  in  1882.  It  was  during 
his  regime  and  with  his  support  that  the  college  took  the 
important  step  in  reforming  and  advancing  its  method  of 
instruction.  In  1880  the  course  of  instruction  was  divided 
into  three  years  of  seven  months  each  year,  and  in  1897  the 
curriculum  was  again  extended  and  a  four  years'  graded 
course  was  made  the  necessary  requirement  for  graduation. 

An  offer  of  alliance  with  the  Washington  University  was 


IN  MISSOURI.  133 

accepted  on  April  9,  1891,  and  the  school  became  the  Med- 
ical Department  of  Washington  University.  In  1899  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege combined,  the  united  colleges  continuing  as  the  Medical 
Department  of  Washington  University. 

MEDICAL    DEPARTMENT    WASHINGTON    UNI- 
VERSITY, ST.  LOUIS. 

The  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  under  an  ordinance  en- 
acted in  1891,  was  created  the  Medical  Department  of 
Washington  University  and  continued  in  that  relation  until 
the  close  of  the  session  of  1898-1899. 

Early  in  the  year  1899  the  respective  faculties  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College  and  the  Missouri  Medical  College 
took  certain  preliminary  steps  looking  to  the  consoli- 
dation of  these  two  institutions  with  the  view  of 
continuing  the  combined  schools  as  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  Washington  University.  Both  faculties 
resigned  and  at  once  reorganized,  a  faculty  elected 
and  the  object  in  view  was  successfully  consum- 
mated. This  combination  of  the  two  oldest  medical 
colleges  in  the  West  gave  Missouri  a  medical  college  with 
all  the  benefits  and  privileges  accompanying  university  con- 
nection, having  at  its  disposal  the  combined  resources  of 
two  institutions  of  high  standing,  which  ojffered  much  to 
students  of  medicine.  The  graded  course  of  study  was 
elaborated  and  extended  in  the  interest  of  higher  standards 
and  broader  teaching.  The  teaching  force  of  professors, 
lecturers  and  teachers  numbers  more  than  one  hundred. 

The  Medical  Department  owns  two  buildings,  in  which 
the  teaching  work  of  the  school  was  conducted.  These  are 
the  buildings  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  situated  on 
Locust  street  bewteen  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth  streets, 
and  the  buildings  formerly  occupied  by  the  Missouri  Medi- 
cal College  on  Jefferson  and  Lucas  avenues.  The  building 
on  Locust  street  was  erected  in  1892,  and  contains  six  lec- 
ture halls,  besides  laboratories  fully  equipped  with  every 
modern  apparatus  adapted  for  demonstration  and  for  origi- 
nal research  work. 


134  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

The  Missouri  Medical  College  building  on  Jefferson  and 
Lucas  avenues  was  erected  in  1895  and  was  connected  with 
the  Polyclinic  Hospital  and  Dispensary.  In  1904  this  build- 
ing was  remodeled  and  converted  into  a  hospital,  called  the 
University  Hospital,  and  this  is  used  in  conjunction  with 
other  hospitals  and  dispensaries  for  clinics  and  bed-side  in- 
struction. The  first  faculty  of  the  combined  schools  was 
composed  of  the  following:  E.  H,  Gregory,  G.  Baum- 
garten,  dean;  H.  Tuholske,  T.  F.  Prewitt,*  W.  E.  Fischel, 
Robert  Luedeking,  J.  P.  Bryson,*  Justin  Steer,  W.  A. 
Hardaway,  H.  N.  Spencer,  W.  C.  Glasgow,  H.  Schwarz, 
P.  Y.  Tupper,  E.  W.  Saunders,  N.  B.  Carson,  J.  B.  Shap- 
leigh,  S.  P.  Budgett.  In  1902  Robert  Ludeking  was  elected 
dean,  and  has  filled  this  office  since  that  time. 

MARION-SIMS  COLLEGE  OF  MEDICINE, 
ST.  LOUIS. 

The  Marion-Sims  College  of  Medicine  was  founded  in 
1890,  the  corner  stone  of  a  four-story  building  being  laid 
on  May  1st  of  that  year.  This  building  was  located  on  the 
corner  of  Grand  avenue  and  Caroline  street,  and  on  October 
1st  the  opening  session  of  the  college  began.  Additional  lots 
of  ground  were  secured  at  various  times  until  the  institution 
owned  an  acre  and  a  half  of  land  on  the  original  site.  The 
buildings  were  fully  equipped  with  laboratories,  class  rooms, 
amphitheaters  and  lecture  rooms.  In  1893  the  Rebekah 
Hospital  was  completed  and  opened  for  the  reception  of  pa- 
tients on  January  1st  and  was  used  for  clinical  and  bed- 
side instruction. 

In  1894  a  Dental  Department  was  estabhshed  and  has 
been  in  successful  operation  since  that  time. 

A  graded  course  of  three  years  was  the  requirement 
until  1899,  when  the  term  was  extended  to  a  four-year 
course  in  both  the  Dental  and  the  Medical  Departments. 

In  1901  the  Marion-Sims  Medical  College  and  the  Beau- 
mont Hospital  Medical  College  combined  to  form  the 
Marion-Sims-Beaumont   Medical   College.     The  buildings 

*  Deceased. 


IN  MISSOURI.  135 

of  the  latter  institution  on  Jefferson  and  Pine  street  were 
abandoned  and  the  equipment  transferred  to  the  Marion- 
Sims  College  buildings  on  Grand  and  Caroline.  In  1903 
the  combined  colleges  became  the  Medical  Department  of 
St.  Louis  University. 

BEAUMONT  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE, 
ST.  LOUIS. 

The  name  of  this  college  was  chosen  in  honor  of  the  dis- 
tinguished physician,  Dr.  William  Beaumont.  It  was  or- 
ganized in  1886  and  for  three  years  held  sessions  in  the 
building  formerly  occupied  by  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church,  on  the  corner  of  Sixteenth  and  Walnut  streets. 
In  1889  the  building,  with  its  entire  equipment,  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  The  faculty  at  once  took  steps  for  erecting  a 
new  building  and  purchased  property  on  the  southwest  cor- 
ner of  Jefferson  avenue  and  Pine  street  and  erected  a  mod- 
ern building,  which  was  completed  in  1890,  thoroughly 
equipped  with  amphitheaters,  laboratories,  museum,  clinic 
and  dissecting  rooms. 

In  1901  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College  and  the 
Marion-Sims  Medical  College  combined  to  form  the  Marion- 
Sims-Beaumont  Medical  College,  and  this  institution  was, 
in  1903,  made  the  Medical  Department  of  the  St.  Louis 
University. 

The  original  faculty  of  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical 
College  consisted  of  the  following:  W.  B.  Outten,  dean; 
A.  B.  Shaw,  R.  M.  King,  W.  A.  McCandless,  A.  M.  Riley, 
W.  G.  Moore,  D.  V.  Dean,  A.  Alt,  L.  H.  Laidley,  W. 
Briggs,  J.  C.  Mulhall,  E.  J.  Lutz,  J.  B.  Keber,  W.  L.  Blick- 
hahn,  Spencer  Graves. 

MEDICAL  DEPARTMENT  ST.  LOUIS  UNIVERSITY 

On  May  1,  1901,  the  Marion-Sims  College  of  Medicine 
and  the  Beaumont  Hospital  College  of  Medicine,  of  St. 
Louis,  combined  and  formed  one  institution,  called  the 
Marion-Sims-Beaumont  Medical  College.     The  consolidat- 


136  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

ed  school  presented  opportunities  for  medical  instruction 
far  in  advance  of  what  had  been  possible  in  the  separate 
colleges.  In  1901  a  new  building  was  erected  to  supply  the 
demands  for  the  various  laboratories.  The  buildings  are 
located  on  the  comer  of  Grand  avenue  and  Caroline  street, 
and  comprise  the  Medical  building,  the  Rebekah  hospital, 
and  the  Laboratory  building. 

Following  the  tendency  in  higher  medical  education,  the 
need  for  close  university  connection  was  made  manifest  and 
arrangements  were  entered  into  whereby  the  Marion-Sims 
Beaumont  Medical  College  should  become  a  component  part 
of  the  St.  Louis  University.  In  1903  these  arrangements 
were  completed  and  the  college  was  made  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  St.  Louis  University.  Facilities  for  teaching 
were  increased  and  the  fundamental  departments  of  medi- 
cine were  placed  on  the  same  plane  as  other  university 
branches,  anatomy,  chemistry,  physiology,  pathology,  bac- 
teriology and  pharmacology  being  taught  by  specialists 
who  devote  their  entire  time  to  teaching  and  research.  The 
faculty  comprises  over  one  hundred  professors,  teachers  and 
instructors.  Numerous  hospital  connections  afford  excel- 
lent advantages  for  clinical  instruction. 

HUMBOLDT  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  ST.  LOUIS. 

This  institution  was  organized  as  a  German  Medical 
College  in  1859,  under  the  name  of  the  "Humboldt  Institut 
Oder  Deutsche."  Its  founder  was  Dr.  Adam  Hammer, 
and  two  classes  were  graduated  before  the  Civil  War.  Its 
sessions  were  then  discontinued  until  1866,  when  the  insti- 
tution was  reorganized  and  the  first  faculty  composed  of 
the  following:  F.  G.  Bernays,  G.  Bernays,  D.  Goebel, 
Adam  Hammer,  F.  W.  Hauck,  T.  C.  Hilgard,  C.  Roesch,  E. 
Schmidt. 

The  first  course  of  lectures,  which  were  delivered  in  Ger- 
man, was  given  during  the  winter  of  1866-186T.  It  was  the 
ambition  of  the  promoters  to  make  this  institution  com- 
pare favorably  with  the  far-famed  medical  institutions  of 
Germany,   and  in  the  prospectus    the    faculty  announced 


IN  MISSOURI.  137 

their  determination  to  make  the  term  of  study  longer  than 
any  other  medical  college  in  this  country,  of  arranging  a 
graded  course,  and  of  affording  facilities  for  instruction 
in  different  specialties.  The  building  occupied  by  the  col- 
lege stood  on  a  lot  fronting  the  old  City  Hospital  on  the 
south  side  of  Soulard  street.  After  reopening  in  1866  it 
gave  promise  of  success  and  graduated  some  physicians, 
two  of  whom,  Drs.  F.  J.  Artz  and  Joseph  Spiegeliialter, 
are  still  practicing  in  St.  Louis.  It  failed  to  meet  the  ex- 
pectations of  its  promoters,  however,  and  in  1869  most  of 
the  faculty  resigned  and  the  college  terminated  its  existence. 

COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS, 
ST.  LOUIS. 

This  college  was  founded  in  1878  by  Dr.  Louis  Bauer 
and  other  St.  Louis  physicians.  It  was  first  located  on 
Eleventh  and  North  Market  streets,  but  later  moved  to 
a  new  building  on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  avenue  and  Gam- 
ble street,  its  present  location.  Dr.  Waldo  Briggs  is  dean 
of  the  faculty  whicii  comprises  twenty  professors. 

MEDICAL  COLLEGES  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 

The  history  of  Medical  Colleges  in  Kansas  City  begins 
with  the  summer  of  1869,  when  Dr.  S.  S.  Todd,  Dr.  A.  B. 
Taylor  and  Dr.  F,  Cooley,  after  repeated  conferences  with 
friends,  procured  a  charter  for  the  Kansas  City  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  The  Faculty  was  composed 
of  Dr.  S.  S.  Todd,  President  and  Professor  of  Obstetrics 
and  diseases  of  women.  Dr.  F.  Cooley,  professor  of  Sur- 
gery, Dr.  A.  B.  Taylor  professor  of  Anatomy,  Dr.  E.  W, 
Schauffler,  professor  of  Physiology,  Dr.  Joseph  Chew,  pro- 
fessor of  Practice  of  Medicine,  Dr.  W.  C.  Evans,  professor 
of  Materia  Medica  and  diseases  of  children  and  Dr.  D.  R. 
Porter,  demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  and  Dr.  C.  Hixon,  pro- 
fessor of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear. 

Almost  simultaneously  other  members  of  the  profession 
secured  a  charter  for  the  Kansas   City  Medical   College. 


138  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

The  leading  spirit  in  this  movement  was  Dr.  A.  P.  Lank- 
ford,  a  young  and  energetic  surgeon,  aided  by  the  well 
known  surgeon.  Dr.  J.  M.  Wood.  The  faculty  consisted 
of  Dr.  J.  M.  Wood,  professor  of  Surgery,  Dr.  A.  P.  Lank- 
ford,  professor  of  Anatomy  and  adjunct  professor  of  Sur- 
gery, Dr.  A.  L.  Chapman,  professor  of  Physiology,  Dr.  A. 
B.  Sloan,  professor  of  Obstetrics  and  diseases  of  children. 
Dr.  T.  B.  Lester,  professor  of  Physical  Diagnosis  and  dis- 
eases of  the  chest,  Dr.  J.  G.  Russell,  professor  of  Practice 
of  Medicine,  Dr.  Jno.  M.  Forest,  professor  of  Obstetrics 
and  Diseases  of  Women,  Dr.  L  B.  Woodson  and  Dr.  C. 
Jackson,  Demonstrators  of  Anatomy  and  J.  V.  C.  Karnes, 
Lecturer  on  Medical  Jurisprudence.  From  these  events 
date  the  founding  of  the  first  medical  college  west  of  St. 
Louis.  The  schools  were  separately  maintained  until  the 
fall  of  18Y0,  when  after  repeated  conferences  between  the 
two  faculties  it  was  decided  that  all  should  resign  their 
positions  and  elect  a  single  faculty  from  among  their  num- 
ber. The  name  chosen  for  the  new  body  was  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  the  following  faculty  was 
elected :  Dr.  S.  S.  Todd,  President  and  Professor  of  Ob- 
stetrics and  Diseases  of  Women;  Dr.  J.  M.  Wood,  Emer- 
itus Professor  of  Surgery;  Dr.  A.  P.  Lankford,  Professor 
of  Surgery;  Dr.  A.  B.  Taylor,  Professor  of  Anatomy;  Dr. 
T.  B.  Lester,  Professor  of  Practice  of  Medicine;  Dr.  E.  W. 
Schauffler,  Secretary  and  Professor  of  Physiology;  Dr.  D. 
R.  Porter,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Skin  and  Venereal 
Diseases ;  Dr.  D.  E.  Dickerson,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica ; 
Dr.  T.  J.  Eaton,  Professor  of  Chemistry ;  Dr.  W.  C.  Evans, 
Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children;  Dr.  L  B.  Woodson, 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  with  Dr.  S.  C.  Price  as  assistant. 
The  attendance  the  first  year  was  seventeen,  and  the  grad- 
uated were  two. 

Some  of  those  omitted  in  the  consolidation  of  the  two 
colleges,  with  others,  then  organized  the  Kansas  City  Hos- 
pital Medical  College,  with  the  following  faculty:  Dr. 
Franklin  Cooley,  Professor  of  Surgery;  Dr.  Joseph  Chew, 
Professor  of  Practice  of  Medicine;  Dr.  J.  O.  Day,  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy  and  Physiology ;  Dr.  E.  Dunscomb,  Pro- 


IN  MISSOURI.  139 

fessor  of  Skin  and  Venereal  Diseases;  Dr.  J.  C.  Richards, 
Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women;  Dr.  J.  E. 
Heydon,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  and  Dr.  A.  L.  Chapman, 
Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  System. 
This  school,  (which  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  a  hybrid 
organization  that  took  the  same  name  some  years  later) 
was  not  destined  to  exist  long.  Near  the  end  of  its  second 
session  all  students  were  graduated  who  could  pass  the 
examination  and  the  school  was  permanently  closed. 

Resuming  the  history  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  it  is  needless  to  detail  the  successive  changes  in 
the  compositon  of  its  faculty,  but  a  few  names  should  be 
mentioned  of  men  who  have  been  and  some  of  whom  are 
still,  on  that  faculty  and  who  have  made  an  enviable  repu- 
tation for  themselves  and  shed  lustre  on  the  school.  These 
are  George  Halley,  J.  D.  Griffith,  F.  M.  Johnson,  A.  L. 
Fulton,  B.  E.  Fryer,  J.  H.  Thompson,  J.  F.  Binnie,  J.  H. 
Van  Eman,  W.  C.  Tyree  and  Jacob  Block.  Until  the  year 
1881  the  school  occupied  rented  quarters  in  what  was 
known  as  the  Diamond  building  at  the  junction  of  Main 
and  Delaware  streets.  In  1881  the  name  of  the  school 
was  changed  to  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College,  it  be- 
came a  stock  company  and  it  erected  a  building  of  its  own 
at  Seventh  and  Washington  streets,  which  has  since  been 
enlarged  and  is  still  occupied  by  the  college.  The  Kansas 
City  Medical  College  is  a  charter  member  of  the  American 
Medical  College  Association  and  has  stood  loyally  by  every 
advance  made  in  the  requirements  of  that  body.  It  poss- 
esses today  the  best  pathological  laboratory  of  any  school 
west  of  the  Mississippi  under  the  able  direction  of  Professor 
Frank  J.  Hall.  Since  its  organization  it  has  graduated  over 
six  hundred  men.  The  character  and  qualifications  of  these 
men  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  not  only  do  its 
graduates  constitute  a  large  part  of  its  own  teaching  force 
today,  but  that  they  are  also  among  the  best  teachers  in 
the  University  Medical  College  and  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
College  of  Kansas  City,  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  and  the  Topeka  Medical 
College.    At  the  time  of  this  writing  the  Kansas  City  Medi- 


140  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

cal  College  is  about  to  terminate  its  existence  as  an  inde- 
pendent medical  school  and  is  to  become  a  part  of  the  medi- 
cal department  of  the  University  of  Kansas,  which  is  to 
build  a  college,  laboratories  and  hospital  at  Rosedale,  Kan- 
sas, immediately  adjoining  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and  to 
engage  in  clinical  teaching  in  the  latter  city.  The  instruc- 
tion during  the  first  two  years  of  the  medical  course  is  to 
be  given  at  the  University  in  Lawrence,  Kansas,  and  that  of 
the  last  two  years  at  Rosedale  and  in  Kansas  City,  Kansas, 
and  in  Kansas  City,  Missouri.  A  large  part  of  the  faculty 
of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College  will  become  professors 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Kansas. 

The  University  Medical  College  of  Kansas  City,  Mis- 
souri, was  organized  in  1881.  The  thought  of  its  founders 
was  to  make  it  the  beginning  of  a  true  university,  but  thus 
far  no  part  of  the  scheme  has  been  carried  out  except  the 
establishment  of  the  medical  school.  The  original  faculty 
consisted  of  Dr.  H.  F.  Hereford,  Professor  of  Obstet- 
rics and  Diseases  of  Women;  Dr.  A.  O'Connor,  Professor 
of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine;  Dr.  John  W. 
Jackson,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Sur- 
gery; Dr.  J.  W.  Elston,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics ;  Dr.  E.  R.  Lewis,  Professor  of  Anatomy ;  Dr. 
J.  R.  Snell,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine;  Dr.  J.  P.  Jack- 
son, Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery;  Dr.  J.  L.  Teed,  Pro- 
fessor of  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases ;  Dr.  F.  B.  Tiiffany, 
Professor  of  Pathology,  Histology  and  Diseases  of  the  Eye 
and  Ear;  Dr.  J.  Miller,  Professor  of  Orthopaedic  Surgery; 
Dr.  C.  W.  Adams,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children;  Dr. 
A.  P.  Campbell,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and 
Chest ;  Dr.  L.  A.  Berger,  Professor  of  Hygiene ;  Dr.  G.  W. 
Davis,  Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases;  Dr.  W.  C. 
Baldwin,  Professor  of  Pyschological  Medicine  and  Medical 
Electricity;  Dr.  John  Wilson,  Professor  of  Dermatology; 
Dr.  Alex  Jamison,  Lecturer  on  Physics  and  Medical  Chem- 
istry; Dr.  G.  E.  Buxton,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Obstetrics 
and  Diseases  of  Women :  Dr.  W.  B.  Sawyer,  Adjunct  Pro- 
fessor of  Clinical  Medicine;  Dr.  W.  M.  Lewis,  Adjunct 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics;  Dr.  C.  V. 


IN  MISSOURI.  141 

Mottram,  Lecturer  on  Forensic  Medicine;  Dr.  J.  T.  Eggers, 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy.  The  University  Medical  Col- 
lege opened  its  first  session  in  a  commodious  building  of 
its  own  erected  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Twelfth  and  Mc- 
Gee  streets,  where  it  remained  until  the  year  1888.  This 
building  was  then  disposed  of  and  a  better  one  erected  at 
Tenth  and  Campbell  streets  immediately  adjoining  All 
Saints  Hospital,  a  private  enterprise,  which  was  now  taken 
charge  of  by  the  University  Medical  College  and  made  a 
part  of  its  equipment,  under  the  name  of  the  University 
Hospital.  The  career  of  the  college  was  most  successful. 
Its  faculty  was  from  time  to  time  strengthened  by  the  addi- 
tion of  some  of  the  most  capable  men  in  the  profession  and 
the  number  of  its  students  soon  exceeded  that  of  any  of 
its  competitors.  Without  specifying  in  detail  the  changes 
that  have  taken  place  in  its  faculty  the  following  may  be 
mentioned  among  the  men  of  ability  who  have  filled  chairs 
in  that  institution,  a  number  of  whom  are  with  it  still : 
Doctors  J.  M.  Allen,  George  Halley,  John  Duncan,  Emory 
Lanphear,  Willis  P.  King,  R.  B.  Hunter,  Claude  Hamilton, 
J.  E.  Logan,  John  Punton,  C.  F.  Wainwright,  S.  C.  Gant, 
H.  C.  Crowell,  A.  H.  Cordier,  J.  N.  Jackson,  C.  A.  Ritter. 

In  the  year  1892  the  University  Medical  College  doubled 
its  capacity  by  the  erection  of  a  large  addition  to  its  build- 
ing and  in  1903  a  new  hospital  building  was  erected  with 
accommodations  for  seventy-five  patients,  greatly  increas- 
ing the  clinical  facilities  of  the  school.  The  merger  of  the 
other  medical  colleges  of  Kansas  City  with  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Kansas  State  University  leaves  the  Uni- 
versity Medical  College  of  Kansas  City  the  only  school  on 
Missouri  soil,  at  this  point,  and  should  insure  for  it  a 
brilliant  future. 

The  Medico-Chirurgical  College,  of  Kansas  City,  Mis- 
souri, was  born  in  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  under  the  name 
of  the  Kansas  City  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  in 
1897,  and  held  its  first  session  1897-98,  in  the  state  of  Kan- 
sas. The  next  year  it  moved  into  Missouri  and  changed 
its  name  as  above  indicated,  its  faculty  being  constituted 
as  follows : 


142  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

Stephen  A.  Dunham,  president  and  professor  of  the 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine  and  Chnical  Medicine, 
Ernest  J.  Lutz,  professor  of  Pathology  and  Bacteriology, 
J.  M.  Banister,  professor  of  Surgical  Pathology,  George 
O.  Coffin,  professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Clini- 
cal and  Operative  Surgery,  E.  R.  Lewis,  professor  of  the 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery, 
J.  A.  Lane,  professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Sur- 
gery, N.  J.  Pettijohn,  professor  of  Railway  Surgery,  James 
F.  Wood,  professor  of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology,  W.  F. 
Kuhn,  professor  of  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases,  J.  P. 
Knoche,  professor  of  Dermatology,  James  L.  Harrington, 
secretary  and  professor  of  Genito-Urinary  and  Venereal 
Diseases,  Julius  Bruehl,  professor  of  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Medicine  and  Clinical  Medicine,  C.  Lester  Hall, 
professor  of  Diseases  of  Women,  Park  L.  McDonald,  pro- 
fessor of  Diseases  of  Children,  James  Thompson  and  E. 
Victor  Wedding,  professors  of  Materia  Medica  and  Ther- 
apeutics, C.  A.  Dannaker,  professor  of  Obstetrics,  Thomas 
B.  Thrush,  professor  of  Anatomy,  Hon,  R.  B.  Middle- 
brook,  professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,  Robert  O. 
Cross,  professor  of  Physiology,  Jean  Robert  Moeschel  and 
Joseph  S.  Lurie,  professors  of  Chemistry,  C.  B.  Hardin, 
lecturer  on  Physical  Diagnosis,  David  F.  Rodgers,  lecturer 
on  Orthopaedic  Surgery,  D.  Walton  Hall,  lecturer  on  Dis- 
eases of  the  Nose  and  Throat,  B.  L.  Eastman,  clinical  as- 
sistant to  the  chair  of  Gynecology,  John  M.  Frankenburger, 
lecturer  on  Minor  Surgery  and  Surgical  Dressings,  J.  V. 
Kinyoun,  lecturer  on  State  Medicine  and  Hygiene  and  di- 
rector of  Pathological  Laboratory,  Geo.  F,  Berry,  lecturer 
on  Rectal  Surgery,  W.  F.  Lippitt,  clinical  assistant  to  the 
chair  of  Ophthalmology,  J.  B.  Sawyer,  lecturer  on  Medical 
Jurisprudence,  Howard  Hill,  demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  B. 
F.  Watson,  lecturer  on  Histology,  A.  L.  Hunt,  demonstra- 
tor of  Histology,  John  T.  Finegan  and  J.  W.  Miller,  assist- 
ant demonstrators  of  Anatomy,  James  Earl,  electrician, 
demonstrator  of  X-Ray  apparatus. 

The  school  was  opened  in  rented  quarters  at  409-411 
Cherry  street,  but  in  1901  a  large  and  very  well  arranged 


IN  MISSOURI.  143 

building  was  erected  by  the  college  at  914-918  Independ- 
ence avenue.  The  location  of  the  college  was  such  as  to 
give  almost  unlimited  free  dispensary  material  and  the 
new  building  was  planned  with  special  reference  to  this,  the 
entire  first  floor  being  devoted  to  dispensary  accommoda- 
tions. This  out-door  clinic  has  at  all  times  been  a  promi- 
nent feature  in  the  teaching  of  the  school.  In  1901  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  College  absorbed  the  Columbian  Medi- 
cal College,  an  institution  that  had  existed  chiefly  on  paper 
but  which  brought  with  it  some  teachers  and  a  number  of 
students.  Among  the  men  worthy  of  mention  who  have 
been  teachers  in  this  school,  some  of  them  also  having  taught 
in  one  or  two  of  the  other  Kansas  City  schools,  are  the 
following:  Doctors  B,  E.  Fryer,  J.  L.  Robinson,  W.  F. 
Kuhn,  Samuel  Ayres,  E.  Von  Quast,  N.  P.  Wood  and  W. 
F.  Morrow.  The  total  number  of  graduates  from  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  College  is  one  hundred  and  thirty-six. 
The  first  class  that  came  up  for  graduation,  in  1898,  con- 
sisted of  two  men,  one  of  whom  failed  to  pass  the  exami- 
nation. 

This  college,  like  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College,  has 
agreed  to  terminate  its  existence  as  an  independent  school 
and  to  be  merged  into  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Kansas,  which  Medical  Department  will  be  lo- 
cated at  Rosedale,  Kansas,  immediately  adjoining  Kansas 
City,  Missouri,  and  a  good  part  of  whose  dispensary  work 
and  out-door  clinic  will  be  carried  on  at  the  Medico-Chir- 
urgical College  building.  A  large  part  of  the  faculty  will 
be  incorporated  with  the  faculty  of  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  Kansas  State  University. 

ENSWORTH   MEDICAL   COLLEGE,    ST.   JOSEPH. 

In  1877  a  number  of  physicians  in  St.  Joseph  started  a 
quiz  class  for  mutual  benefit.  They  were  Drs.  T.  H.  Doyle, 
Jacob  Geiger,  Charles  F.  Knight,  J.  M.  Richmond,  G.  C. 
Catlett,  J.  D.  Smith,  J.  M.  D.  France,  D.  I.  Christopher 
and  W.  B.  Craig.  Out  of  this  quiz  class  arose  the  first 
medical  college  in  St.  Joseph  with  these  physicians  compos- 


144  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

ing  the  faculty.    It  was  called  the  St.  Joseph  Hospital  Med- 
ical College. 

In  1879  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  St. 
Joseph  was  founded  by  the  following  gentlemen :  Drs. 
W.  I.  Heddens,  E.  A.  Donelan,  J.  W.  Reddens  and  P.  J. 
Kirschner.  In  1881  this  college  was  absorbed  by  the  St. 
Joseph  Hospital  Medical  College.  In  1886  Mr.  Samuel 
Ensworth  bequeathed  $100,000  to  build  and  maintain  a 
medical  college  and  a  hospital  in  St.  Joseph  and  the  trus- 
tees called  to  the  chairs  of  the  college  the  faculty  of  the  St. 
Joseph  Hospital  Medical  College  and  the  name  was  changed 
to  the  Ensworth  Medical  College,  and  the  hospital  erected 
was  called  the  Ensworth  Hospital.  The  college  and  hos- 
pital building  is  located  on  Seventh  and  Jule  streets.  It 
is  four  stories  high  and  contains  two  main  lecture  rooms, 
amphitheater,  dissecting  rooms,  library,  museum  and  labo- 
ratories and  fitted  with  every  modern  improvement.  It  is 
heated  by  steam  and  a  free  dispensary  is  maintained  in 
the  building.  The  faculty  started  with  a  three  years'  op- 
tional course  but  a  four  years'  graded  course  is  now  ob- 
ligatory. Dr.  Jacob  Geiger  is  dean  of  the  faculty  which 
comprises  twenty-seven  professors  and  teachers. 

MEDICAL  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  MISSOURI,  COLUMBIA. 

The  University  of  Missouri  was  founded  in  1839,  the 
legislative  act  establishing  the  university  being  approved 
on  February  11th  of  that  year.  The  Medical  Department 
was  opened  in  1873  although  from  1846  to  1856  there  ex- 
isted in  St.  Louis  a  medical  department  with  only  a  nominal 
connection  with  the  State  University.  A  session  of  nine 
months  was  established  and  the  course  extended  over  three 
years  until  1900  when  the  term  was  extended  to  a  four 
years'  course  of  nine  months  each  year.  In  1902  a  com- 
modious laboratory  building  was  completed  and  is  now 
equipped  to  meet  the  needs  of  modern  laboratory  instruc- 
tion and  research. 

By  the  gift  of  William  L.  Parker  the  Medical  Depart- 


IN  MISSOURI.  145 

ment  is  supplied  with  an  excellent  hospital  which  has  been 
in  operation  for  three  years.  It  is  a  modern  structure 
heated  with  steam,  lighted  with  gas  and  electricity  and  well 
ventilated  and  is  supplied  with  modern  equipment  in  medi- 
cal and  surgical  appliances  for  the  care  of  the  sick  and  in- 
jured. It  is  a  state  hospital,  owned  and  controlled  by  the 
University  and  is  open  to  the  sick  of  Missouri.  It  has  ac- 
commodations for  about  fifty  patients. 

A  training  school  for  nurses  is  maintained  in  connection 
with  the  Medical  Department.  A  three  year  graded  course 
of  theoretical  and  practical  instruction  is  offered  and  at 
the  end  of  that  time  the  candidate  is  awarded  a  certificate 
of  graduation.    Dr.  A.  W.  McAlester  is  dean  of  the  faculty. 


146  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 


CHAPTER  IX. 


Medical  Journals. 

The  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  is  the  oldest 
monthly  medical  journal  in  America.  The  New  York 
Medical  Journal  was  at  one  time  the  oldest  medical  monthly 
but  some  years  ago  it  was  made  a  weekly  publication,  and 
this  left  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  the 
oldest  monthly  medical  journal.  It  was  established  in  1843 
by  Dr.  M.  L.  Linton,  the  initial  number  appearing  in  April 
of  that  year.  In  1845  the  Journal  was  enlarged  and  Dr. 
Wm.  M.  McPheeters  and  Dr.  V.  J.  Fourgeaud  became 
editors.  Dr.  Fourgeaud  severed  his  connection  with  the 
Journal  after  two  years  and  went  west.  Dr.  McPheeters 
retained  his  association  with  Dr.  Linton  until  1861,  when 
he  withdrew  and  entered  the  medical  department  of  the 
Confederate  army.  Disturbed  conditions  incident  to  the 
Civil  War  caused  a  suspension  of  the  Journal  from  Novem- 
ber, 1861,  to  January,  1864,  when  it  was  re-established. 

In  May,  1845,  there  was  started  in  St.  Louis  a  journal 
called  the  Missouri  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  under  the 
editorship  of  Dr.  R.  F.  Stevens,  with  the  faculty  of  the 
Kemper  College  as  associates,  among  whom  was  Dr.  John 
S.  Moore.  In  September,  1848,  the  Missoiiri  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  was  merged  into  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal  and  Dr.  Moore  became  associate  editor 
of  this  publication.  When  the  Journal  was  reorganized  in 
1864  he  did  not  renew  his  association  with  the  publication. 
In  1865  Dr.  Frank  W.  White  became  assistant  editor  and 
in  1867  Drs.  Linton  and  White  were  the  editors,  with  Dr. 
G.  Baumgarten  assistant  editor.  The  next  year  Dr.  White 
resigned  and  Dr.  Baumgarten  became  associate  editor  with 
Dr.  Linton.    In  1872  Dr.  William  S.  Edgar  became  editor 


IN  MISSOURI.  147 

of  the  publication  and  Dr.  H.  C.  Gill  was  associate  editor. 
In  1877  Dr.  Thomas  F.  Riimbold  acquired  the  Journal,  and 
had  associated  with  him  Dr.  Hiram  Christopher.  The  latter 
withdrew  after  one  year  and  moved  to  the  western  part  of 
the  state.  In  1882  Dr.  Rumbold  severed  his  connection 
with  the  publication  and  Dr.  LeGrand  Atwood  became  ed- 
itor for  a  short  period.  Dr.  John  B.  Keber  was  assistant 
editor  from  1883  to  1885,  and  Dr.  Frank  M.  Rumbold  be- 
came editor  in  1884.  In  1885  Dr.  A.  H,  Ohmann-Dumes- 
nil  assumed  the  editorship,  with  Dr.  Frank  L.  James  as 
associate  editor,  and  Dr.  F,  M.  Rumbold  as  business  mana- 
ger. In  1897  Dr.  Ohmann-Dumesnil  acquired  the  Journal 
and  became  editor  and  proprietor  and  the  Journal  is  still 
published  under  his  management. 

The  Annals  of  Ophthalmology.  Otology,  Rhinology  and 
Laryngology  was  instituted  in  1892  by  Dr.  James  Pleasant 
Parker  as  a  quarterly  journal  and  review  of  these  sciences. 
In  1896  Dr.  Parker  died  and  Dr.  Casey  A.  Wood  of  Chi- 
cago assumed  the  editorship,  the  publication  being  carried 
on  in  St.  Louis  by  the  present  publisher,  Jones  H,  Parker, 
brother  of  the  deceased  editor.  In  1897  the  volumes  had 
grown  to  such  dimensions  that  it  was  found  necessary  to 
dissociate  the  departments,  and  two  journals  were  then 
published,  one  the  Annals  of  Ophthalmology,  the  other  the 
Annals  of  Otology,  Rhinology  and  Laryngology,  each  is- 
sued quarterly.  On  January  1,  1899,  Dr.  H.  V.  Wuerde- 
man,  of  Milwaukee,  became  managing  editor,  assisted  by 
associate  editors  at  home  and  abroad,  who  conduct  depart- 
ments in  seven  different  languages.  Dr.  Hanau  W.  Loeb, 
of  St.  Louis,  is  the  present  editor  of  the  Annals  of  Otology, 
Rhinology  and  Laryngology,  Dr.  James  Moores  Ball,  of 
St.  Louis,  being  editor  of  the  Annuls  of  Ophthalmology. 

The  Laryngoscope  was  founded  in  1896  by  Drs.  Frank 
M.  Rumbold  and  M.  A.  Goldstein.  It  is  a  monthly  publica- 
tion devoted  to  the  diseases  of  the  nose,  throat  and  ear. 
It  has  had  a  rapid  growth  and  occupies  a  high  position  in  the 
field  of  medical  journalism  in  this  country.  In  1899  the 
interests  of  Dr.  Rumbold  were  acquired  by  Dr.  Goldstein, 
who  now  continues  the  exclusive  management  of  the  pub- 


148  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

lication.  It  publishes  the  proceedings  of  several  of  the  spe- 
cial societies  devoted  to  otological  and  laryngological  prac- 
tice and  has  collaborators  in  every  prominent  medical  center 
in  this  country  and  on  the  continent. 

The  St.  Louis  Medical  Review  enjoys  the  distinction  of 
being  the  only  weekly  medical  publication  published  west 
of  the  Mississippi  river.  Previous  to  1881  it  was  published 
in  Chicago  as  a  quarterly,  but  in  that  year  Drs.  Gamble  and 
Engelmann  became  editors  and  proprietors  and  began  its 
publication  in  St.  Louis,  changing  it  to  a  weekly.  In  1899 
the  journal  was  purchased  by  Dr.  H.  W.  Loeb,  who  contin- 
ued to  manage  it  until  1904.  In  the  latter  part  of  that  year 
Dr.  K.  W.  Millican,  formerly  connected  with  the  editorial 
staff  of  the  New  York  Medical  Journal,  assumed  the  editor- 
ship and  is  now  ably  conducting  the  journal. 

The  St.  Louis  Courier  of  Medicine  was  established  in 
1879,  the  first  number  appearing  in  January  of  that  year. 
At  that  time  it  was  edited  by  Drs.  A.  J.  Steele,  W.  A.  Hard- 
away,  and  E.  W.  Schauffler.  Under  the  management  of 
these  gentlemen  the  publication  soon  attained  marked  suc- 
cess and  attracted  wide  attention.  In  1880  Dr.  E.  M. 
Nelson  succeeded  Dr.  Steele  as  editor  and  was  assisted  by 
Drs.  Bryson,  Hardaway  and  W.  C.  Glasgow.  In  1899  Dr. 
C.  R.  Dudley  assumed  the  editorship  and  was  assisted  by 
Drs.  Els  worth  Smith,  Jr.,  Joseph  Grindon  and  W.  A.  Shoe- 
maker. The  present  editor  is  Dr.  John  Zahorsky  who  is 
ably  conducting  the  journal  with  the  assistance  of  a  number 
of  department  editors. 

The  Interstate  Medical  Journal  is  the  successor  of  the 
Tri-State  Medical  Journal.  It  was  founded  in  Keokuk, 
Iowa  by  Dr.  James  Moores  Ball  in  1893.  One  year  later 
it  was  moved  to  St.  Louis  and  has  been  published  from 
that  city  ever  since.  For  a  number  of  years  Dr.  W.  B. 
Outten  was  editor  assisted  by  Dr.  R.  B.  H.  Gradwohl,  with 
Dr.  Otho  F.  Ball  as  managing  editor.  In  1896  the  Peoria 
Medical  Record  and  in  1897  the  General  Practitioner  were 
purchased  and  consolidated.  The  journal  is  published 
m,onthly  and  has  a  staff  of  thirteen  department  editors. 

The  Alienist  and  Neurologist  is  a  quarterly  journal  de- 


IN  MISSOURI.  149 

voted  to  diseases  of  the  mind  and  nervous  system,  owned 
and  edited  by  Dr.  Chas.  H.  Hughes.     It  was  founded  in 

1880  by  its  present  proprietor  and  has  had  some  of  the 
most  eminent  speciaHsts  of  this  country  contribute  to  its 
pages. 

The  American  X-Ray  Journal  was  founded  in  1897  by 
Dr.  Heber  Robards,  of  St.  Louis.  This  was  two  years  after 
the  discovery  of  the  x-ray  by  Roentgen  and  it  was  then  the 
only  pubhcation  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

The  Missouri  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  made  its  ap- 
pearance in  1845  and  was  conducted  by  the  staff  of  the  old 
McDowell  Medical  College.  It  existed  for  three  years  when 
it  was  merged  into  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal. 

The  St.  Louis  Medical  Reporter  first  appeared  in  March, 
1866,  edited  by  Dr.  J.  S.  B.  Alleyne  and  O.  F.  Potter  and 
was  published  as  a  semi-monthly.  These  gentlemen  were 
succeeded  by  Drs,  Wm.  M.  McPheeters  and  G.M.B.Maughs 
under  whose  management  it  became  a  monthly  journal.  It 
was  the  first  medical  journal  to  make  use  of  illustrations 
in  connection  with  published  articles.  Among  the  papers 
published  in  this  journal  were  a  series  of  articles  in  1866 
by  Dr.  Joseph  Jones,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  on  "Substitutes 
for  Quinine,"  the  inquiry  growing  out  of  the  great  scarcity 
of  this  drug  during  the  Civil  War.  These  papers  attracted 
world-wide  attention  and  were  reproduced  in  various  for- 
eign journals. 

The  Medical  Fortnightly  was  established  in  1892  by  Dr. 
Bransford  Lewis,  and  for  three  years  he  conducted  the 
journal.  In  1895  a  company  was  formed  to  publish  the 
journal  and  Dr.  Lewis  resigned  from  active  editorial  serv- 
ice. Dr.  Frank  Parsons  Norbury  assumed  active  editorial 
management  in  that  year,  assisted  by  Dr.  T.  A.  Hopkins 
and  a  staff  of  department  editors,  and  Dr.  Chas.  Wood  Fas- 
sett  became  business  manager. 

The  Medical  Herald,  of  St.  Joseph,  was  established  in 

1881  by  Drs.  Jacob  Geiger  and  F.  C.  Hoyt,  and  had  for  its 
editor  one  of  the  most  scholarly  physicians  in  the  state.  Dr. 
Hiram  Christopher.    The  present  editor  is  Dr.  Chas.  Wood 


150  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

Fassett,  to  whom  much  of  the  success  of  the  publication  is 
due,  and  who  has  been  with  the  pubHcation  in  different  ca- 
pacities since  its  origin. 

The  first  medical  journal  published  in  Western  Missouri 
was  the  Kansas  City  Reviezv  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  a 
bi-monthly  journal,  the  first  number  of  which  appeared  in 
January,  1860.  It  was  owned  and  edited  by  Dr.  Theodore 
S.  Case  and  Dr.  G.  M.  B.  Maughs,  then  practicing  in  Kan- 
sas City.  The  literary  character  of  this  journal  was  of  the 
very  best.  During  its  brief  existence  it  did  better  in  the 
matter  of  patronage  than  might  have  been  expected,  in  view 
of  the  sparsely  settled  condition  of  the  country.  The  out- 
break of  the  civil  war  in  April,  1861,  put  an  end  to  this 
venture. 

The  Kansas  City  Medical  Journal  began  its  existence  in 
January,  1871.  This  commenced  as  a  bi-monthly  publica- 
tion of  sixty-four  pages  to  each  number.  The  first  editor, 
as  well  as  the  originator  of  the  enterprise,  was  Dr.  A.  P. 
Lankford,  a  very  capable  man  who  had  been  practicing  in 
Kansas  City  for  about  four  years.  After  the  issue  of  the 
second  number  Dr.  Lankford  was  elected  Professor  of 
Surgery  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College  and  moved  to  St. 
Louis.  The  editorship  of  the  Journal  was  then  assumed  by 
Dr.  E.  W.  Schauffler,  who  was  Professor  of  Physiology 
in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College.  Dr.  Schauffler  was 
thoroughly  familiar  with  the  French  and  German  languages 
and  having  subscribed  for  some  of  the  leading  medical  pe- 
riodicals of  France  and  Germany,  at  once  grave  character 
to  the  Kansas  City  publication  by  its  original  translations 
from  the  best  foreign  work.  The  field  letters  of  the  noted 
Surgeon  Billroth  during  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  pub- 
lished in  the  Berliner  Klinische  Wochenschrift,  appeared 
promptly  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Journal  and  were  ex- 
tensively copied,  with  due  credit  to  the  translator,  in  other 
American  journals. 

In  the  third  year  of  its  existence  the  form  of  the  publi- 
cation was  changed  to  a  monthly,  and  its  size  somewhat 
diminished.  In  this  altered  form  it  continued  until  the  year 
1875,  when,  by  reason  of  insufficient  financial  support  and 


IN  MISSOURI.  151 

the  fact  that  its  editor  grew  quite  busy  in  other  ways,  its 
pubhcation  was  stopped. 

The  Nezv  Medical  Bra  and  Sanitarian  made  its  appear- 
ance in  January,  1883,  owned  and  edited  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Chap- 
man, and  ceased  to  exist  at  the  end  of  two  years. 

The  Kansas  City  Medical  Record,  owned  and  edited  by 
Dr.  A.  L.  Fulton,  began  its  pubhcation  in  January,  1884, 
and  continues  to  the  present  time.  It  is  a  monthly  publica- 
tion of  thirty-two  pages,  and  has  an  extensive  circulation  in 
Missouri  and  all  the  adjoining  states,  especially  in  the  great 
southwestern  country  tributary  to  this  city.  Its  editorial 
pages  have  always  been  conspicuous  for  their  fearless  ex- 
posure of  all  frauds  and  professional  weaknesses,  and  their 
advocacy  of  everything  that  makes  for  good  medical  laws, 
for  public  hygiene,  the  proper  care  of  the  feeble-minded 
and  the  dependent  sick  and  the  general  welfare  of  the  state. 

The  Kansas  City  Medical  Index-Lancet  is  the  outgrowth 
of  many  journals.  In  1879  Dr.  F.  F.  Dickman  began  the 
publication  of  the  Kansas  Medical  Index,  at  Fort  Scott, 
Kansas.  In  1883  Dr.  Dickman  associated  with  himself 
Dr.  W.  C.  Boteler  as  co-editor,  and  Dr.  J.  R.  Cheaney  as 
business  manager.  In  August  of  the  same  year  Dr.  Boteler 
retired  and  the  name  of  the  publication  was  changed  to 
the  Kansas  and  Missouri  Valley  Medical  Index.  In  No- 
vember, 1884,  Dr.  Cheaney  retired,  leaving  the  sole  charge 
to  Dr.  Dickman.  In  1885  the  journal  was  moved  to  Kansas 
City,  Missouri,  and  became  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Index, 
the  editorial  staff  comprising  Dr.  F.  F.  Dickman,  Dr.  J.  B. 
Browning,  Dr.  N.  A.  Drake,  Dr.  J.  W.  Elston  and  Dr.  C. 
W.  Adams.  In  September,  1885,  Dr.  Emory  Lanpbear  and 
Dr.  Elston  assumed  charge.  In  January,  1887,  Dr.  Elston 
retired  and  the  publication  was  continued  by  Dr.  Lanphear 
as  Lanphear's  Kansas  City  Medical  Index.  In  1894  Dr. 
H.  E.  Pearse  purchased  the  journal  and  continued  its  pub- 
lication until  March,  1899,  when  he  sold  it  to  Dr.  John 
Punton.  In  1897  Dr.  John  M.  Langsdale  began  the  publi- 
cation of  the  Langsdale  Lancet,  and  in  1899  Dr.  Punton 
purchased  it  at  the  same  time  he  did  the  Medical  Index. 
He  consolidated  the  two  journals  under  the  name  of  the 


162  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

Kansas  City  Medical  Index-Lancet,  Dr.  Punton  being  the 
editor  and  publisher,  with  Mr.  J.  O.  McKillip  as  business 
manager. 

In  January,  1901,  owing  to  the  death  of  J.  O.  McKiUip, 
Dr.  O.  L.  McKilHp  took  his  place,  and  is  now  managing 
editor.  The  journal  circulates  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  Indian 
Territory,  Oklahoma,  Texas,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska,  with 
some  scattering  subscribers.  It  is  the  official  organ  of  the 
Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medicine,  Jackson  County  Medical 
Society,  Southwest  Missouri  Medical  Society,  and  Indian 
Territory  Medical  Association.  It  is  more  prosperous  than 
ever  before  in  its  history  and  enjoys  the  confidence  and  sup- 
port of  the  physicians  in  the  territory  in  which  it  circulates. 


IN  MISSOURI.  153 


CHAPTER  X. 


Hospitals. 


CITY  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS. 

An  ordinance  was  passed  by  die  City  Council  on  July 
.  10,  1845,  directing  the  appointment  of  a  committee  of  five 
to  select  a  building  site  and  cause  plan's  to  be  drawn  for  a 
city  hospital.  The  comittee  selected  a  tract  of  ground  con- 
taining about  eight  acres  at  the  head  of  Soulard  street,  the 
tract  originally  occupied  by  the  St.  Louis  cemetery.  In 
August,  1845,  contracts  were  awarded  and  the  building 
partly  finished  in  June,  1846,  and  patients  were  admitted  in 
that  month.  The  hospital  then  would  accommodate  about 
ninety  patients,  and  the  annual  cost  of  maintenance  was 
about  $18,000.  At  different  times  during  the  next  ten 
years  additions  were  made  to  the  building  at  a  cost  to 
the  city  of  about  $40,000.  On  May  15,  1856,  the  hospital 
was  totally  destroyed  by  fire  with  the  loss  of  one  life,  that 
of  an  insane  Italian  who  rushed  back  into  the  building  after 
having  been  rescued.  Arrangements  were  made  for  the  use 
of  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital  and  of  the  buildings 
on  the  County  Farm  until  a  new  hospital  could  be  erected. 
In  order  to  do  this  a  loan  of  $50,000  was  made.  In  May, 
1857,  the  main  building  and  extensions  were  completed, 
but  were  not  occupied  until  the  following  July.  This  build- 
ing represented  an  outlay  of  $62,000.  During  the  years 
1873  and  1874  large  additions  were  made  to  the  hospital, 
and  in  subsequent  years  additional  wards  were  built  on  the 
grounds.  On  May  27,  1896,  the  tornado  which  swept  over 
the  city  entirely  wrecked  the  building,  but  only  three  fa- 


154  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

talities  occurred.  The  patients,  about  four  hundred  and 
fifty  in  number,  were  removed  to  the  old  Convent  of  the 
Good  Shepherd,  on  Seventeenth  and  Pine  streets,  and  this 
building  is  still  occupied  by  the  city  at  the  present  time. 

On  the  site  of  the  old  City  Hospital  new  buildings  are 
now  being  erected,  some  of  which  are  almost  ready  for  oc- 
cupancy. These  consist  of  six  buildings,  two  of  which  are 
three  stories  in  height,  the  others  two  stories  high,  all  con- 
nected by  corridors  twelve  feet  wide  and  under  cover.  The 
buildings  are  fire  proof  and  all  floors  are  made  of  asbolith. 
All  these  buildings  are  modeled  after  the  most  approved 
method  of  hospital  construction.  The  isolating  ward  con- 
sists of  a  basement,  two  stories  and  an  attic.  In  the  base- 
ment are  the  waiting  rooms,  male  and  female  lavatories, 
tub  and  shower  baths,  etc.  The  floors  are  tiled.  The  first 
and  second  floors  have  ten  rooms  for  patients  and  wards 
with  nine  beds  in  each.  Each  floor  is  supplied  with  water 
closets,  bath  rooms  nurses'  lavatories  and  diet  kitchen.  The 
east  and  west  wards  are  three  stories  high,  octagonal 
in  shape,  with  basement  and  attic.  Each  floor  contains  a 
ward  with  room  for  twenty-four  patients,  toilet  room,  tub 
and  shower  bath,  water  closets,  nurses'  lavatories,  diet 
kitchen,  food  lifts,  observation  wards,  and  dining  room, 
with  elevator  from  basement  to  attic.  The  ventilating  shaft 
is  in  the  center  of  the  building.  The  surgical  building  is 
situated  between  the  two  octagonal  buildings  and  is  two 
stories  high.  The  first  floor  contains  the  offices,  surgical 
supply  room,  apothecary  shop,  toilet  rooms,  etc.  The  op- 
erating rooms  are  on  the  second  floor  and  connected  with 
them  are  sterilizing  rooms,  etherizing  room,  patient's  wait- 
ing room,  surgeon's  waiting  room  and  dressing  room  and 
two  recovery  rooms  and  toilet  rooms.  The  kitchen  build- 
ing, laundry  and  power  house  building  are  two  stories  high. 

STATE  SANATORIUM  FOR  TUBERCULOUS 
PERSONS. 

On  April  15,  1905,  Governor  Folk  approved  the  enact- 
ment establishing  a  state  sanatorium   for  persons  having 


IN  MISSOURI.  155 

incipient  tuberculosis.  The  bill  carries  an  appropriation 
of  $50,000  for  the  purchase  of  a  site  and  erection  of  build- 
ings and  furnishing  of  the  same.  The  selection  of  a  site 
has  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  committee  and  the  build- 
ings will  probably  be  erected  in  the  mountainous  part  of  the 
state. 

Missouri  is  the  ninth  state  in  America  to  appropriate 
public  funds  for  the  establishment  of  a  state  sanatorium  for 
tuberculous  persons. 

The  movement  which  culminated  in  this  action  was 
formally  initiated  by  the  Medical  Society  of  City  Hospital 
Alumni  of  St.  Louis  at  a  meeting  held  November  21,  1901, 
when  a  committee  consisting  of  Drs.  Geo.  Homan,  L. 
Bremer,  L.  H.  Behrens,  Francis  Reder,  and  R.  B.  H.  Grad- 
wohl,  was  appointed  to  have  charge  of  the  work  and  enlist 
public  and  professional  interest  in  the  undertaking.  Other 
medical  societies  responded  favorably  and  on  October  25, 
1902,  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  adopted  resolutions 
endorsing  the  movement  and  appointed  the  following  com- 
mittee to  forward  the  object,  namely :  Dr.  Geo.  Homan, 
chairman;  F.  J.  Lutz,  Wm.  Porter,  R.  M.  Funkhouser  and 
W.  G.  Moore.  These  committees  drafted  a  bill  which  was 
introduced  in  the  House  on  February  5,  1903.  This  bill 
was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Fleemosynary  Institu- 
tions, but  notwithstanding  the  earnest  efforts  of  the  medical 
society  committees  the  vote  in  the  House  Committee  was 
adverse.  The  work  was  prosecuted  during  the  next  two 
years  and  a  new  bill  was  introduced  in  the  House  on  Jan- 
uary 18,  1905,  and  was  passed  in  the  House  on  March  10th, 
and  in  the  Senate  on  March  15th. 

THE  MEDICAL  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  UNIVER- 
SAL EXPOSITION,  ST.  LOUIS,  1904. 

ROSTER. 

Medical  Director. — Dr.  Leonidas  H.  Laidley,  January  15, 
1902,  to  January  1,  1905. 

Attending  Surgeons. — Dr.  Josiah  G.  Moore,  surgeon  in 
charge.  Emergency  Hospital,  July  1,  1902,  to  December  12, 


156  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

1904;  Dr.  M.  E.  Sheets,  April  15,  1903,  continued  in  serv- 
ice: Dr.  Otto  A.  Wall,  March  31,  1904,  to  December  1, 
1904;  Dr.  Clyn  Smith,  April  29,  1904,  to  December  1,  1904; 
Dr.  W.  S.  Lawrence,  January  4,  1904,  to  February  3,  1904. 

Visiting  Physician. — Dr.  Luther  P.  Walbridge,  Novem- 
ber 15,  1902,  to  December  15,  1904. 

Bacteriologist. — Dr.  Carl  Fisch,  July  20,  1904,  to  De- 
cember 1,  1904. 

Sanitary  Officer. — Dr.  Jam.es  j\L  Gassaway,  lieutenant- 
colonel.  Marine  Hospital  Sendee,  June  14,  1904,  to  Decem- 
ber 1,  1904. 

The  temporary  hospital  contained  one  ward,  with  six  cots 
and  eight  wicker  lounges,  a  drug  room,  an  operating  and  ex- 
amination room,  diet  kitchen  and  sterilizing  room  and  office 
of  the  Medical  Director.  The  active  force  on  duty  day  and 
night  began  their  work  July  1,  1902,  Dr.  Josiah  G.  Moore 
being  placed  in  charge  of  the  hospital.  Additional  members 
of  the  staff  were  appointed  as  the  necessity  arose. 

On  January  7,  1904,  the  permanent  Emergency  Hospital 
was  delivered  to  the  Medical  Director ;  it  was  situated  at  the 
east  end  of  the  grounds,  making  one  of  the  group  on  the 
Model  Street.  It  was  built  of  wood,  and  was  two  stories 
high,  the  lower  floor  was  covered  with  granitoid.  On  this 
floor  there  were  two  wards,  each  containing  twelve  beds 
and  six  wicker  couches;  one  ward  was  set  apart  for  men 
and  one  for  women.  Two  other  rooms  were  constructed, 
one  for  isolation  and  the  other  for  sunstrokes.  The  latter 
room  was  especially  fitted  up  for  emergency  in  case  of  a  hot 
season,  but  was  found  to  be  useless,  as  there  was  not  one 
case  of  insolation  to  care  for.  In  the  rear  of  the  building 
were  located  the  general  operating  room,  the  dressing  room 
and  the  sterilizing  room,  all  of  which  were  fitted  out  with 
a  complete  hospital  supply  of  the  very  latest  and  improved 
instruments  used.  At  the  entrance  were  located  the  offices 
of  the  Medical  Director,  the  staff,  an  x-ray  room,  the  su- 
perintendent of  nurses,  chief  of  sanitar}'  department,  store- 
room, drug  room,  and  diet  kitchen ;  on  the  second  floor  were 
the  dormitories  for  the  staff,  nurses  and  attendants.  The 
kitchen  was  used  to  prepare  meals  for  the  attendants;  and 


IN  MISSOURI.  157 

under  the  direction  of  the  nurses,  soups  and  various  stimu- 
lating delicacies  were  prepared  for  the  patients.  It  was  a 
rule  to  remove  all  patients  from  the  hospital  before  10  p.  m., 
but  in  a  few  cases  they  were  allowed  to  remain  over  night 
owing  to  the  inability  to  secure  ambulance  service  from  out- 
side the  grounds. 

An  ambulance  was  placed  at  the  service  of  this  depart- 
ment at  the  beginning  of  the  construction  period. 

One  ambulance  was  sufficient  to  care  for  all  the  calls, 
and  not  until  the  dedication  day  was  there  any  need  for  ad- 
ditional service.  On  that  day  the  city  placed  two  ambu- 
lances, three  surgeons  and  five  nurses  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Medical  Director;  these  were  located  at  a  sub-station  in 
the  Administration  Building. 

The  number  of  cases  treated  during  the  construction  and 
exposition  period  was  13,907.  There  were  forty  deaths, 
twenty-three  caused  by  accident.  The  total  amount  of  ex- 
penses was  $37,222.80. 

ST.  LUKE'S  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS. 

In  the  fall  of  1865  a  few  members  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  met  and  considered  plans  for  establishing  a  church 
hospital.  A  subscription  then  started,  resulted  in  building 
a  hospital  on  Ohio  avenue  and  patients  were  received  in 
April,  1866.  In  1870  the  hospital  was  moved  to  Sixth  and 
Elm  streets,  and  three  years  later  to  Pine  street,  between 
Ninth  and  Tenth.  A  little  later  quarters  were  rented  at 
the  southeast  corner  of  Tenth  and  St.  Charles,  which  was 
occupied  for  seven  years.  By  a  gift  from  Mr.  Henry  Shaw 
ground  for  a  permanent  home  was  donated  and  a  handsome 
sum  of  money  contributed  toward  the  building  fund.  The 
lot  was  located  on  the  corner  of  Nineteenth  street  and 
Washington  avenue,  and  a  building  erected  costing  $43,000. 
This  was  occupied  on  May  28,  1882,  and  continued  to  be 
the  home  of  the  association  until  April  23,  1904.  On  that 
day  the  hospital  moved  to  the  present  large  building  on 
Delmar  boulevard,  near  Belt  avenue.  This  is  a  three-  story 
fire-proof  building,  with  a  frontage  of  204  feet  on  Delmar 


168  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

boulevard  and  a  depth  of  124  feet,  and  a  ground  space  of 
574  feet  on  Delmar  by  350  feet  on  Belt  avenue.  The  total 
cost  of  the  buildings,  including  furnishings,  was  $400,000. 
The  hospital  is  fitted  with  ever}^  possible  convenience  for 
the  comfort  and  care  of  patients  and  equipped  with  every 
modem  appliance  for  hospital  work.  The  training  school 
for  nurses  was  established  in  1889,  the  course  covering  a 
period  of  two  years.  In  1901  the  course  was  increased  to 
three  years.  During  the  year  ending  April  30,  1904,  there 
were  531  cases  treated.  The  medical  staff  is  composed  of 
Dr.  Harvey  G.  Mudd,  chief ;  Dr.  G.  Baumgarten,  Dr.  Wal- 
ter Baumgarten,  Dr.  E.  C.  Burnett,  Dr.  M.  B.  Clopton,  Dr. 
A.  E.  Ewing,  Dr.  W.  E.  Fischel,  Dr.  F.  R.  Fry,  Dr.  George 
Gellhorn,  Dr.  John  Green,  Dr.  Joseph  Grindon,  Dr.  Willis 
Hall,  Dr.  ^I.  H.  Post,  Dr.  J.  B.  Shapleigh,  Dr.  Greenfield 
Sluder,  Dr.  A.  E.  Taussig,  Dr.  George.  'SI.  Tuttle,  Dr.  Jules 
F.  Valle. 

ST.  EOUIS  MULLANPHY  HOSPITAL. 

As  early  as  1823  efforts  were  made  to  have  three  Sisters 
of  Charity  come  to  St.  Louis  and  establish  a  hospital,  but 
it  was  not  until  1828  that  the  Sisters  came,  four  in  number. 
In  that  year  ]\Ir.  John  Mullanphy  donated  two  lots  fronting 
on  Fourth  street  and  running  to  Third  street  on  Spruce,  to 
be  used  for  hospital  purposes.  He  also  expended  $2,000 
in  improving  one  of  the  lots  and  defraying  the  expenses  of 
establishing  the  Sisters  in  their  new  home.  On  one  of 
the  lots  there  stood  a  log  house  consisting  of  two  rooms  and 
a  kitchen,  and  here  began  the  first  hospital  work  in  ]\Iissouri. 
In  1831  the  corner  stone  of  a  new  building  was  laid,  and  the 
building  completed  in  1832.  In  this  year  cholera  became 
epidemic  and  the  hospital  was  crowded  to  its  utmost  capacity 
to  care  for  the  stricken  people. 

In  1840  a  wing  was  added  on  the  Fourth  street  side  con- 
sisting of  a  chapel  and  rooms  for  private  patients.  In  1843 
the  hospital  was  incorporated  under  the  name  of  the  St. 
Louis  Hospital  Association.  The  hospital  remained  at 
Fourth  and  Spruce  streets  until  the  smoke  and  dust  and 


IN  MISSOURI.  159 

noise  of  factories  and  business  houses  built  up  around  it 
made  the  neighborhood  unfit  for  hospital  purposes.  In  1872 
a  lot  was  purchased  on  Montgomery  street,  near  Grand  ave- 
nue, and  a  large  building  erected  at  a  cost  of  $150,000,  the 
ground  space  being  five  hundred  by  two  hundred  and  fifty 
feet.  In  1874  the  building  was  completed  and  in  July  of 
that  year  the  patients  were  removed  to  their  new  quarters. 
There  are  fifty  rooms  and  general  ward  rooms. 

In  189-1  a  training  school  for  nurses  was  inaugurated. 
The  term  of  service  covers  a  period  of  three  years. 

The  medical  and  surgical  stafif  is  as  follows :  Dr.  E.  H. 
Gregory,  chief  surgeon ;  Drs.  N.  B.  Carson,  F.  A.  Glasgow, 
J.  C.  Morfit,  H.  ^IcC.  Johnson,  N.  W.  Amos,  W.  M.  Rob- 
ertson, R.  E.  Kane,  L.  L.  McCabe,  H.  S.  Crossen,  Adolph 
Alt,  Justin  Steer,  Elsworth  Smith,  Jr.,  E.  M.  Senseney,  M. 
A,  Bliss,  W.  E.  Sauer,  Joseph  Grindon,  G.  A.  Keehn. 

THE  MISSOURI  BAPTIST  SANITARIUM, 
ST.  LOUIS. 

The  Baptists  of  Missouri  felt  the  need  of  a  hospital  where 
they  could  feel  assured  of  the  best  service  with  harmonious 
religious  surroundings.  The  first  step  toward  meeting  the 
necessity  for  such  an  institution  was  taken  December  18, 
1890,  when  a  permanent  organization  was  effected  and 
plans  made  for  erecting  a  suitable  building.  This  was  ac- 
complished in  1891.  the  main  building  comprising  five  sto- 
ries, with  accommodations  for  one  hunderd  private  patients. 
The  sanitarium  is  under  the  control  of  the  Baptist  General 
Association  of  Missouri,  but  patients  are  admitted  irrespec- 
tive of  their  religious  training.  The  cash  value  of  the 
endowment  fund  at  present  is  $28,918,  and  no  part  of  this 
fund  or  any  addition  thereto  is  to  be  used  for  any  purpose 
other  than  increasing  the  amount  of  the  endowment  fund 
until  the  total  endowment  shall  reach  the  sum  of  $100,000. 
During  1904  there  were  1,308  patients  treated,  of  which 
204  were  charity  cases. 

The  training  school  for  nurses  is  under  the  direction  of 
Mrs.  F.  E.  S.  Smith,  and  comprises  a  course  of  three  years 


160  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

instead  of  two  years.  In  1905  five  nurses  were  graduated. 
The  following  is  the  active  staff :  Dr.  C.  J.  Orr,  Dr.  A. 
J.  Steele,  Dr.  B.  A.  Wilkes,  Dr.  E.  C.  Burnett,  Dr.  W.  B. 
Dorsett,  Dr.  N.  M.  Semple,  Dr.  Philip  Skrainka,  Dr.  C. 
R.  Dudley,  Dr.  I.  H.  Cadwallader,  Dr.  J.  H.  Duncan,  Dr. 
P.  Y.  Tupper. 

ST.  MARY'S  INFIRMARY,  ST.  LOUIS. 

The  order  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary  was  founded  in 
1872,  their  sole  occupation  being  the  nursing  of  the  sick. 
At  first  their  work  was  confined  to  attending  patients  at 
their  homes  or  in  institutions  under  the  management  of 
others.  In  1877  the  Sisters  opened  the  first  hospital  of  their 
own  under  the  name  of  St.  Mary's  Infirmary.  The  build- 
ing consisted  of  a  dwelling  located  at  1536  Papin  street, 
which  was  remodeled  to  meet  the  requirements  of  a  hospital. 
During  the  first  year  only  sixty  patients  were  treated,  thirty- 
six  of  this  number  being  charity  patients.  In  1887  it  be- 
came necessarv^  to  increase  the  facilities  for  caring  for  the 
patients  and  in  that  year  a  contract  was  made  for  a  five- 
story  fire-proof  structure,  eighty  feet  front  by  forty  feet 
deep,  which  was  completed  in  1889.  In  1896  a  wing  was 
added  to  the  west  side  of  the  building,  which  almost  doubled 
the  capacity.  The  Infirmary  is  located  in  a  thickly  populated 
district  near  Union  station,  railroad  yards  and  factories, 
and  is  called  upon  to  care  for  many  emergency  cases.  Dur- 
ing 1904  there  were  1,924  patients  treated;  553  of  this  num- 
ber were  charity  cases,  and  since  the  opening  in  1877  the 
hospital  has  cared  for  22,029  cases,  of  which  number  10,610 
were  charity  patients. 

The  medical  staff  is  composed  of  Dr.  W.  A.  McCandless, 
surgeon-in-chief,  and  Drs.  F.  Neuhoff,  E.  Bribach,  S.  T. 
Vandover,  F.  P.  Mann,  W.  A.  Wilson,  F.  C.  Nicholls,  F.  L. 
Henderson,  S.  R.  Fowler,  E.  F.  Tiedemann. 

MT.  ST.  ROSE'S  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS. 
Mount  St.   Rose's  Hospital  is  under  the  charge  of  the 


IN  MISSOURI.  161 

Sisters  of  St.  Mary.  It  was  opened  on  October  15,  1902, 
and  is  devoted  exclusively  to  the  treatment  of  consumptive 
patients.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  hill  overlooking  the 
Mississippi  and  the  Des  Peres  Rivers,  high  enough  to  be 
free  from  dampness  and  beyond  the  danger  line  of  factories 
and  mills. 

The  building  is  new  and  in  accord  with  the  best  sanitary 
rules,  well  sewered  and  germ  proof  as  far  as  may  be.  It 
has  wide  corridors,  perfect  ventilation,  is  heated  by  hot 
water,  and  has  an  electric  plant  with  the  engine  and  boiler 
room  separate  from  the  main  building. 

Both  in  the  building  and  on  the  grounds,  the  greatest 
care  is  taken  to  prevent  all  danger  from  infection. 

Out-of-door  life,  which  is  now  recognized  as  such  a  great 
necessity  in  the  cure  of  consumption,  is  made  a  large  part 
of  the  treatment  at  Mount  St.  Rose's. 

During  the  summer  months  cots  are  placed  on  the  veran- 
das on  which  many  of  the  patients  sleep  all  night,  while 
the  others  are  required  to  have  all  the  windows  open.  Even 
in  the  coldest  winter  weather  many  patients,  well  protected, 
spend  much  of  the  day  outside. 

Mount  St.  Rose's  is  a  sanitarium  not  only  for  private 
patients  who  can  afford  to  pay,  but  also  for  the  worthy  poor. 
Ward  patients  and  those  unable  to  have  their  own  physician 
are  cared  for  by  the  staff;  but  private  patients  may  always 
have  their  own  physician.  From  the  opening  in  1902  to 
December  31,  1904,  there  were  453  patients,  180  of  whom 
were  charity  cases. 

Dr.  William  Porter  is  physician-in-chief,  and  Dr.  H.  H. 
McDonald  resident  physician. 

THE  GOOD  SAMARITAN  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS. 

In  1856  the  Rev.  E.  Nollau  became  interested  in  charity 
hospital  work  and  secured  the  co-operation  of  a  number  of 
business  men.  A  house  was  rented  at  Fifteenth  and  Carr 
streets  and  the  hospital  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients. 
In  1859  a  charter  was  granted  by  the  secretary  of  the  state 
and  plans  drawn  for  a  new  building  at  Jefferson  and  Day- 


162  HISTORY  OF  M^^DICINK 

ton.  This  was  completed  in  March,  1861,  at  a  cost  of 
$25,000.  In  1863  the  government  took  possession  of  the 
building  as  a  hospital  for  the  sick  and  wounded  and  the 
staff  and  patients  removed  to  the  former  quarters  on 
Fifteenth  and  Carr  where  they  remained  for  two  years  until 
the  government  relinquished  the  new  building. 

The  medical  staff  is  as  follows:  Dr.  L.  P.  Pollman, 
chief;  Drs.  E.  J.  Neville,  H.  J.  C.  Sieving,  August  Kley- 
kamp,  A.  F.  Kleykamp,  F.  J.  V.  Krebs,  Alvah  M.  Wilson, 
E.  H.  Bosse,  C.  P.  Martin. 

ST.  LOUIS  PROTESTANT  HOSPITAL. 

This  hospital  was  organized  in  1882  and  incorporated  in 
1883.  The  work  was  started  in  1881  as  a  "Medical  Mis- 
sion" under  the  supervision  of  the  board  of  directors  of 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Rooms  were 
fitted  up  in  a  building  belonging  to  the  association  on  Elev- 
enth street  and  a  stock  of  drugs  purchased.  In  1886  a 
Ladies'  Auxiliary  Board  was  formed  composed  of  mem- 
bers from  different  Protestant  churches  who  desired  to 
particpate  in  the  work.  During  this  year  the  quarters  on 
Eleventh  street  were  abandoned  as  the  hospital  needed 
more  room  and  the  institution  was  moved  to  its  present 
location  at  1011  North  Eighteenth  street.  In  October, 
1890,  a  training  school  for  nurses  was  organized.  The 
course  of  study  covers  a  period  of  three  years.  A  free  dis- 
pensary is  also  maintained  in  connection  with  the  hospital, 

MARTHA   PARSONS    FREE   HOSPITAL   FOR 
CHILDREN.    ST.   LOUIS. 

This  institution  was  organized  on  April  18,  1884,  and 
incorporated  in  June,  1884,  under  the  name  of  the  Augusta 
Free  Hospital  for  Children.  A  lot  was  purchased  at  the 
corner  of  School  street  and  Channing  avenue  and  a  build- 
ing erected  with  a  capacity  for  twenty-four  children.  This 
was  formally  opened  in  October,  1886.  In  a  few  years  it 
was  found  that  the  building  was  too  small  to  accommodate 


IN  MISSOURI.  163 

the  demands  made  upon  the  managers,  who  were  compelled 
to  turn  away  many  little  patients  needing  their  care.  In 
the  spring  of  1890  Mr.  Charles  Parsons  offered  to  donate 
the  sum  of  $15,000  to  the  hospital  on  condition  that  the 
(name  be  changed  to  the  "Martha  Parsons  Free  Hospital 
for  Children."  This  change  was  made  in  April,  1890,  and 
in  1892  the  new  buildings  were  opened.  An  isolation  room 
is  maintained  for  the  care  of  children  who  develop  con- 
tagious diseases  while  in  the  hospital.  There  are  six  en- 
dowed beds.  There  is  a  consulting  staff  of  seven  physi- 
cians and  an  active  visiting  staff  of  nineteen  physicians 
who  give  attention  to  the  patients  without  charge. 

ST.  JOHN'S  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS. 

The  St.  John's  Hospital  was  inaugurated  in  St.  Louis  in 
1871  in  connection  with  a  school  and  female  infirmary 
which  afterwards  developed  into  a  general  hospital.  On 
August  15,  1890,  the  hospital  was  moved  to  the  comer  of 
Twenty-third  and  Locust  streets  and  the  buildings  on 
Twenty-second  and  Morgan  streets  were  continued  as  a 
home  for  girls  and  invalid  females. 

The  original  building  on  Locust  street  was  the  old  Bar- 
ney mansion  which  was  remodeled  and  utilized  for  hos- 
pital purposes.  Additions  have  been  made  from  time  to 
time  until  now  the  building  has  a  frontage  of  106  feet  on 
Locust  street  with  a  depth  of  155  feet  on  Twenty-second 
street.  A  free  dispensai"y  is  maintained  in  connection  with 
the  work.  Dr.  A.  V.  L.  Brokaw  is  surgeon-in-chief  and 
Dr.  F.  A.  Temm  is  in  charge  of  the  dispensary. 

ST.  ANN'S  LYING-IN  HOSPITAL  AND  FOUND- 
LING ASYLUM,  ST.  LOUIS. 

The  St.  Ann's  Lying-in  Hospital  and  Foundling  Asylum 
was  the  first  institution  opened  in  the  United  States  for 
the  care  of  abandoned  infants.  It  was  founded  by  Arch- 
oishop  Kenrick,  assisted  by  the  late  Dr.  L.  Ch.  Boisliniere, 
St.  Louis,  and  established  September  8,  1853.     On  March 


164  HISTORY  OF  MKDICINE 

5,  1869,  it  was  incorporated  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  The 
work  was  first  started  in  a  small  house  on  the  corner  of 
Eleventh  and  Marion  streets  but  later  moved  to  the  pres- 
ent location  on  Tenth  and  O'Fallon  streets.  The  institu- 
tion is  non-sectarian  in  the  matter  of  admissions.  About 
350  infants  are  received  annually  ranging  in  age  from  one 
day  to  five  years.  The  Lying-in  Hospital  is  intended  for 
the  care  of  young  women  whose  previous  character  has 
been  good  and  whose  reception  will  save  the  honor  of  the 
family.  It  is  also  intended  for  married  women,  who  can 
receive  in  the  hospital  the  care  and  attention  not  possible 
in  their  own  homes. 

A  new  building  on  Union  and  Page  boulevard  is  now 
almost  completed.  It  comprises  a  central  building  with 
east  and  west  wings  and  a  total  frontage  of  265  feet,  the 
whole  being  surrounded  by  an  extensive  tract  of  land. 


UNITED  STATES  MARINE  HOSPITAL. 

The  United  States  Marine  Hospital  is  located  on  Marine 
avenue  and  Miami  street,  St.  Louis,  the  grounds  covering 
an  area  of  sixteen  acres.  The  original  hospital  was  a  tow- 
story  structure  first  occupied  by  patients  in  1858.  During 
the  Civil  War  two  pavilions  were  constructed  for  the 
wounded  of  the  army.  In  1884  these  temporary  barracks 
were  torn  down  and  three  new  pavilion  wards  were  erected 
on  the  old  foundation.  These  are  frame,  one  story  high 
and  have  a  capacity  of  about  sixty  beds.  A  large  brick 
building  four  stories  high,  is  used  for  quarters  of  the  of- 
ficers and  hospital  attendants.  These  comprise  three  medi- 
cal officers,  a  Stewart  and  seventeen  hospital  attendants. 
Seamen  and  rivermen  who  have  been  in  the  service  of  the 
government  for  three  months  are  entitled  to  treatment  at 
the  hospital.  The  institution  is  under  the  supervision  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  not  of  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment, as  are  the  hospitals  for  salt  water  seamen. 


IN  MISSOURI.  165 

QUARANTINE  STATION. 

Prior  to  1854  the  quarantine  station  was  located  on 
Arsenal  Island  but  in  that  year  the  city  purchased  fifty- 
eight  acres  of  land  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  a  mile  and  a  quarter  south  of  Jefferson  Barracks 
and  twelve  miles  from  St,  Louis.  A  stone  house  which 
stood  on  the  ground  was  fitted  for  the  quarters  of  the 
superintendent  and  one-story  wooden  buildings  were 
erected  for  hospital  purposes.  In  1867  four  large  buildings 
were  removed  from  Arsenal  Island  to  the  quarantine  station 
and  remodeled  for  hospital  buildings.  At  the  time  of  the 
yellow  fever  scourge  in  1878  these  buildings  were  used  for 
the  reception  and  treatment  of  yellow  fever  patients.  In 
1879  the  old  buildings  were  burned  and  six  new  pavilions 
were  erected  about  three  hundred  yards  from  the  river, 
on  ground  sixty  feet  higher  than  that  on  which  the  burned 
buildings  had  stood.  On  the  river  bank  stands  a  bath  house 
to  which  patients  are  conveyed  from  boats,  stripped  of  their 
infected  clothing,  and  after  a  bath,  they  are  wrapped  in 
new,  clean  clothing  and  conveyed  to  the  wards.  There  are 
also  two  buildings  used  for  wards  for  smallpox  patients. 
Each  of  these  buildings  will  accommodate  about  fifty  pa- 
tients. 

THE  HOSPITAL  SATURDAY  AND  SUNDAY  ASSO- 
CIATION, ST.  LOUIS. 

This  association  was  organized  November  28,  1893,  and 
incorporated  November  26,  1894.  The  objects  of  this  so- 
ciety are  to  associate  together  the  hospitals  of  the  city  and 
persons  friendly  to  them,  thus  bringing  into  the  hands  of 
one  organization  the  entire  interest  of  the  sick  poor  as  a 
distinct  class  of  the  population  of  the  city.  The  association 
is  an  example  of  systematized  charity.  It  comes  before  the 
public  each  Thanksgiving  week — ^on  the  Saturday  and  Sun- 
day following  Thanksgiving  Day — and  asks  universal  sub- 
scriptions for  the  benefit  of  the  hospitals  of  the  city.  The 
boxes  of  the  society  are  placed  in  the  various  public  build- 


166  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

ings,  hotels,  depots,  theaters,  and  stores  on  Hospital  Satur- 
day and  a  committee  of  ladies  attends  the  boxes  to  present 
the  cause  to  all  persons.  On  Hospital  Sunday  the  church 
committee  makes  collections  in  all  the  churches.  The 
amount  thus  collected  is  divided  among  the  different  hos- 
pitals who  are  members  of  the  association  according  to  the 
amount  of  charity  work  done  during  the  year. 

KANSAS  CITY  MUNICIPAL  HOSPITAL. 

The  Kansas  City  Municipal  Hospital  had  its  beginning  in 
1870  in  a  small  frame  building  at  Twenty-second  and  Mc- 
Coy streets.  In  1875  there  were  three  frame  buildings 
with  inferior  accommodations  for  seventy-five  patients.  In 
1884  a  brick  edifice  was  erected  with  provisions  for  forty 
additional  patients.  In  1895  the  City  Council  appropriated 
$25,000.00  for  building  purposes.  A  frame  building  used 
for  small  pox  patients  was  destroyed  and  upon  its  site  was 
erected  a  two-story  brick  edifice  with  full  basement,  which 
contained  the  offices,  insane  ward,  female  ward  and  surgical 
department,  all  provided  with  modern  equipment  and  ac- 
cessories. In  1897  the  original  brick  building  was  remod- 
eled at  an  expense  of  $7000.  The  greater  part  of  the  wood- 
work was  removed,  new  bath  rooms  and  water  closets  were 
built,  and  in  the  rear  was  erected  a  clinical  amphitheatre 
with  seats  for  150  students.  In  1899  $3,500  were  expended 
in  the  erection  of  a  one-story  brick  building  for  tuberculous 
and  infectious  cases,  with  accommodations  for  forty-four 
patients.  The  present  capacity  of  the  hospital  is  175  pa- 
tients. The  management  of  the  hospital  is  vested  in  a  city 
physician,  who  is  also  surgeon  in  charge.  Subordinate  to 
him  is  a  house  surgeon  with  two  medical  graduates  as  as- 
sistants, and  a  steward.  The  supervisory  management  rests 
with  the  Board  of  Health.  The  mayor  is  ex-officio  presi- 
dent of  the  board,  with  the  city  physician  as  executive  offi- 
cer. Subordinate  officers  are  a  city  chemist,  a  health  officer, 
a  milk  and  food  inspector  and  a  stock  and  meat  inspector, 
who  make  their  reports  to  the  city  physician.  In  1903  the 
city  voted  bonds  to  the  amount  of  two  hundred  and  twenty- 


IN  MISSOURI.  167 

five  thousand  dollars  for  the  erection  of  a  new  City  Hospi- 
tal. The  same  year  a  plat  of  ground  ample  for  a  hospital 
site  was  offered  to  the  city  for  that  purpose  by  Thomas  H. 
Swope,  Esq.,  who  has  already  made  his  name  "a  household 
word"  by  his  gift  to  the  city,  some  years  ago,  of  the  ground 
for  the  largest  park  that  the  city  owns.  Upon  the  site 
donated  by  Mr.  Swope  the  city  is  now  erecting  a  fine  hos- 
pital building,  which  will  be  in  every  respect  up  to  date, 
accommodating,  to  begin  with,  three  hundred  and  fifty  pa- 
tients, besides  making  ample  provision  for  the  administra- 
tion department  of  a  hospital  of  much  larger  capacity.  The 
equipment  of  the  operating  rooms,  clinical  amphitheatre,  etc. 
will  be  of  the  very  best.  Special  study  has  been  given  to 
the  matter  of  forced  ventilation,  and  it  is  believed  that  when 
the  structure  is  completed  Kansas  City  will  have  a  hospital 
of  which  she  may  well  be  proud. 

ST.  JOSEPH'S  HOSPITAL  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 

St.  Joseph  Hospital,  of  Kansas  City,  was  founded  in  1875 
by  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  of  Carondelet.  The  original 
building  was  a  frame  house  accommodating  twenty  patients, 
under  the  care  of  Mother  Celestia  and  three  sisters  who 
came  with  her.  The  permanent  building  completed  in  1886 
is  located  in  a  quiet  but  convenient  neighborhood  at  710 
Penn  street.  It  is  of  brick,  three  stories,  with  three  operat- 
ing rooms  and  ample  equipment,  including  a  complete  X-ray 
plant.  The  buildings  are  provided  with  all  modern  devices 
of  lighting,  heating  and  plumbing.  One  hundred  patients 
are  provided  for  and  about  1600  are  treated  during  the  year. 
The  Sister  Superior  in  charge  is  assisted  by  nineteen  sis- 
ters, trained  nurses  of  the  Sisters  training  school  connected 
with  the  hospital,  and  the  most  eminent  physicans  and  sur- 
geons of  the  city  give  their  services  in  the  sick  wards,  op- 
erating rooms  and  in  lectures. 

In  1900  an  additional  building  of  five  stories,  90x100 
feet,  was  erected,  and  containing  thirty  private  rooms,  af- 
fording accommodations  for  fifty  additional  patients,  a  free 
dispensary  and  an  amphitheatre  seating  eighty  students. 


168  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

The  cost  of  the  building  Avas  about  $40,000.  St.  Joseph's 
Hospital,  like  all  the  other  hospitals  of  the  city  excepting 
the  City  Hospital,  is  conducted  on  the  plan  of  pennitting 
all  reputable  medical  men  to  attend  their  own  patients,  if 
they  so  desire,  while  they  are  inmates  of  the  establishment. 
A  regular  staff  of  physicians,  surgeons  and  specialists  is 
appointed,  who  give  instruction  in  the  nurses  training  school 
and  w'lio  attend  all  patients  who  have  not  their  own  private 
medical  attendants. 

THE  GERMAN  HOSPITAL  ASSOCIATION  OF 
KANSAS  CITY. 

The  German  Hospital  Association,  of  Kansas  City,  was 
organized  January  17th,  1886,  by  a  number  of  German- 
American  citizens.  Its  first  officers  were  C.  E.  Schoellkopf, 
President ;  A.  Long,  Vice-President ;  J.  A.  Bachman,  Treas- 
urer; C.  Spengler,  Secretary.  A  fund  was  created  by  sub- 
scription, and  a  building  at  23rd  and  Holmes  street,  was 
purchased  and  remodeled  at  a  cost  of  $10,000,  providing 
accommodations  for  twenty-three  patients.  In  1887,  $5654 
was  realized  from  a  fair,  and  in  1892  a  bequest  of  $8000 
in  cash  and  real  estate  was  received  from  the  estate  of  Wil- 
liam Gebhard,  deceased,  the  trustees  erecting  a  monument 
over  his  grave  in  recognition  of  his  gift.  The  amounts  were 
expended  in  building  extensions.  The  property  is  valued 
at  $50,000  and  provides  accommodations  for  100  patients. 
Plans  have  been  adopted  for  a  new  building,  doubling  the 
hospital  capacity.  Patients  are  admitted  without  regard 
to  religion  or  nationaHty.  This  hospital,  even  before  its 
enlargement  and  without  any  endowment,  admitted  more 
charity  patients  than  any  other  private  hospital  in  Kansas 
City. 

THE  SCARRITT  HOSPITAL  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 

The  Scarritt  Hospital,  of  Kansas  City,  is  a  part  of  the 
Scarritt  Bible  and  Training  School,  founded  in  1892  by 
the  bequest  of  land  and  funds  for  that  purpose  by  the  Rev. 


IN  MISSOURI.  169 

Nathan  Scarritt,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  an  old-time  resident  of 
the  city,  formerly  a  preacher  in  the  Southern  Methodist 
Church,  and  during  the  later  years  of  his  life,  a  banker  and 
capitalist.  The  hospital  occupies  the  upper  floor  of  the 
large  structure  erected  for  the  school,  situated  upon  a  com- 
manding and  most  salubrious  site,  and  comprising  a  cen- 
tral building  and  two  wings.  It  furnished  accommodations 
for  fifty  patients,  besides  administration  rooms,  nurses  quar- 
ters and  an  admirably  equipped  operating  room.  Men, 
women  and  children  are  admitted  upon  the  recommendation 
of  a  reputable  physician.  From  its  inception  the  Scarritt 
Hospital  has  been  well  patronized  by  the  best  medical  men 
in  the  city,  and  has  maintained  a  high  standard  of  excel- 
lence. The  graduates  of  its  training  school  have  furnished 
a  large  part  of  the  best  trained  nurses  of  the  city, 

THE  UNIVERSITY  HOSPITAL  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 

The  University  Hospital,  of  Kansas  City,  situated  on 
Campbell  street  near  Tenth,  is  the  property  of  the  Univer- 
sity Medical  College,  and  has  been  so  since  it  assumed  that 
name  in  1881.  Previous  to  that  time  it  was  known  as 
"All  Saints  Hospital,"  having  been  founded  by  the  Church 
Charity  Association  of  the  Episcopal  churches  of  Kansas 
City.  The  original  structure  although  very  presentable  in 
its  exterior,  was  ill-suited  to  its  purposes.  In  1903  the 
University  Medical  College  remodeled  the  old  building  and 
erected  a  large  and  thoroughly  modern  structure,  four  stor- 
ies in  height,  adjoining  the  old  one,  equipped  with  all  that 
a  hospital  demands.  It  accommodates  seventy-five  patients, 
having  many  private  rooms  as  well  as  several  wards.  It 
is  open  to  the  profession  generally.  The  internes  of  the 
hospital  are  appointed  from  the  graduates  of  the  college  and 
the  institution  is  used  to  the  utmost  advantage  for  purposes 
of  clinical  instruction. 

THE  WOMEN'S  AND  CHILDREN'S  HOSPITAL, 
OF  KANSAS  CITY. 

The  Women's  and  Children's  Hospital,  of  Kansas  City, 
occupying  rented  quarters  at  the  corner  of  Eleventh  street 


170  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

and  Troost  avenue,  was  organized  and  incorporated  in  1897 
by  Doctors  Eliza  Mitchell,  Emily  Colt,  Katherine  B.  Rich- 
ardson, Elizabeth  Enz,  Avis  Smith,  Dora  G.  Wilson  and 
A.  Graham,  As  its  name  indicates,  it  is  especially  intended 
for  women  and  children  and  a  portion  of  its  earnings  is 
set  aside  to  provide  free  beds  for  these  two  classes,  and 
especially  for  children.  It  has  a  capacity  of  thirty-jfive  beds. 
A  training  school  for  nurses  is  maintained. 

THE  AGNEW  HOSPITAL  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 

The  Agnew  Hospital,  of  Kansas  City,  63Y  Woodland  ave- 
nue, was  organized  in  1897  by  Dr.  C.  A.  Dannaker,  and 
was  incorporated  in  1903.  The  corporation  owns  the  hos- 
pital building,  which  accommodates  twenty  patients.  A 
nurses  training  school  is  maintained  and  does  very  good 
work.  The  institution  is  a  general  hospital,  is  open  to  the 
profession  generally  and  is  very  well  patronized.  Dr.  Dan- 
naker gives  the  establishment  his  personal  and  most  careful 
attention.  He  is  proud  of  the  fact  that  out  of  eighty  ma- 
ternity cases  cared  for  there  has  been  but  one  death,  that 
being  from  eclampsia. 

THE  RED  CROSS  HOSPITAL,  KANSAS  CITY. 

The  Red  Cross  Hospital,  of  Kansas  City,  occupying 
rented  quarters  on  Hunter  avenue  and  Wyandotte  street, 
was  founded  by  Dr.  Alberta  F.  Moffet,  1902.  It  is  a  gen- 
eral hospital  open  to  the  profession,  with  a  capacity  of 
twenty  beds,  and  is  maintaining  itself  successfully. 

SAINT  LUKE'S  HOSPITAL,  KANSAS  CITY. 

Saint  Luke's  Hospital  of  Kansas  City,  4207  Central  street, 
was  organized  by  Dr.  Herman  E.  Pearse,  in  1902,  and 
was  turned  over  by  him  to  the  Church  Charity  Association 
of  the  Episcopal  Church,  an  organization  which  long  ago 
built  and  controlled  All  Saints  Hospital.  The  enterprise  is 
in  its  infancy,  the  hospital  at  present  having  but  ten  beds. 


IN  MISSOURI.  171 

but  the  Charity  Association  having  recently  come  into  pos- 
session of  quite  a  little  sum  of  money,  is  looking  forward 
to  the  construction  of  a  larger  building.  Dr.  Pearse  gives 
careful  personal  attention  to  the  management  of  this  insti- 
tution, which  is  sufficient  guarantee  of  its  being  well 
handled. 

MERCY  HOSPITAL  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 

Mercy  Hospital,  of  Kansas  City,  at  the  comer  of  High- 
land and  Missouri  avenues,  is  the  combination  of  an  enter- 
prise inaugurated  by  Dr.  Katherine  B.  Richardson  and  Dr. 
A.  Graham  in  189Y,  for  the  care  of  sick  and  crippled  chil- 
dren. This  was  for  a  time  merged  in  the  Women's  and 
Children's  Hospital  but  severed  that  connection  in  1901.  In 
1903  the  present  hospital  was  opened  by  Doctors  Richard- 
son and  Graham.  It  has  a  capacity  of  twenty-five  beds  and 
is  well  equipped  for  its  work.  It  is  a  general  hospital,  open 
to  physicians  of  good  professional  standing,  and  the  income 
from  pay  patients  is  devoted  to  the  free  treatment  of  sick 
and  crippled  children.  The  administration  of  the  funds  of 
this  institution  is  in  the  hands  of  a  board  of  trustees.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  worthy  private  charities  of  the  city,  and  is 
deserving  of  cordial  support. 

THE  SOUTH  SIDE  HOSPITAL,  KANSAS  CITY. 

The  South  Side  Hospital,  of  Kansas  City,  situated  at 
3007  Main  street,  is  the  latest  addition  to  the  list  in  Kansas 
City,  having  been  opened  in  1905.  Although  a  general  hos- 
pital, open  to  the  profession,  it  is  the  private  enterprise  of 
Dr.  Laura  Hulme,  a  lady  of  extensive  hospital  experience 
in  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania,  who  has  here  erected 
a  modern  building,  well  equipped  for  hospital  purposes, 
with  a  capacity  of  twenty-five  beds.  Dr.  Hulme  is  super- 
intendent and  has  brought  with  her  some  nurses  of  tried 
experience.  Erom  the  moment  its  doors  were  opened  this 
enterprise  has  been  self-supporting,  having  received  the 
patronage  of  many  of  the  best  physicians  of  the  city,  and 
its  future  is  assured. 


172  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE) 

EMMAUS  ASYLUM  FOR  EPILEPTICS  AND 
FEEBLE  MINDED. 

In  the  same  year,  in  which,  after  many  efforts,  the  first 
State  Institution  in  the  United  States  specially  for  epilep- 
tics was  established  in  Ohio,  the  Emmaus  Asylum  for  Epi- 
leptics and  Feeble  Minded  was  opened  July  2d,  1893.  At 
the  instance  of  the  German  Evangelical  Synod  of  North 
America  a  board  of  directors  organized  to  manage  the  in- 
stitution under  the  control  of  said  Synod,  whose  former 
Theological  College  buildings  were  made  ready  for  its  use. 
They  are  situated  four  miles  from  Marthasville,  Mo.,  on 
the  M.  K.  and  T.  R.  R.  The  estate  of  300  acres  lies  in  a 
beautiful  valley  among  wooded  hills  which  protect  it  from 
the  north  winds. 

The  applications  for  admission  of  the  poor  sufferers  mul- 
tiplied in  such  a  way  that  the  three  college  buildings  were 
occupied  after  five  years  and  it  was  necessary  to  add  an- 
other one.  The  asylum  at  Marthasville  being  difficult  of 
access,  the  board  of  directors  bought  a  farm  near  St. 
Charles,  Mo.  This  farm  has  110  acres,  and  affords  whole- 
some occupation  to  the  male  patients. 

The  branch  institution  at  St.  Charles  was  dedicated  Sep- 
tember 15,  1901.  The  capacity  of  the  buildings  at  Marthas- 
ville is  of  sixty  patients,  while  the  building  at  St.  Charles 
can  accommodate  20  patients. 

Plans  have  been  made  to  lay  out  a  park  with  beautiful 
walks  around  the  main  buildings,  and  to  design  the  loca- 
tion of  about  twelve  cottages  to  be  added.  These  plans  and 
a  large  number  of  photographs  describing  the  different 
rooms  and  the  inmates  at  their  several  occupations,  and 
how  they  are  taken  care  of,  were  exhibited  at  the  St.  Louis 
World's  Fair,  1904,  in  the  Building  of  Education  and  So- 
cial Economy  in  a  special  unit  case. 

The  three  principles  according  to  which  the  patients  are 
treated  are  the  following:  Physical  care.  In  Marthasville 
as  well  as  in  St.  Charles  the  physicians  in  charge  visit  the 
institution  regularly  at  least  once  a  week,  examine  each 
case  and  prescribe  individual  treatment.  The  physician  at 
Marthasville  is  Dr.  J,  W.  Alexander,  and  at  St.  Charles  Drs. 


IN  MISSOURI.  173 

J.  E.  Briiere  and  K.  Stumberg.  The  patients  are  under  the 
continual  care  of  nurses.  Mental  care.  The  patient's 
mind  is  cheered  and  diverted  by  music  of  different 
kinds,  reading-  aloud  of  suitable  literature,  spending 
much  time  in  the  open  air,  and  caring  for  their 
own  individual  flower  beds,  celebrating  their  birth- 
days and  other  holidays.  In  fact,  everything  is  done  to 
make  their  life  in  the  institution  as  home-like  as  possible.  Re- 
ligious care :  There  are  family  devotions  in  the  morning 
and  in  the  evening,  as  well  as  regular  preaching  and  Sunday 
School  services  on  Sunday,  and  the  superintendents  give 
special  pastoral  care  to  every  patient  in  need  of  religious 
comfort.  Therefore,  the  superintendent  of  each  branch  of 
the  Emmaus  Asylum  is  an  ordained  minister.  The  char- 
acter of  the  Home  is  a  Christian  one.  Therefore  it  is  partly 
a  charitable  institution.  While  all  patients  able  to  do  so 
pay  for  their  board  and  treatment,  there  are  thirty-seven 
who  pay  only  part  of  their  expenses,  and  twenty  who  pay 
nothing  at  all.  In  1904  the  expenditures  were  $16,335.50, 
and  pensions  paid,  $16,124.40. 

The  rest  has  been  raised  by  voluntary  donations,  nearly 
all  by  members  of  the  German  Evangelical  Synod  of  North 
America.  There  is  a  special  traveling  agent  whose  duty 
it  is  to  make  known  the  work  and  to  raise  collections  in 
its  favor  among  the  congregations  of  the  Synod,  but  the 
Home  receives  patients  of  every  nationality,  confession  and 
state  without  distinction. 

In  the  spring  of  1904  six  nurses  were  received  as  novices 
into  a  newly  established  Deaconess  Society  of  the  Emmaus 
Asylum.  They  are  given  a  course  in  nursing  and  have  lec- 
tures evei-y  week,  in  which  they  are  prepared  for  the  dis- 
charge of  their  duties.  Efficient  Christian  nurses,  filled  with 
love  and  sympathy  for  their  patients,  are  what  these  suffer- 
ers need,  and  the  organization  of  this  deaconess  society  is 
an  important  progress  in  the  work. 

THE  LEVERING  HOSPITAL,  HANNIBAL. 

The  Levering  Hospital  is  a  public  hospital  erected  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  R.  Levering  of  Hannibal  and  given  to  that 


174  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

city  on  November  27,  1901.  The  lot  has  a  frontage  of  275 
feet  by  195  in  depth  on  the  corner  of  ]\Iarket  and  DowHng 
streets.  The  hospital  is  managed  by  a  Board  of  Control 
composed  of  nine  members,  the  first  board  chosen  by  Mr. 
Levering  being,  C.  Albertson,  G.  D.  Cla\i;on,  J.  L.  Schnitz- 
er,  one  year;  P.  D.  Fisher,  h.  P.  ]\Iunger,  T.  G.  Dulaney, 
two  years:  J.  X.  Baskett,  J.  T.  Holmes,  Jr.,  ]\1.  Qviirk,  three 
years. 

The  medical  staff  for  1905  consists  of  Dr.  J.  N.  Baskett, 
president ;  Drs.  H.  L.  Banks,  Thos.  Chowning,  E.  T.  Horn- 
back,  E.  E.  Waldo,  R.  Schmidt,  J.  J.  Bourn. 

A  training  school  for  nurses  is  conducted  in  connection 
with  the  other  work  of  the  hospital,  and  in  1905  graduated 
four  young  women  in  this  department.  The  term  com- 
prises two  full  years  in  the  hospital  service, 

ST.  JOSEPH'S  HOSPITAL,  ST.  JOSEPH,  MO.* 

On  April  20,  1869,  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Vincent 
de  Paul  opened  a  hospital  in  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  on  Felix 
street  between  Sixth  and  Seventh  streets.  Soon  after  a 
school  was  begun  on  the  first  floor  of  the  hospital.  The 
school  and  hospital  were  continued  jointly  until  1872  at 
which  time  the  hospital  work  was  discontinued,  the  school, 
remaining  through  the  years  following,  and  acquiring  the 
block  of  ground  fronting  on  Powell  streets  and  bounded 
by  Ninth,  Tenth  and  Lincoln  streets.  On  this  property 
was  erected  a  brick  building  two  and  one-half  stories  and 
basement,  which  was  used  until  September  8,  1891,  at 
which  time  it  was  opened  as  a  hospital  under  the  name  of 
St.  Joseph's  Hospital.  The  capacity  of  the  hospital  Avas 
about  fifty  beds.  There  was  no  medical  staff,  the  hospital 
being  thrown  open  to  the  patients  of  all  reputable  physi- 
cians, a  policy  which  still  continues.  In  September,  1895, 
a  training  school  for  nurses  was  opened.  The  course  was 
at  first  two  years,  but  in  1898  it  was  made  three  years. 
This  work  like  all  the  work  of  the  hospital,  is  non-sectarian. 


*  Prepared  by  Daniel  Morton,  M.  D.,  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 


IN  MISSOURI.  175 

In  1896  a  modern  clinical  amphitheatre  was  erected  hav- 
ing a  seating  capacity  of  one  hundred  and  costing  about 
three  thousand  dollars.  In  the  fall  of  1897,  an  addition 
was  completed  at  a  cost  of  about  forty  thousand  dollars, 
increasing  the  capacity  of  the  hospital  eighteen  private 
rooms.  In  the  same  year  a  power  house  and  laundry  was 
built  at  a  cost  of  about  five  thousand  dollars.  In  the  year 
1900,  at  a  cost  of  about  ten  thousand  dollars  an  operating 
pavilion  was  erected,  consisting  of  two  operating  rooms, 
sterilizing  room,  surgeon's  preparation  room  and  anesthesia 
room.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  operating  pavilions  in  the 
West.  On  Thanksgiving  Day,  1903,  the  corner  stone  of 
a  new  building  was  laid.  This  building  was  completed  in 
1904,  at  a  cost  of  seventy  thousand  dollars  and  doubled 
the  capacity  of  the  hospital.  In  1904,  a  fully  equipped 
pharmacy  was  opened  and  placed  under  the  care  of  a  sister 
who  is  a  regularly  registered  pharmacist.  The  institution 
as  it  stands  in  1905,  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  West,  having 
a  capacity  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  beds.  The  grounds 
consist  of  one  entire  city  block.  The  buildings  are  all  of 
brick  and  stone,  with  modern  heating,  lighting  and  plumb- 
ing; the  wards  are  light  and  airy,  and  the  ventilation  by 
a  special  plant.  The  operating  room  is  unsurpassed  in  the 
West  and  the  surgical  dressing  rooms  are  well  appointed. 
There  is  a  laboratory,  a  complete  pharmacy,  an  excellent 
clinical  operating  amphitheatre,  a  completely  equipped 
culinary  department  and  diet  kitchen,  modern  laundry  ma- 
chinery and  private  electric  lighting  plant.  The  service  is 
maintained  by  a  commmunity  of  twenty  Sisters,  with  a 
house  physician,  a  house  surgeon  and  a  corps  of  twenty- 
five  trained  nurses.  The  Sisters  servant  of  the  institution 
have  been  since  1891,  Sister  Teresa,  Sister  Mary  John, 
Sister  Rose,  Sister  Mary  Gabriel,  and  Sister  Agatha. 

THE  HOME  OF  THE  FRIENDLESS. 

During  the  winter  of  1873-74  the  Protestant  Evangelical 
Churches  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  united  in  a  series  of  union 
gospel  services,  which  developed  a  strong  spirit  of  fraternity 


176  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

and  manifested  itself  in  the  formation  of  a  Ladies'  Union 
Prayer  Meeting.  At  one  of  these  prayer  meetings,  held  at 
the  Francis  Street  Methodist  Church,  February  17,  1874, 
the  suggestion  was  made  by  some  one  that  there  was  a 
great  deal  of  charitable  work  to  be  done  in  St.  Joseph.  In 
accordance  with  the  suggestion,  after  three  months  of  prep- 
atory  work,  in  June,  1874,  an  association  was  formed  under 
the  name  of  the  Ladies'  Union  Benevolent  Association, 
having  for  its  object  the  care  of  sick  and  destitute  women 
and  children,  as  well  as  the  maintenance  of  a  lying-in 
hospital  for  friendless  women.  It  therefore  called  the  insti- 
tution which  it  founded  the  Home  of  the  Friendless.  The 
association  began  at  once  to  raise  money  to  expend  in  the 
prosecution  of  its  work,  and  until  the  year  1880  it  was  a 
struggle  for  existence. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1880  three  gentlemen  took 
an  active  part  in  securing  the  money  to  purchase  the  prop- 
erty at  Main  and  Pouline,  known  as  the  Beattie  homestead, 
w^hich  property  has  ever  since  remained  in  the  possession 
of  the  association.  These  gentlemen  were  Frank  C.  Con- 
don, R,  H.  Jordan,  and  J.  H.  Robison. 

Here  the  work  continued  for  many  years.  The  associa- 
tion devoted  all  its  energies  to  caring  for  the  sick,  the  poor, 
the  distressed.  New  plans  were  instituted  and  old  ones  im- 
proved upon.  It  was  an  educational  era  to  the  association 
itself.  With  improved  methods  better  work  was  done  for 
the  beneficiaries,  and  the  influence  of  the  association  made 
to  reach  a  larger  number  than  ever  before.  Thus  the  work 
continued  until  the  year  1894. 

It  would  be  very  difficult  to  give  in  figures  an  estimate  of 
the  number  of  persons  cared  for,  but  the  inmates  would  prob- 
ably average  during  these  twenty  years  fifty  children  and 
ten  women  as  the  constant  population  of  The  Home.  Dur- 
ing this  time,  also,  about  three  hundred  friendless  girls  and 
women  were  cared  for  in  the  lying-in  wards,  and  their  new- 
bom  infants  provided  for. 

At  the  time  that  the  work  was  discontinued  Miss  Anna 
Frednick  was  matron  and  Dr.  Daniel  Morton  and  Dr.  Mil- 
ton Townsend  attending  physicians.     Dr.  Morton  has  been 


IN  MISSOURI.  177 

connected  with  the  association  continuously  since  1889.  On 
April  1st,  1891,  a  trained  nurse  was  installed  in  the  lying-in 
wards,  the  first  trained  nurse  permanently  employed  in 
St.  Joseph. 

THE  HOME  FOR  LITTLE  WANDERERS. 

During  all  these  years  of  toil  and  struggle  one  of  St. 
Joseph's  wholesale  merchants,  Mr.  C.  W.  Noyes,  had 
watched  closely  the  growth  and  development  of  the  associa- 
tion. He  had  contributed  regularly  to  its  support.  In  1892, 
having  a  desire  to  found  "a  home  for  little  wanderers,"  he 
called  upon  Mrs.  John  A.  Dolman  and  unfolded  his  plan 
to  buy  ground,  to  erect  thereon  a  building  and  to  maintain 
by  endowment  the  institution  thus  founded.  The  gift  was 
accepted,  and  to-day  there  stands  on  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful sites  of  St.  Joseph's  suburbs  a  handsome,  modern  build- 
ing, with  beautiful  lawn,  orchard,  pasture  and  garden,  com- 
prising eight  and  one-half  acres  of  ground.  An  endowment 
supplies  the  means  of  its  maintenance.  The  building  is  of 
brick,  modern  in  every  particular  and  has  a  capacity  of 
one  hundred  children.  There  is  a  matron,  Mrs.  Annie 
Curtis,  consulting  physician.  Dr.  Daniel  Morton ;  attending 
physician,  Dr.  John  McDonald ;  oculist  and  aurist,  Dr.  Bar- 
ton Pitts;  dentist.  Dr.  Lee  McDonald.  The  averap-e  pop- 
ulation of  the  home  is  seventy-five  children,  the  age  limit 
being  two  and  fifteen  vears. 

This  institution  is  probably  the  finest  children's  home  in 
the  state.  It  was  opened  for  the  reception  of  inmates  Octo- 
ber 1,  1894. 

THE  MEMORIAL  HOME  FOR  THE  AGED. 

The  association  in  1894,  after  the  transfer  of  the  chil- 
dren to  the  Home  for  Little  Wanderers,  decided  to  abandon 
the  lying-in  work  entirely  and  to  convert  the  Home  of  the 
Friendless  into  a  home  for  old  people.  Some  repairs  and 
alterations  were  needed  and  the  money  necessary  to  make 
these  changes  was    raised    by    public    subscription.     The 


178  HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE 

Home  was  opened  October  1,  1895,  and  has  continued  as 
such  ever  since.  Old  persons  both  men  and  women  are 
here  given  a  permanent  home  in  their  dechning  years. 
Mrs.  George  T.  Hoagland  endowed  the  institution  on  its 
opening  with  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  and  this  amount 
has  been  added  to  by  various  other  persons  until  now  the 
total  endowment  is  about  forty  thousand  dollars.  The 
work  soon  increased  beyond  the  capacity  of  the  building 
so  that  more  room  became  necessary.  Mrs.  George  T. 
Hoagland  again  came  to  the  help  of  the  association  and 
contributed  six  thousand  dollars  for  the  erection  of  the 
Hoagland  annex,  increasing  the  capacity  of  the  institution 
twelve  rooms.  This  annex  was  opened  in  1899.  The  in- 
stitution as  it  stands  today  occupies  a  beautiful  site  con- 
sisting of  one-half  of  a  city  block  of  ground.  There  are 
two  modern  buildings  of  brick.  The  matron  is  Miss 
Moore;  the  attending  physician,  Dr.  John  W.  Leonard; 
the  consulting  physician,  Dr.  Daniel  Morton;  oculist  and 
aurist.  Dr.  Barton  Pitts. 

For  thirty  years  Mrs.  John  A.  Dolman  has  been  presi- 
dent of  the  association,  and  this  sketch  would  be  incom- 
plete without  some  reference  to  her.  In  the  early  days  of 
the  association  her  executive  ability  was  most  valuable  in 
solidly  laying  the  foundation  of  its  subsequent  prosperity. 
When  dark  days  came  and  discouragements  multiplied,  her 
cheeriness  of  temper,  and  her  unfaltering  faith  in  the  future 
infused  new  hope  into  her  associates.  The  personal  sacri- 
fices which  she  has  made  to  discharge  her  duty,  no  one 
knows  but  her  own  family.  The  association  cannot  be- 
stow upon  her  too  much  honor  and  nothing  that  it  can  do 
will  ever  adequately  recognize  her  labors  in  its  behalf. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  179 


CHAPTER  XL 


Biographical  Sketches. 


CHARLES  S.  AUSTIN. 

Dr.  Charles  S.  Austin  of  Carrollton,  was  born  in  Carroll 
County,  Missouri,  November  10th,  1862.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  received  in  the  private  and  public  schools  of  Car- 
rollton and  Hannibal,  Missouri.  In  1878  he  entered  Cen- 
tral College,  Fayette,  Mo.,  receiving  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  In  1900  he  received 
from  the  same  institution  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 
Soon  after  graduation  he  began  the  study  of  medicine,  first 
by  learning  the  practical  workings  of  a  drug  store,  and  in 
two  years  became  a  registered  pharmacist.  He  then  en- 
tered the  office  of  the  late  Dr.  P.  E.  Austin  and  soon  after- 
ward enrolled  as  a  student  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College 
of  St.  Louis.  He  graduated  from  this  college  in  1887  and 
at  once  returned  to  his  old  home  where  he  formed  a  part- 
nership with  his  early  preceptor.  This  relation  continued 
until  1893  when  Dr.  Peter  E.  Austin  retired. 

During  his  early  practice  he  was  coroner  of  Carroll 
County  for  several  terms.  In  1891  he  pursued  a  course  of 
post-graduate  work  in  New  York  City.  He  has  been  al- 
most continuously  upon  the  City  and  County  Boards  of 
Health  and  in  the  enactment  of  the  late  law  was  appointed 
and  has  since  held  the  position  as  Health  Officer  of  Carroll 
County.  At  various  times  he  has  held  the  office  of  presi- 
dent and  secretary  of  the  Carroll  County  Medical  Society 
and  was  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Pension  Examiners  of 
this  county.     He  was  for  several  years  surgeon  with  the 


180  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

rank  of  major  of  tiie  Fourth  Infantry  N.  G.  M.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  State  Medical  Association,  the  Association 
of  MiHtary  Surgeons  of  the  U.  S.  A.,  and  of  the  Board  of 
Curators  and  treasurer  of  Central  Female  College,  Lexing- 
ton, Mo.  He  has  devoted  considerable  attention  to  life  in- 
surance, having  been  examiner  for  a  large  number  of  the 
old  line  companies. 

ROBERT  F.  AMYX. 

Dr.  Robt.  F.  Amyx,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  at  Stockton, 
California,  on  March  29,  1865.  He  obtained  his  education 
in  the  common  schools  and  studied  medicine  at  the  Marion- 
Sims  Medical  College  (now  Medical  Department  of  St. 
Louis  University)  graduating  in  the  year  1897.  He  imme- 
diately entered  the  City  Hospital,  having  successfully  passed 
the  examination  for  internes,  and  spent  four  years  in  that 
institution,  serving  as  junior,  senior  and  assistant  superin- 
tendent. In  1901  he  resigned  his  position  in  the  hospital 
and  began  private  practice  in  St.  Louis  where  he  is  now 
living. 

Dr.  Amyx  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
the  Medical  Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni  and  the  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Association. 

HUGO  A.  AULER. 

Dr.  Hugo  A.  Auler,  of  St.  Louis,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Dr.  Hugo  V.  Auler,  who  practiced  medicine  in  St.  Louis 
for  many  years  and  was  Coroner  of  the  city  for  six  years. 
Dr.  Lawrence  Auler,  grandfather  of  Hugo  A.  Auler,  was, 
up  to  the  time  of  bis  death  in  1852,  also  prominent  in  the 
medical  profession  of  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Hugo  A.  Auler  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Septem- 
ber 2Y,  1867.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
St.  Louis,  the  Missouri  State  University  and  attended  the 
Sacred  Heart  College  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  Wise,  gradu- 
ating from  the  latter  institution  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts.     At  a  later  date  this  college  conferred  upon  him 


BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES.  181 

the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  He  pursued  his  medical 
studies  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  graduating  from 
the  same  in  1890  and  immediately  began  to  practice  in  bis 
native  city.  He  is  consulting  physician  to  Mt.  St.  Rose 
Hospital  and  the  City  Hospital,  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association 
and  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

SAMUEL  AYRES. 

Dr.  Samuel  Ayres,  of  Kansas  City,  was  born  in  Danville, 
Ky.,  June  2,  1858.  He  was  educated  in  Centre  College 
at  Danville  and  received  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from 
that  institution  in  1879.  He  studied  medicine  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Louisville  and  was  graduated  from  the  Medical 
Department  in  1883.  After  taking  his  medical  degree  he 
began  practice  in  Louisville,  remaining  three  years  in  that 
city.  From  1886  to  1888  he  practiced  in  Great  Bend,  Kan- 
sas, moving  to  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  in  1888.  At  various 
times  he  iias  pursued  his  medical  studies  in  the  post-grad- 
uate schools  and  hospitals  of  New  York. 

Dr.  Ayres  is  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  University  Med- 
ical College  of  Kansas  City  and  chief  surgeon  of  the  Kan- 
sas City  Southern  Railway.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Kan- 
sas City  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Jackson  County  Med- 
ical Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the 
Missouri  Valley  Medical  Society  and  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association. 

HENRY  LEE  BANKS. 

Dr.  H.  L.  Banks,  of  Hannibal,  was  born  near  Emerson, 
Mo.,  May  9,  1864.  He  obtained  his  early  education  in  the 
District  Normal  School  of  Marion  County  and  then  at- 
tended tile  State  Normal  School  at  Kirksville,  Mo.  Taking 
up  the  study  of  medicine  he  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  after  completing  his  literary  education  and  was 
graduated  from  that  institution  in  1890.  Competing  in  the 
examination  for  internes  at  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital  he 


182  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

was  appointed  junior  physican  and  served  for  one  year. 
In  1891  he  took  a  post-graduate  course  in  the  Chicago 
PolycHnic  and  then  went  to  Hannibal  to  enter  private  prac- 
tice. From  1892  to  1894  he  was  city  physician  of  Hannibal 
and  again  filled  this  position  from  1899  to  1901.  During 
the  latter  period  smallpox  became  epidemic  in  Hannibal 
and  he  was  called  upon  to  treat  about  two  hundred  cases. 
From  1895  to  1897  he  was  coroner  of  Marion  County. 

Dr.  Banks  is  a  member  of  the  Marion  County  Medical 
Society  of  which  he  is  ex-president,  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association,  the  American  Medical  Association 
and  the  Medical  Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni  of  St. 
Louis.  He  is  attending  surgeon  of  Levering  Hospital, 
surgeon  for  the  Atlas  Cement  Company  of  Hannibal  and 
medical  examiner  for  a  number  of  life  insurance  companies. 

CARL  BARCK. 

Dr.  Carl  Barck  has  been  practicing  in  Missouri  since  he 
came  to  America  twenty-two  years  ago.  He  was  born  in 
Karlsruhe,  Germany,  on  July  29,  1857,  and  received  his 
literary  education  in  the  Gymnasium  and  Lyceum  of  Karls- 
ruhe and  Lyceum  of  Freiburg,  receiving  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts  from  the  latter  institution.  He  studied 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Freiburg  graduating  in  1880. 
In  1881  he  was  appointed  assistant  at  the  University  of 
Freiburg  and  retained  this  position  for  two  years.  In  1883 
he  came  to  America  and  located  in  St.  Louis  where  he  has 
practiced  continuously  since  that  time. 

Dr.  Barck  is  professor  of  ophthalmology  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  St.  Louis  University  and  opthalmologist  to 
Rebekaii  Hospital  and  the  Lutheran  Hospital.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association,  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical 
Association,  American  Medical  Association,  American 
Academy  of  Ophthalmology  and  Oto-Laryngology  and  the 
German  Ophthalm.  Gesellschaft  (Heidelberg). 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  183 

ALGERNON  SIDNEY  BARNES. 

Dr.  Algernon  Sidney  Barnes,  son  of  John  Barnes,  M.  D., 
and  Caroline  Clark  Barnes,  both  of  Philadelphia,  was  born 
in  Mont  Albin,  Mississippi,  March  8,  1831.  He  came  to 
Missouri  in  1841,  and  has  since  that  time  resided  in  St. 
Louis.  He  attended  a  course  of  lectures  in  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  session  of  1849-50.  He  was  one  of  the 
early  St.  Louisans  to  cross  the  plains  in  1850  with  an  ox- 
team,  via  Salt  Lake  City,  to  the  gold  mines  of  Southern 
California,  returning  in  1853.  Resuming  his  medical 
studies  he  attended  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Missouri,  session  of  1853-4  and  1854-5 
and  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  the  spring  of 
1855.  He  has  practiced  medicine  in  St.  Louis  since  that 
time,  and  is  still  practicing. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Civil  War  he  entered  the 
government  service  in  the  capacity  of  surgeon,  and  served 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  during  that  time  acting  as  surgeon 
in  charge  of  several  military  hospitals  in  St.  Louis,  as  well 
as  attending  officers  and  their  families,  men  on  furlough 
and  detached  service,  and  examining  for  the  regular  army. 
Dr.  Barnes  also  served  as  surgeon  to  the  State  Militia,  hold- 
ing the  commission  of  major  on  General  A.  G.  Edwards' 
staff.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  to  a  professorship  in  the 
St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  later 
filled  the  chair  of  Obstetrics,  and  Diseases  of  Women  and 
Children.  He  was  also  elected  to  the  deanship  of  the  same 
institution,  but  later  resigned  on  account  of  professional 
duties. 

Dr.  Barnes  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
of  the  American  Medical  Association,  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  Medical  Association,  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association  and  is  consulting  physician  to  several  city  and 
state  institutions. 

GUSTAV  (H.  E.)  BAUMGARTEN. 

Dr.  Gustav  Baumgarten,  of  St.  Louis,  has  been  practic- 
ing medicine  for  almost  fifty  years,  nearly  all  of  the  time  in 


184  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

St.  Louis.  He  was  born  in  Clausthal,  Germany,  on  June  1, 
1837,  and  attended  the  Gymnasiums  in  Claustiial  and  Nort- 
heim,  Germany,  and  the  Enghsh  and  Classical  High  School 
in  St.  Louis.  After  this  preparatory  education  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  (now 
Medical  Department  of  Washington  University)  taking  his 
medical  degree  in  1856.  Immediately  after  graduating 
from  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  he  departed  for  Ger- 
many where  he  continued  his  medical  studies  in  the  Uni- 
versities of  Goettingen,  Berlin,  Prag  and  Vienna,  remaining 
abroad  for  three  years.  In  1859  he  returned  to  St.  Louis 
and  began  active  practice.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was 
appointed  assistant  surgeon  and  later  passed  assistant  sur- 
geon, in  the  United  States  navy,  serving  from  1861  to  1865. 
Returning  to  St.  Louis  after  being  mustered  out  of  naval 
service  he  resumed  his  practice  and  is  still  active  in  the 
profession  of  St.  Louis.  In  1867  he  became  editor  of  the 
St  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  and  held  this  posi- 
tion for  four  years.  When  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  was  organized  in  1868  he  was  chosen  professor 
of  Histology  and  General  Pathology  and  occupied  this  chair 
for  three  years.  In  1873  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  ever  since  that 
date  he  has  been  a  teacher  in  his  alma  mater,  as  professor 
of  Physiology  from  1873  to  1887,  professor  of  Special 
Pathology  and  Therapeutics  1887  to  1893,  professor  of  the 
Practice  of  Medicine  from  1893  to  the  present  time. 

In  1899  Dr.  Baumgarten  was  elected  president  of  the 
Association  of  American  Physicians  and  for  three  years 
was  president  of  the  Deutsche  Medicinische  Gesellschaft  in 
St.  Louis.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society,  Verein  Deutscher  Aerzte,  St.  Louis,  and  the  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Association. 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON  BEATTIE. 

Dr.  Thomas  Jefferson  Beattie,  of  Kansas  City,  was  born 
in  Harrisonville,  Mo.,  July  28,  1863.  His  father,  Dr. 
Thomas  Beattie,  was  a  native  of  Belfast,  Ireland,  a  graduate 


BIOGRAPHICAIv  SEIETCHES.  185 

of  the  University  of  Edinburg  and  was  a  student  of  the 
renowned  Sir  James  Simpson,  He  held  several  positions 
of  honor  and  responsibility. 

Dr.  Beattie  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  Cass  County, 
Missouri,  and  took  his  senior  year  in  the  Missouri  State 
University  in  1880.  He  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  S.  S. 
Todd,  of  Kansas  City,  and  later  entered  the  Kansas  City 
Medical  College  from  which  he  graduated  in  1885.  He 
took  a  post-graduate  course  in  the  University  Medical  Col- 
lege of  New  York,  graduating  in  1886.  He  began  practice 
in  Kansas  City  in  1886,  where  he  has  since  remained.  He 
held  the  chair  of  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Kansas 
City  Medical  College  until  1893,  when  he  was  elected  to 
the  chair  of  clinical  gynecology.  He  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Women's  Medical  College  in  1895,  and  was 
elected  president  and  professor  of  diseases  of  women.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association,  ex-president  of  the  Western 
Surgical  Society,  member  of  the  Jackson  County  Medi- 
cal Society,  and  one  of  the  charter  members  of  the  Kansas 
City  Academy  of  Medicine,  of  which  he  was  recently 
elected  president. 

JOHN  FAIRBAIRN  BINNIE. 

Dr.  John  Fairbairn  Binnie  was  born  in  Stirling,  Scot- 
land, in  1863,  the  son  of  Rev.  William  Binnie,  D.  D.,  pro- 
fessor in  the  Free  Church  College  of  Aberdeen.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen,  receiving  the  de- 
gree of  A.  M.,  in  1882,  and  that  of  M.  B.  and  C.  M.  (Mas- 
ter of  Surgery,)  in  1886.  He  served  as  interne  in  the 
Royal  Infirmary  and  the  Maternity  Hospital  of  Glasgow 
in  1886-87.  He  then  carried  on  the  study  of  surgery  in 
London  and  of  pathology  and  surgery  at  the  University 
of  Gottingen  and  in  Berlin.  In  1889  Dr.  Binnie  came  to 
the  United  States  and  settled  in  Kansas  City.  The  next 
year  he  was  made  Instructor  in  Microscopy  in  the  Univer- 
sity Medical  College  and  the  next  year  professor  of  pa- 
thology in  the  same. 


186  BIOGRAPHICAI,  SKBTCH^S. 

In  1892  he  severed  his  connection  with  this  school  to 
accept  the  professorship  of  Surgical  Pathology  and  Minor 
Surgery  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College,  with  which 
institution  he  has  remained  connected  ever  since. 

Dr.  Binnie  has  always  been  an  active  and  working  mem- 
ber of  local  medical  societies,  of  the  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation and  the  American  Medical  Association  as  well  as 
of  the  American  Surgical  Association,  and  is  a  charter 
member  of  the  International  Surgical  Association.  He 
is  a  frequent  contributor  to  current  surgical  literature 
both  in  the  way  of  translations  and  of  original  articles, 
these  appearing  particularly  in  the  "Annals  of  Surgery." 
He  is  the  Author  of  "A  Manual  of  Operative  Surgery" 
published  by  P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co.,  in  1905,  (Octavo, 
pp  620,)  which  has  received  the  most  favorable  notices 
from  the  press  and  a  second  addition  of  which  has  already 
been  called  for. 


JAMES  M.  BILLINGS. 

Dr.  James  M.  Billings  came  to  Missouri  from  Illinois 
where  he  practiced  for  several  years  before  settling  in 
Lebanon,  Mo.  He  is  a  native  of  Indiana,  born  in  Marion 
County  on  March  2,  1844.  His  early  education  was  ob- 
tained in  the  common  schools  in  his  native  state  and  when 
he  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  he  matriculated  in  Miami 
Medical  College  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He  graduated  from 
that  institution  in  1873  and  at  once  went  to  Clay  City,  111., 
to  enter  practice.  He  spent  eight  years  in  Clay  City  and 
then,  in  1881,  he  came  to  Missouri,  located  in  Lebanon 
where  he  is  now  in  active  practice. 

Dr.  Billings  is  local  surgeon  for  tiie  Frisco  Railway  and 
Medical  referee  for  Laclede  County  Legislative  Committee 
of  the  American  Medical  Association.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Laclede  County  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association,  the  International  Association  of  Rail- 
way Surgeons,  the  American  Medical  Association  and  U. 
S.  Board  of  Pension  Examiners. 


BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKBTCHES.  187 

MALCOLM  ANDREWS  BLISS. 

Dr.  M.  A.  Bliss,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Warsaw,  111., 
on  the  second  day  of  July,  1863.  His  early  education  was 
received  under  a  private  tutor  until  he  was  fourteen  years  of 
age  when  he  was  admitted  to  the  Warsaw  High  School 
where  he  finished  his  studies.  He  then  took  up  the  study 
of  dentistry  and  graduated  from  the  Missouri  Dental  Col- 
lege in  1884,  but  later  he  abandoned  the  dental  profession 
and  began  the  study  of  medicine.  Going  to  Chicago  he  en- 
tered the  Chicago  Medical  College  (Medical  Department  of 
Northwestern  University)  and  graduated  from  that  institu- 
tion in  1890.  In  the  same  year  he  came  to  Missouri  and 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Bonne  Terre,  re- 
maining until  1892  when  he  left  that  place  and  moved  to 
St.  Louis  where  he  has  practiced  ever  since. 

Dr.  Bliss  is  physician  to  St.  Louis  Mullanphy  Hospital. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Asssociation  and  of  the  St.  Louis  Neu- 
rological Society. 

ROBERT  W.  BERREY. 

Dr.  Robt.  W.  Berrey,  of  Mexico,  was  born  in  Audrain 
county,  Missouri,  September  28,  1861.  He  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  of  Audrain  county  and  later  took 
up  the  study  of  medicine.  For  this  purpose  he  went  to 
St.  Louis  and  matriculated  in  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege (now  Medical  Department  of  Washington  Univer- 
sity) from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1883. 
After  taking  his  medical  degree  he  returned  to  Audrain 
county  and  entered  practice  in  Mexico  and  has  resided  in 
that  city  since  that  time,  except  during  the  years  1897  and 
1898  when  he  lived  in  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Berrey  is  a  member  of  the  Audrain  County  Medi- 
cal Society,  the  Linton  District  Medical  Society  and  of  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association, 


188  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

CARL  HENRY  BITTER. 

Dr.  Carl  Bitter,  of  St.  Charles,  was  born  in  Osnabrueck, 
Germany,  on  September  15,  1867,  and  received  his  litera- 
ry education  in  the  Gymnasium  in  his  native  city  v^hich  he 
attended  from  1879  to  1886.  After  coming  to  America 
he  finally  settled  in  St.  Louis  and  in  that  city  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine  and  was  graduated  from  the  Medical 
Department  of  Washington  University  in  1894.  He  be- 
gan practice  in  New  Melle,  Mo.,  and  remained  there  until 
1899,  when  he  moved  to  St.  Charles  and  has  practiced  in 
that  city  ever  since.  Dr.  Bitter's  grandfather  and  father 
were  physicians,  and  four  brothers  are  now  practicing 
medicine,  three  of  them  in  Germany,  the  other.  Dr.  H. 
Bitter,  is  director  of  the  Pathological  Institute  at  Cairo, 
Egj'pt. 

Dr.  Bitter  served  as  coroner  of  St.  Charles  county  from 
1896  to  1898  and  again  from  1900  to  1902,  and  he  has 
been  county  ph)^sician  since  1903.  He  is  physician  to  St. 
Charles  County  Asylum  and  a  member  of  St.  Charles 
County  Medical  Society  and  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association. 

THEODRICK  C.  BOULWARE. 

Dr.  T.  C.  Boulware,  of  Butler,  was  born  in  Calloway 
County,  Mo.,  on  the  fourth  day  of  February,  1844,  and  for 
thirty-seven  years  he  has  been  in  continuous  practice  in 
Bates  County.  His  early  education  was  obtained  in  the 
common  schools  of  the  district  and  this  was  supplemented 
by  a  course  in  Westminster  College.  When  he  decided  to 
study  medicine  he  went  to  St.  Louis  and  matriculated  in 
the  JMissouri  Medical  College,  receiving  his  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine  in  1868.  Immediately  after  graduating  he  set- 
tled in  Butler  and  began  active  practice. 

Dr.  Boulware  is  a  charter  member  of  the  John  T. 
Hodgen  ]\Iedical  Society  and  one  of  the  organizers  of  that 
association  and  filled  the  president's  chair  for  one  year.  He 
is  an  ex-vice-president  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Asso- 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  189 

ciation,  ex-president  of  the  Board  of  Pension  Examiners, 
seretary  of  the  Bates  County  Board  of  Health  and  a  mem- 
ber of  Bates  County  Medical  Society.  For  some  years  he 
has  been  local  surgeon  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway. 

WALDO  BRIGGS. 

Dr.  Waldo  Briggs,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Bowling 
Green,  Ky.,  on  July  2,  1854.  He  received  a  thorough  edu- 
cation, graduating  from  the  University  of  Nashville  and 
then  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Vanderbilt  University,  of  Nashville,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1876.  His  father.  Dr.  W.  T.  Briggs, 
was  also  a  physician  and  two  brothers  are  graduates  in 
medicine. 

Dr.  Briggs  moved  to  St.  Louis  soon  after  receiving  his 
medical  degree  and  there  began  to  practice.  He  has  re- 
mained in  St.  Louis  ever  since  and  is  now  dean  of  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  filling  the  chair 
of  Surgery.  He  is  chief  surgeon  to  the  Jefferson  Hospital, 
consulting  surgeon  St.  Andrew's  Hospital,  City  Hospital 
and  Female  Hospital. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

AUGUSTUS  VAN  LIEW  BROKAW. 

Dr.  Augustus  V.  L.  Brokaw  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on 
April  6,  1863.  He  is  a  son  of  Dr.  F.  V.  L.  Brokaw  who 
was  superintendent  and  surgeon  in  charge  of  tiie  City  Hos- 
pital during  the  Civil  War. 

After  completing  his  studies  in  the  public  schools,  in- 
cluding the  Polytechnic  and  High  Schools,  Dr.  Brokaw  be- 
gan his  medical  education  and  matriculated  in  the  Missouri 
Medical  College  (now  Medical  Department  of  Washington 
University).  He  took  his  degree  in  1885  and  then  went 
to  Europe  to  supplement  his  studies  by  post-graduate  work 
in  the  Universities  of  Berlin  and  Vienna,  remaining  abroad 


190  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

for  two  years.  In  1887  he  returned  to  St.  I^ouis  and  began 
private  practice. 

He  occupies  the  chair  of  Chnical  and  Operative  Surgery 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  University  and  is 
surgeon-in-chief  of  St.  John's  Hospital.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association  and  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological 
Society. 

Dr.  Brokaw  has  contributed  numerous  articles  on  surg- 
ical topics  for  publication  in  medical  literature,  among  them 
"Experimental  Studies  in  Intestinal  Surgery,"  "Abdominal 
and  Pelvic  Surgery,"  etc. 

JOHN  E.  BRUERE. 

Dr.  J.  E.  Bruere  has  been  practicing  medicine  in  St. 
Charles,  Mo.,  for  over  forty-seven  years  with  the  exception 
of  about  a  year  and  a  half  when  he  served  as  surgeon  in 
the  Union  Army  during  the  Civil  War. 

Dr.  Bruere  was  bom  in  Cologne,  Germany,  on  Novem- 
ber 29,  1836,  He  attended  the  Gymnasium  and  the  Gewer- 
beschule  at  Darmstadt,  Germany,  and  afterwards  came  to 
America  and  settled  in  Missouri.  Taking  up  the  study  of 
medicine  he  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and 
graduated  from  that  institution  in  1858.  In  the  same  year 
iie  returned  to  Germany  where  he  continued  his  medical 
studies  in  the  Universities  of  Wuertzburg,  Prague,  Berlin 
and  Paris.  His  son.  Dr.  Gustave  E.  Bruere,  is  also  a  grad- 
uate in  medicine  and  now  in  practice  in  Portland,  Oregon. 

Dr.  Bruere  is  physician  to  the  Emmaus  Home  for  Epilep- 
tics and  Feeble  Minded  at  St.  Charles.  Pie  is  a  member 
of  the  St.  Charles  County  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  and  of  the  American  Medical 
Association. 

EDWIN  CLARK  BURNETT. 

Dr.  E.  C,  Burnett,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Mansfield, 
Ohio,  January  19,  1854.     His  family  moved  to  Olney,  111., 


BIOGRAPHIC AI,  SKETCHES.  191 

soon  after  he  was  born  and  in  that  town  he  received  his 
education  in  both  private  and  pnbhc  schools.  After  read- 
ing medicine  for  several  years  in  tiie  office  of  his  preceptor 
he  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  graduated 
from  that  institution  in  1883.  He  returned  to  Olney  after 
obtaining  his  medical  degree  and  remained  there  for  one 
year.  In  1884  he  came  to  Missouri  and  located  in  St. 
lyouis  where  he  has  since  continued  in  active  practice. 

Dr.  Burnett  is  genito-urinary  surgeon  on  the  staff  of  St. 
Luke's  Hospital  and  Missouri  Baptist  Sanatarium  and 
clinical  professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Diseases  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  Washington  University.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Association  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons 
and  was  president  of  that  organization  in  1904;  he  "is  also 
a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  and  of  the  Academy  of  Science 
of  St.  Louis. 

R.  SHEPARD  BRYAN. 

Dr.  R.  Shepard  Bryan  is  a  native  of  Missouri  having 
been  born  in  St.  Louis  on  August  25,  1870.  After  attend- 
ing the  Racine  College  Grammar  School  for  one  year  he 
entered  Smith  Academy  (Washington  University)  and 
graduated  with  the  class  of  1889.  He  then  went  to  Prince- 
ton University  where  he  completed  his  literary  education 
graduating  in  1893.  His  medical  education  was  obtained 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University  and 
he  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1897.  He  began 
practice  in  St.  Louis  and  has  continued  to  reside  in  that 
city. 

Dr.  Bryan  is  assistant  in  the  medical  clinic  at  the  O'Fal- 
lon  Dispensary  (Medical  Department  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity). For  some  time  he  served  as  attending  surgeon 
to  the  U.  S.  Army  recruiting  station  at  St.  Louis  and  also 
acted  in  the  same  capacity  to  the  U.  S.  Marine  Corps  re- 
cruiting station  at  St.  Louis.  He  is  medical  examiner  for 
a  number  of  life  insurance  companies. 


192  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

ISAAC  HENRY  CADWALLADER. 

Dr.  Isaac  Henry  Cadwallader  was  born  in  Waynesville, 
Warren  County,  Ohio,  August  29,  1850.  When  he  was 
seven  years  old  his  parents  removed  to  Ilhnois,  in  which 
state,  after  short  residences  at  Canton  and  Havana,  the 
family  settled  in  Lincoln.  Here  young  Cadwallader  re- 
ceived the  greater  part  of  his  literary  education,  finishing  a 
course  in  Lincoln  University  in  1868. 

His  father  was  a  druggist.  During  iiis  residence  in 
Lincoln  he  was  proprietor  of  a  drug  store,  and  the  subject 
of  this  sketch  for  several  years  was  a  pharmaceutical  clerk 
in  this  store.  As  a  result  of  such  employment  he  gained 
much  practical  knowledge  of  medicine  and  supplemented 
that  experience  by  a  course  of  reading  along  the  same  lines. 
His  maternal  grandfather  had  been  a  physician,  as  also  were 
several  other  members  of  his  mother's  family.  He  finally 
matriculated  in  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago,  graduating 
in  18Y5.  On  March  10th,  in  the  year  of  his  graduation, 
Dr.  Cadwallader  came  to  Missouri,  and,  locating  in  St. 
Louis,  engaged  at  once  in  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
and  in  that  city  has  been  continuously  so  engaged  ever 
since. 

As  an  instructor  Dr.  Cadwallader  was  for  three  years 
connected  with  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  lecturing  on 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics.  For  the  past  fourteen 
years  he  has  been  on  the  active  medical  staff  of  the  Missouri 
Baptist  Sanitarium,  and  a  part  of  his  work  there  has  been 
to  lecture  to  the  nurses  of  that  institution.  For  the  past 
four  and  one-half  years  iie  has  had  charge  of  the  Missouri 
Baptist  Sanitarium,  having  his  residence  in  the  institution. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  and  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciations. 

VICTOR  CADWELL. 

Dr.  Victor  Cadwell,  of  Poplar  Bluff,  was  born  in  Payson, 
Adams  County,  III,  on  February  25,  1868.  His  father, 
Dr.  J.  W.  Cadwell,  practiced  medicine  in  Kansas  City  for 


*  '% 


William  M.  McPheeters. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  193 

a  number  of  years  and  in  that  city  Dr.  Cadwell  received  his 
early  education  in  the  pubhc  schools.  After  graduating 
from  the  High  School  in  Kansas  City  he  attended  the  Mis- 
souri State  University  and  then  took  up  the  study  of  medi- 
cine. Matriculating  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College  he 
graduated  from  that  institution  in  1892  and  soon  after 
received  an  appointment  as  house  surgeon  of  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railway  Hospital  at  Kansas  City.  In  1894:  he  ac- 
cepted a  similar  position  in  the  St.  Louis  hospital  of  the 
same  company  and  remained  in  the  service  for  three  years. 
In  1897  he  moved  to  Poplar  Bluff  and  has  continued  to 
practice  in  that  city  ever  since.  In  1903  he  went  to  Chicago 
and  took  a  post-graduate  course  in  the  Post-Graduate  Medi- 
cal College  of  Chicago. 

Dr.  Cadwell  is  surgeon  to  the  Poplar  Bluff  Hospital  and 
local  surgeon  of  the  St.  Louis  Iron  Mountain  and  the  Frisco 
Railway  systems.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Butler  County 
Medical  Society,  the  Southeast  Missouri  Medical  Society 
and  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

LARKIN  H.  CALLAWAY. 

Dr.  L.  H.  Callaway  is  a  native  Missourian  having  been 
born  in  Vernon  County  on  June  23,  1855.  His  father,  Dr. 
J.  B.  Callaway,  was  one  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of  Vernon 
County  and  practiced  in  that  section  for  many  years;  his 
brother,  Dr.  Hugh  Callaway,  is  also  a  physician  now  prac- 
ticing in  Wyoming. 

Dr.  Callaway  received  his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  district  and  graduated  from  the  High  School. 
He  studied  medicine  first  in  the  American  Medical  College 
of  St.  Louis  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1875.  He 
began  to  practice  at  Nevada,  Mo.,  and  has  continued  to 
practice  in  that  city  until  the  present  time.  In  1886  he 
went  to  New  York  and  took  a  post-graduate  course  in  the 
New  York  Polyclinic  and  in  the  next  year  graduated  from 
the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College  of  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Callaway  is  superintendent  of  State  Hospital  No.  3, 
Nevada,  and  local  surgeon  for  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  M. 


194  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

K.  &  T.  Railways.  He  is  a  member  of  the  John  T.  Hodgen 
Medical  Society  and  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

OSMON  BEVERLY  CAMPBELL. 

Dr.  O.  Beverly  Campbell,  of  St.  Joseph,  was  bom  in 
Alliance,  Ohio,  March  8,  1860.  He  received  his  education 
in  the  Highland  Preparatory  School  and  the  Highland  Uni- 
versity and  later  took  up  the  study  of  medicine,  graduating 
from  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Philalelphia  in  1884. 
Dr.  Campbell  located  in  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  in  1887  and  prac- 
ticed in  that  city  for  four  years  when  he  went  to  Chicago. 
He  remained  in  Chicago  for  two  years  returning  to 
St.  Joseph  in  1902  to  resume  his  practice  in  that  city.  In 
1896  the  Highland  University  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Arts.  In  1899  he  went  to  Germany  to 
continue  his  medical  studies  and  took  a  private  course  un- 
der Professor  A.  Martin. 

Dr.  Campbell  is  professor  of  Operative  Gynecology  in 
Central  Medical  College  and  attending  surgeon  to  Ensworth 
Hospital.  He  is  ex-president  of  the  Western  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  Association  and  of  the  Tri-State  Medical 
Society  of  Iowa,  Illinois  and  Missouri,  member  of 
Buchanan  County  Medical  Society,  St.  Joseph  Surgical 
Society,  Missouri  State  and  Illinois  State  Medical  Associa- 
tions and  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

NORMAN  BRUCE  CARSON. 

Dr.  N.  B.  Carson,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Somerset, 
Penn.,  November  9,  1844.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  St.  Louis,  (to  which  city  the  family  re- 
moved), in  the  Washington  University  preparatory  and 
in  private  schools.  He  studied  medicine  in  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  graduating  from  that  institution 
in  1868.  After  graduating  in  medicine  he  went  to  Europe 
and  continued  his  studies  in  Vienna.  He  then  returned  to 
St.  Louis  where  he  began  practicing  and  has  continued  to 
practice  his  profession  in  that  city. 


RoBT.  F.  Amyx. 


Peter  Austin. 


C.  S.  Austin. 


P.  E.  Austin. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  vSKETCHES.  195 

Dr.  Carson  is  professor  of  Clinical  Surgery  in  tine  Medi- 
cal Department  of  Washington  University  and  surgeon  to 
St,  Louis  Mullanphy  Hospital.  He  is  ex-president  of  the 
St.  Louis  iMedical  Society,  vice-president  of  the  St.  Louis 
Surgical  Society,  vice-president  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Library  Association  and  member  of  the  American  Surgical 
Association,  American  Association  of  Genito-Urinary  Sur- 
geons, and  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

HENRY  N.  CARVER. 

Dr.  Henry  N.  Carver,  of  Chillicothe,  was  born  in  Indiana 
on  September  24,  1864.  Removing  to  Missouri  at  an  early 
age  he  received  his  education  in  Humphreys  College, 
Humphreys,  Mo.,  and  then  entered  upon  his  medical  studies 
at  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  graduating  from  that  in- 
stitution in  1891.  After  taking  his  medical  degree  he  re- 
turned to  Humphreys,  where  he  began  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine and  remained  in  that  place  until  1902.  In  that  year 
he  moved  to  Chillicothe  and  has  continued  to  practice  in  that 
city  ever  since. 

Dr.  Carver  is  a  member  of  the  Lexington  County  Medical 
Society,  the  Northeast  Missouri  Medical  Society  and  of  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

ZOPHAR  CASE. 

Dr.  Zophar  Case,  of  Warrensburg,  graduated  from  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1875.  He  is  a  native  of  Illi- 
nois and  was  born  in  Carlisle  on  January  22,  1847.  His 
early  education  was  obtained  in  the  common  schools  and 
by  special  work  until  he  was  ready  to  enter  upon  the  study 
of  medicine. 

After  graduating  from  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  he 
went  to  Valley  City,  Mo.,  where  he  practiced  for  six  years. 
He  then  returned  to  St.  Louis  where  he  practiced  for  sev- 
eral years  and  left  that  city  to  go  to  Fayetteville.  After 
four  years  of  active  work  in  Fayetteville  he  moved  to  his 
present  location  at  Warrensburg. 


196  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

Dr.  Case  has  contributed  largely  to  current  medical  lit- 
erature. He  is  a  member  of  Johnson  County  Medical  Soci- 
ety, the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association. 

EDWIN  S.  CAVE. 

Dr.  Edwin  S.  Cave,  of  Mexico,  A-Io.,  was  born  at  Colum- 
bia, Mo.,  July  7,  1856.  He  was  educated  in  the  Missouri 
State  University  at  Columbia,  and  studied  medicine  in  the 
Missouri  Medical  College,  St.  Louis,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1884.  After  taking  his  medical  degree  he 
commenced  practice  in  Mexico  where  he  has  remained  in 
active  practice  ever  since.  In  1890  he  went  to  New  York 
City  to  continue  his  medical  studies  and  in  1900  attended 
the  post-graduate  schools  in  Chicago. 

Dr.  Cave  is  a  m.ember  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  Linton 
District,  the  North  Missouri  and  the  Audrain  County  Medi- 
cal Societies  and  local  surgeon  for  the  Wabash  Railway. 
He  is  ex-president  of  the  Linton  District  Medical  Society 
and  at  present  is  secretary  of  the  same  society.  He  is  also 
ex-president  of  the  Audrain  County  Medical  Society,  ex- 
corresponding  secretary  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association  and  president  (1905)  of  the  North  Missouri 
Medical  Association. 

As  a  member  of  the  first  Judicial  Council  of  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  Dr.  Cave  labored  faithfully  in 
furthering  the  organization  of  county  medical  societies  in 
his  district. 

THOMAS  CHOWNING. 

Dr.  Thos.  Chowning,  of  Hannibal,  was  born  at 
Florida,  Mo.,  on  October  22,  1852.  He  attended  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  the  district  and  then  entered  Central  College 
at  Fayette,  Mo.,  where  he  continued  his  literary  studies. 
He  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  graduated  from  that  institu- 
tion in  1875.    Returning  to  Florida,  Mo.,  he  began  to  prac- 


Carl  Barck. 


Algernon  S.  Barnes. 


H.  L,.  Banks. 


G.  Baumgarten. 


BIOGRAPHIC AIv  SKETCHES.  197 

tice  in  his  native  place,  remaining  there  for  sixteen  years. 
In  1891  he  went  to  New  York  and  attended  the  Post-Grad- 
uate Medical  College,  supplementing  this  by  another  course 
in  the  same  college  in  1892.  In  the  latter  year  he  took  up 
his  residence  in  Hannibal  and  has  continued  to  practice  in 
that  city. 

Dr.  Chowning  was  formerly  chief  surgeon  to  Levering 
Hospital  and  is  now  gynecologist  to  the  same  and  chief 
surgeon  of  the  St.  Louis  and  Hannibal  Railway.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Marion  County  Medical  Society,  the  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Association  and  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association. 

CHARLES  B.  CLAPP. 

Dr.  Charles  B.  Clapp,  of  Moberly,  was  born  in  Danville, 
III,  November  21,  1858.  He  received  his  early  education 
in  the  schools  of  Danville  and  afterwards  began  the  study 
of  pharmacy.  For  this  purpose  he  went  to  Philadelphia 
and  entered  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1886. 

After  securing  his  degree  in  pharmacy  he  returned  to  the 
West  and  soon  took  up  the  study  of  medicine.  Entering 
Rush  Medical  College  at  Chicago  he  was  graduated  from 
that  institution  in  1889.  Soon  after  receiving  his  medical 
degree  he  moved  to  Missouri,  establishing  himself  at  Mob- 
erly. For  fourteen  years  he  has  been  surgeon  in  charge  of 
the  Wabash  Employes'  Hospital  Association  at  Moberly. 

Dr.  Clapp  is  a  member  of  the  Moberly  Medical  Society, 
Randolph  County  Medical  Society,  North  Missouri  Medical 
Society,  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  American 
Medical  Association  and  of  the  International  Association 
of  Railway  Surgeons.  ,  , 

JAMES  ROSS  CLEMENS. 

Dr.  J.  R.  Clemens  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on  September 
19,  1866.  His  early  education  was  obtained  in  the  St. 
Louis  University  and  Georgetown  University.  He  then 
went  to  England  where  he  attended  Stronghurst  College, 


198  BIOGRAPHICAI.  SKETCHES. 

the  University  of  London  and  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
He  studied  medicine  in  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Eng- 
land, graduating  in  1S99.  For  three  years  he  practiced 
in  London,  but  in  1902  returned  to  America  and  again  took 
up  his  residence  in  his  native  city  where  he  has  continued  to 
practice. 

Dr.  Clemens  is  instructor  and  lecturer  on  Diseases  of 
Children  in  ]Marion-Sims-Beaumont  ]\Iedical  College  (Med- 
ical Department  St.  Louis  University)  and  attending  physi- 
cian in  the  Children's  Department  of  St.  John's  Hospital, 
the  Rebekah  Hospital,  St.  Joseph's  Orphan  Asylum  and  the 
Salvation  Army  Rescue  Home.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Louis  ]Medical  Society  and  the  Missouri  State  ISIedical 
Association. 

VvILLL\:\I  G.  COWAX. 

Son  of  Rev.  Jno.  F.  Cowan,  professor  of  -Modern  Lan- 
guages, Westminster  College,  Fulton,  ]\Io..  Dr.  William 
Grant  Cowan  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Fulton,  ]\Io.,  June 
20,  18G6.  After  the  usual  course  in  the  district  school  he 
entered  Westminster  College  in  1883,  graduating  from  that 
institution  v-ith  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in  1889. 
He  immediately  took  up  the  study  of  medicine,  entering  the 
Medical  Department  of  Washington  University  and  re- 
ceived his  diploma  in  1892.  For  two  years  after  his  gradua- 
tion he  practiced  at  Webster  Groves,  Mo.,  but  in  1894  he 
moved  to  Sedalia  and  entered  into  partnership  with  Dr. 
John  \Y.  Trader.  This  association  continued  for  three 
years,  when  the  partnership  was  dissolved  on  account  of 
the  ill  health  of  Dr.  Trader. 

Dr.  Cowan  was  elected  coroner  of  Pettis  County.  ]Mis- 
souri,  and  ser^'ed  t\vo  terms  and  was  appointed  by  the  court 
to  ser\-e  the  unexpired  term  of  his  successor.  In  1899  he 
was  appointed  city  physician  and  is  now  serving  his  sixth 
consecutive  year.  He  is  medical  examiner  for  several  life 
insurance  companies  and  fraternal  orders.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  jMissouri  State  ^Medical  Association  and  the  Pettis 
County  ISIedical  Society,  being  treasurer  of  the  latter  and 


T.  J,  Beattie. 


J.  M.  BlT,I<INGS. 


ROBT.  W.  BERREY. 


M.  A.  Bwss. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  199 

having  held  every  official  position  within  its  gift.  His 
brother,  Dr.  Robert  M.  Cowan,  is  also  a  physician  and  in 
active  practice  in  Springfield,  Mo. 

GEORGE  CLINTON  CRANDALL. 

Dr.  George  C.  Crandall  was  born  near  Elgin,  111.,  June 
18,  1865.  At  an  early  age  iiis  parents  removed  to  Mich- 
igan, in  which  state  he  lived  until  he  came  to  Missouri.  He 
received  his  early  education  in  the  country  school,  later 
attending  high  school,  continuing  his  scientific  studies  in  the 
Michigan  Agricultural  College  at  Lansing,  from  which 
institution  he  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science. 
In  1887  he  entered  the  University  of  Michigan  where  he 
took  the  regular  medical  course,  supplementing  the  medical 
work  with  work  in  biology  in  the  literary  department, 
graduating  in  medicine  in  1890.  He  was  at  once  appointed 
on  the  staff  of  the  Northern  Michigan  Asylum  for  the  In- 
sane, which  position  he  held  until  1894,  resigning  to  go 
abroad,  and  spent  a  year  and  a  half  in  the  clinics  and  hos- 
pitals of  Europe.  Upon  his  return  in  1895  he  located  in 
St.  Louis  where  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. Soon  after  he  began  practice  in  St.  Louis  he  was 
made  professor  of  General  Medicine  in  the  Marion-Sims 
Medical  College  and  continues  in  this  position  in  the  Medi- 
cal Department  of  the  St.  Louis  University. 

Dr.  Crandall  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Soci- 
ety, the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  American 
Medical  Association,  the  American  Medico-Psychological 
Association,  the  St,  Louis  Microscopical  Society  and  the 
American  Microscopical  Society.  He  is  consulting  physi- 
cian to  the  Rebekah  Hospital  and  the  City  Hospital. 

LEO  CAPLAN. 

Dr.  Leo  Caplan,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Gorshdy, 
Russia,  on  May  2T,  1865.  He  was  educated  in  his  native 
country  graduating  from  the  High  School  at  Kiew.  He 
pursued  his  medical  studies  in  the  University  of  Vienna 
and  was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1891.     After 


200  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

receiving  his  medical  degree  he  remained  in  Vienna  for 
two  years  and  continued  his  medical  studies  taking  special 
courses  in  internal  medicine,  dermatology  and  diseases  of 
the  nose,  throat  and  ear.  After  completing  his  studies  in 
Vienna  he  came  to  America  and  located  in  St.  Louis, 
where  he  began  practice,  confining  his  work  to  the  speci- 
alty he  had  studied  abroad. 

Dr.  Caplan  was  assistant  in  the  ear,  nose  and  throat 
clinic  in  St.  John's  Hospital,  from  1894  to  1898  and  as- 
sistant in  the  Histological  Laboratory  of  the  Missouri 
Medical  College  from  1894  to  1895  and  is  physician  to 
the  Bethesda  Homes  and  the  St.  Vincent  Orphan  Asylum. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Association,  American  Medical  As- 
sociation and  of  the  American  Academy  of  Oto-Laryn- 
gology. 

WILLIAM  A.  CLARK. 

Dr.  W.  A.  Clark,  of  Jefferson  City,  Mo.,  was  born  at 
Clarksburg,  Mo.,  on  September  11,  1865.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  schools  of  his  native  city  and  graduated  from 
Clarksburg  College  in  1888  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts.  He  then  attended  the  Waynesburg  College,  of 
Waynesburg,  Pa.,  from  which  institution  he  received  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts  in  1889.  Several  years  later  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine  and  matriculated  in  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College  (Medical  Department  of  Washing- 
ton University)  receiving  his  medical  degree  in  1897.  He 
at  once  began  to  practice  his  profession  and  located  at  Jef- 
ferson City. 

Dr.  Clark  is  a  member  of  the  Cole  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  of  the 
Amercian  Medical  Association. 

HENRY  CLAY  DALTON. 

Dr.  Henry  C.  Dalton  has  been  practicing  medicine  for 
thirty-five  years.  His  father,  Dr.  Robert  H.  Dalton,  was 
also  a  physician  and  practiced  in  St.  Louis  for  many  years. 


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T.  C.  BOULWARE. 


John  K.  Bruere. 


A.  V.  ly.  Brokaw. 


E.  C.  Burnett. 


BIOGRAPHIC AI.  SKETCHES.  201 

and  a  brother,  Dr.  William  R,  Dalton,  is  an  active  practi- 
tioner in  New  York  City. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  Aberdeen,  Miss., 
May  7,  1847.  He  was  educated  in  the  University  of  Ala- 
bama and  after  the  family  moved  to  St.  Louis,  he  entered 
tiie  Missouri  Medical  College,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1870.  He  began  practice  in  St.  Louis  immediately  after 
graduating  and  remained  in  that  city  for  three  years.  In 
1873  he  went  to  Neosho,  Mo.,  and  for  eleven  years  prac- 
ticed in  that  section  of  the  state.  In  1884  he  returned  to 
St.  Louis  and  resumed  iiis  work  in  that  city  where  he  has 
continued  to  reside. 

In  1886  Dr.  Dalton  was  ap'pointed  superintendent  of  the 
St.  Louis  City  Hospital.  He  filled  this  position  for  six 
years  but  in  1892  he  resigned  to  take  up  his  private  practice. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni,  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association  and  the  American  Medical  Association, 

CHARLES  HENRY  DIXON. 

Dr.  Charles  H.  Dixon,  of  St.  Louis, was  born  in  Patter- 
son, N.  J.,  on  August  23,  1856.  His  parents  moved  to  Mis- 
souri when  he  was  still  a  boy  and  his  early  education  was 
obtained  in  the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis.  After  graduat- 
ing from  the  High  School  iie  began  the  study  of  medicine 
and  soon  entered  the  Missouri  Medical  College  (now  Medi- 
cal Department  of  Washington  University)  from  which 
he  received  his  medical  degree  in  1878. 

Upon  graduating  he  received  an  appointment,  through 
competitive  examination,  as  interne  at  the  City  Hospital 
and  served  as  junior  physician  for  one  year.  Leaving  hos- 
pital service  at  the  end  of  iiis  term  he  entered  private  prac- 
tice in  St.  Louis  and  has  continued  to  practice  in  that  city. 
He  is  surgeon  to  Washington  University  Hospital  and 
Bethesda  Hospital  and  chief  of  the  surgical  clinic  and  lec- 
turer on  clinical  surgery  in  the  Medical  Department  of 
Washington  University.  He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Society,  the  Medical  Society 


202  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

of  City  Hospital  Alumni  and  the  Association  of  Military 
Surgeons. 

WALTER  BLACKBURN  DORSETT. 

Dr.  Walter  B.  Dorsett  has  been  practicing  medicine  in 
St.  Louis  for  twenty-seven  years.  He  is  a  native  of  Mis- 
souri, born  in  St.  Louis  County  on  June  13,  1852.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  and  Washington  University 
and  there  began  his  medical  studies,  matriculating  in  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1878.  Successfully  passing  the  examination  for  internes 
at  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital,  he  was  appointed  junior  phy- 
sician and  served  one  year.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  phy- 
sician at  the  St.  Louis  City  Dispensary  and  retained  this 
position  until  1887  when  he  accepted  the  position  of  super- 
intendent of  the  Female  Hospital  in  St.  Louis.  In  1892  he 
resigned  this  position  and  entered  private  practice,  having 
spent  fourteen  years  in  hospital  and  dispensary  service. 

Dr.  Dorsett  is  gynecologist  to  Missouri  Baptist  Sanita- 
rium and  Evangelical  Deaconess'  Home,  consulting  physi- 
cian to  St.  Mary's  Infirmary  and  Alta  Vista  Hospital  (of 
DeSoto,  Mo.),  and  professor  of  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  University.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni 
of  St.  Louis,  St.  Louis  Surgical  Society,  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  and  ex-president  of  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal Society,  the  St.  Louis  Gynecological  and  Obstetrical 
Society,  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  the  Amer- 
ican Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists,  pre- 
siding at  the  St.  Louis  meeting  of  the  latter  association 
in  1904. 

Dr.  Dorsett  has  contributed  a  number  of  valuable  papers 
to  medical  journals  chiefly  on  surgical  subjects. 

THOMAS  HAYDEN  DOYLE. 

Dr.  Thos.  H.  Doyle,  of  St.  Joseph,  has  been  practicing 
medicine  for  forty  years,  almost  all  of  the  time  in  Missouri. 
He  was  born  in  Doylesburg,  Pa.,  on  November  5,  1840, 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  203 

and  received  his  early  education  in  tiie  public  schools  of  his 
native  city.  He  then  entered  St.  Francis  College  in  Lutts, 
Pa.,  where  he  continued  his  studies  for  three  years,  graduat- 
ing in  1862.  He  went  to  New  York  to  stucly  medicine  and 
matriculated  in  the  University  Medical  College  of  New 
York  City,  from  which  institution  he  received  his  degree  in 
1865.  After  practicing  for  a  year  in  Chest  Springs,  Cam- 
bria County,  Pa.,  he  returned  to  New  York  and  took  a 
post-graduate  course  in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College, 
graduating  in  1869.  He  came  to  Missouri  about  this  time 
and  went  to  St.  Joseph  to  practice  and  has  remained  in  that 
city  ever  since. 

Dr.  Doyle  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Ensworth  Medical 
College  and  filled  the  chair  of  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Medicine  and  Clinical  Medicine,  and  is  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees.  For  eight  years  he  was  president  of 
the  Board  of  Pension  Examining  Surgeons  and  for  two 
years  was  health  officer  of  St.  Joseph.  In  1886  he  was 
elected  mayor  of  St.  Joseph  and  held  this  office  for  two 
years.  His  son.  Dr.  John  M.  Doyle,  is  now  professor  of 
Practice  of  Medicine  and  Physicial  Diagnosis  in  Ensworth 
Medical  College. 

Dr.  Doyle  is  physician  to  the  Sacred  Heart  Convent,  the 
Sisters  of  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  and  Ensworth  Hospital. 
He  was  the  first  president  of  Buchanan  County  Medical 
Society,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association,  the  Missouri  Valley  Medical  Society  and  of 
the  American  Medical  Association. 

NELSON  A.  DRAKE. 

Dr.  Nelson  A.  Drake  has  practiced  medicine  for  thirty- 
seven  years.  He  was  born  in  Hinckley,  Ohio,  on  June  14, 
1842.  He  received  his  early  education  in  Evansville  Semi- 
nary and  his  college  training  in  Hillsdale  College,  Hillsdale, 
Mich.  When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  he  served  as 
assistant  hospital  Stewart  in  the  Third  Division  of  the 
Twentieth  Army  Corps.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  en- 
tered Rush  Medical  College  (Medical  Department  Chicago 


204  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

University)  where  he  completed  his  course  in  medicine  and 
graduated  in  1868. 

After  receiving  his  degre  Dr.  Drake  began  practice  in 
Ossian,  Iowa,  where  he  remained  for  thirteen  years.     In 

1880  he  went  to  Chicago  to  continue  his  studies  in  the 
post-graduate  department  of  Rush  Medical  College  and  in 

1881  went  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  where  he  took 
a  course  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  and  the  Bellevue 
Hospital.  He  did  not  return  to  Ossian  after  completing 
this  post-graduate  work,  but  moved  to  Kansas  City  in  1881 
and  has  continued  in  active  work  in  that  city. 

Dr.  Drake  is  a  member  of  the  Missouri,  Iowa  and  Kansas 
State  Medical  Associations,  the  Jackson  County  Medical 
Society,  of  which  he  is  an  ex-president,  the  American 
Medical  Association,  the  Association  of  Railway  Surgeons, 
and  of  other  local  medical  societies.  He  was  formerly  sur- 
geon to  All  Saints  Hospital  and  is  now  consulting  surgeon 
of  the  German  Hospital  and  surgeon  of  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  and  Pacific  Railway.  He  was  one  of  the  first  editors 
of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Index  and  has  written  numerous 
articles  for  medical  journals. 

AMANT  H.  OHMANN  DU  MESNIL. 

Dr.  A.  H.  Ohmann  Du  Mesnil,  of  St.  Louis,  was  bom 
in  Paris,  France,  September  30,  1857.  He  was  educated 
in  the  schools  of  Paris,  attended  College  Louis  le  Grand, 
and  after  coming  to  Missouri  continued  his  studies  in  the 
Christian  Brothers'  College  at  St.  Louis  and  the  Missouri 
State  University  at  Columbia.  He  also  attended  the  Uni- 
versities of  Munich  and  Bonn.  He  pursued  his  medical 
studies  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  graduated 
from  that  institution  in  1880.  He  began  practice  in  St. 
Louis  and  has  continued  active  in  the  medical  profession 
of  that  city  ever  since. 

Dr.  Ohmann  Du  Mesnil  is  consulting  dermatologist  to  the 
City  Hospital,  the  Female  Hospital  and  the  Poor  House.  In 
1881  he  was  appointed  professor  of  dermatology  in  the  St. 
Louis  College  for  Medical  Practitioners,  resigning  in  1882 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  205 

to  accept  the  same  position  on  the  staff  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons;  in  1890  he  severed  his  connec- 
tion with  that  college  and  accepted  a  similar  chair  in  the 
faculty  of  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College.  At 
different  times  he  was  editor  of  tiie  St.  Louis  Medical  Re- 
view ^  and  the  Quarterly  Atlas  of  Dermatology  and  is  at 
present  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal.  He  has  written  a  number  of  monographs 
on  dermatologic  subjects,  and  is  the  author  of  a  "Hand- 
book of  Dermatology"  and  a  "History  of  Syphilis." 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Association,  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, Societe  Francaise  de  Dermatologie  et  de  Siphilo- 
graphie,  honorary  member  of  the  Montgomery  County 
(111.)  Medical  Society. 

JOHN  H.  DUNCAN. 

Dr.  John  Harris  Duncan  was  born  at  Columbia,  Mis- 
souri, on  August  16,  1852.  He  studied  in  a  private  school 
and  afterward  attended  the  University  of  Missouri  for  four 
years.  He  tiien  entered  William  Jewell  College,  from 
which  he  received  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  in  1872. 
From  the  same  institution  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
in  1904.  In  1874  he  was  graduated  from  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of  Missouri  and  the  next  year 
he  obtained  a  like  degree  from  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Med- 
ical College,  now  a  part  of  the  New  York  University.  In 
the  spring  of  1875  he  began  practice  in  conjunction  with 
his  father,  at  Columbia,  Mo.,  at  the  same  time  being  ap- 
pointed assistant  to  the  chair  of  physiology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  fill  the  chair  and  was  thus  engaged  until  1883. 
From  1883  to  1893  he  was  professor  of  Dermatology  and 
Physiology  in  the  University  Medical  College  at  Kansas 
City,  Mo.  In  the  latter  year  he  moved  to  St.  Louis  where 
for  a  year  he  filled  the  chair  of  Dermatology  and  Physiology 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  From  1897  to 
1900  he  occupied  the  chair  of  Physiology    in  the    Barnes 


206  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

Medical  College.  In  1900  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
Dermatology  and  Syphilis  in  the  Marion-Sims-Beaumont 
College,  now  the  Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  Uni- 
versity. He  is  a  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association,  has  been  its  vice-president  and  assistant  secre- 
tary and  in  1895-6  was  its  president.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  and  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society. 

CHARLES  T.  DUSENBURY. 

Dr.  Charles  T.  Dusenbury,  of  Monett,  is  the  son  of  Dr. 
A.  T.  Dusenbury.  He  was  born  in  Chicago,  111.,  on  the 
thirteenth  day  of  December,  1861.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion in  Blackburn  University  of  Carlinville,  Illinois,  and 
then  began  the  study  of  medicine.  Matriculating  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Keokuk,  Iowa,  he 
was  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1884.  In  1887  he 
moved  to  Monett,  Mo.,  where  he  entered  private  practice 
and  he  has  continued  to  reside  in  that  city  ever  since. 

Dr.  Dusenbury  is  a  member  of  the  Frisco  System  Medical 
Association,  the  Southwest  Missouri  Medical  Association, 
and  the  Monett  Medical  Society,  and  is  local  surgeon  at 
Monett  for  the  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco  Railway. 

WILLIAM  T.  ELAM. 

Dr.  William  T.  Elam,  of  St.  Joseph,  was  born  in  Gentry 
County,  near  Albany,  Mo.,  June  4,  1866.  He  obtained  his 
education  in  the  Albany  grammar  and  high  schools  and 
studied  medicine  in  the  Northwestern  Medical  College  of 
St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  graduating  from  this  institution  in  1890. 
He  began  to  practice  in  St.  Joseph  immediately  after  grad- 
uation and  has  continued  in  that  city.  In  1898  he  took 
a  course  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Schood,  and  in 
1900  spent  a  year  studying  in  the  clinics  of  London  and 
Paris. 

Dr.  Elam  is  a  member  of  the  Buchanan  County  Medical 
Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  the  French  Urological  and  Amer- 


BIOGRAPHICAI.  SKETCHES.  207 

ican  Urolog'ical  Associations,  ex-president  of  Buchanan 
County  Medical  Society,  professor  of  Gynecology  and 
Genito-Urinary  Diseases  in  Central  Medical  College  of  St, 
Joseph,  and  surgeon  to  St.  Joseph's  Hospital.  In  1900  he 
was  a  delegate  of  the  American  Medical  Association  to  the 
International  Medical  Congress  at  Paris.  From  1892  to 
1896  he  was  Regimental  Surgeon,  with  the  rank  of  Major, 
4th  Infantry,  N.  G.  M. 

WILLIAM  HENRY  FARRAR. 

Son  of  Dr.  G.  W.  Farrar,  who  came  to  Missouri  from 
Charlottesville,  Virginia,  in  1848,  to  accept  the  chair  of 
Languages  in  Arcadia  College.  Dr.  William  H.  Farrar 
was  born  at  Arcadia,  Mo.,  on  April  6,  1856.  His  literary 
education  was  obtained  in  Arcadia  Seminary,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1873.  In  the  same  year  he  entered  upon 
his  medical  studies  and  matriculated  in  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal College,  graduating  from  that  institution  in  1875.  Re- 
turning to  Arcadia  he  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
association  with  his  father,  but  a  year  later  he  left  Arcadia 
and  moved  to  Valley  Mines,  accepting  the  position  of  com- 
pany physician  at  that  point.  In  1877  he  resigned  this 
position  and  moved  to  De  Soto,  where  he  has  remained 
ever  since  in  active  practice. 

Dr.  Farrar  has  been  local  surgeon  of  the  Iron  Mountain 
Railroad  at  De  Soto  since  1880,  and  for  two  years  was 
a  member  of  the  United  States  Pension  Examining  Board. 
He  has  served  several  terms  on  the  School  Board  and  the 
Board  of  Health  at  De  Soto  and  is  medical  examiner  for  a 
number  of  life  insurance  companies.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  International  Association  of  Railway  Surgeons,  and 
of  the  Southeast  Missouri  Medical  Society. 

PINCKNEY  FRENCH. 

Dr.  Pinckney  French,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Audrain 
County  (near  Mexico),  Mo.,  on  May  10,  1852.  His  edu- 
cation was  obtained  in  the  common  schools  of  the  district 
and  the  Mexico  Seminary.  With  this  preparatory  training  he 


208  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

took  up  the  study  of  medicine  and  entered  the  Miami  Medi- 
cal College,  of  Cincinnati,  graduating  from  that  institution 
in  1873.  He  at  once  returned  to  his  native  state  and  began 
his  professional  life  in  Mexico.  In  1885  he  went  to  Europe, 
where  he  continued  his  medical  studies.  Upon  returning  to 
America  he  settled  in  St.  Louis,  and  has  continued  to 
practice  in  that  city.  In  1892,  in  company  with  others, 
he  organized  the  Barnes  Medical  College,  and  at  present 
is  professor  of  surgery  in  that  institution  (now  the  Medical 
Department  of  Barnes'  University).  He  is  chief  surgeon 
to  the  Centenary  Hospital,  and  consulting  surgeon  of  the 
City  Hospital.  He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  and  the 
American  Medical  Association. 

ROBERT  MONROE  FUNKHOUSER. 

Dr.  R.  M.  Funkhouser,  of  St.  Louis,  is  a  native  of  St. 
Louis.  He  was  born  in  that  city  on  December  10,  1850, 
and  received  his  early  education  in  the  public  schools  of  the 
city  and  later  under  the  tutelage  of  Bishop  Dunlap.  He 
then  attended  the  University  of  Virginia,  graduating  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  after  which  he  finished 
a  course  in  Dartmouth  College,  from  which  he  received 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  He  next  entered  the  Co- 
lumbia College  Law  School,  from  which  he  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws.  He  was  admitted  to 
practice  at  the  bar  of  New  York  and  later  of  Missouri. 
He  studied  medicine  in  the  IMedical  Department  of  New 
York,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1871.  He  served 
on  the  stafif  of  the  New  York  Charity  Hospital  for  some 
time  after  graduating,  and  then  returned  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  entered  private  practice. 

Dr.  Funkhouser  is  consulting  surgeon  to  the  City  Hospi- 
tal and  formerly  was  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Female  Hos- 
pital. He  was  elected  coroner  of  St.  Louis  in  1900,  and 
again  in  1902,  serving  four  3^ears  in  this  office.  He  is  e>:- 
president  of  the  St.  Louis  ^ledical  Society,  and  member 
of  the  St.  Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Society, 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  and  the  American 
IMedical  Association. 


I.  H.  CadwaIvI^adkr. 


O.  B.  CampbelIv. 


Victor  CadweivTv. 


L.  Caplan. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKE^TCHES.  209 

JACOB  GEIGER. 

Dr.  Jacob  Geiger,  of  St.  Joseph,  came  to  xA^merica  in 
1856,  with  his  family,  who  settledfirst  in  Ilhnois.  He  was  born 
in  Wirtemberg,  Germany,  on  July  25,  1848,  and  obtained 
his  education  in  the  district  schools  and  in  Homer  Semi- 
nary, at  Homer,  111.,  graduating  from  that  school  in  1865. 
Soon  after  this  he  went  to  St.  Joseph,  where  h^  began 
reading  medicine  while  working  as  a  clerk  in  a  drug  store. 
In  1870  he  matriculated  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Louisville,  taking  his  degree  in  1872.  He  at 
once  returned  to  St.  Joseph,  established  himself  in  practice, 
and  has  remained  in  that  city. 

Dr.  Geiger  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  St.  Joseph 
Hospital  Medical  College  and  filled  the  chair  of  Anatomy. 
In  1883  he  organized  the  St.  Joseph  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  and  was  elected  dean  and  professor  of  surgery. 
In  1899  these  two  colleges  combined  to  form  the  Ensworth 
Medical  College,  and  Dr.  Geiger  still  retains  the  chair  of 
Surgery.  He  is  also  professor  of  Surgery  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  St.  Louis  University,  and  chief  consulting 
surgeon  to  Ensworth  Deaconess  Hospital  in  Sc.  Joseph. 
For  two  years  he  was  president  of  St.  Joseph  City  Council. 
In  1897  the  Park  College  of  Parkville,  Mo.,  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  and 
is  a  member  of  Buchanan  County  Medical  Society, 
North  Missouri  Medical  Society,  Grand  River  Medical  So- 
ciety, Western  Surgical  and  Gynecological  and  American 
Medical  Associations. 

JAMES  KYLE  GRAHAM. 

Dr.  J.  K.  Graham  was  born  at  Tazewell,  Tenn.,  January 
6,  1859.  His  early  education  was  obtained  in  the  public 
schools  and  in  Tazewell  College,  after  which  he  entered 
•Cumberland  College  at  Rose  Hill,  Va.,  at  the  age  of  18, 
and  laid  the  foundation  for  his  medical  education.  He 
attended  the  medical  school  of  the  University  of  Mary- 
land in  1879  and  Johns  Hopkins  University  in  1880.     In 


210  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

the  latter  year  lie  came  to  Missouri  and  began  the  study  of 
medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  now 
the  Ensworth  Medical  College,  at  St.  Joseph.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  that  institution  in  1882  and  at  once  began  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Easton.  In  October,  1883,  he 
removed  to  Halleck,  where  he  continued  to  practice,  re- 
maining there  until  1894,  when  he  removed  to  St.  Joseph. 
Dr.  Graham  holds  membership  in  the  Buchanan 
County  Medical  Society,  the  St.  Joseph  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and 
the  American  Medical  Association.  He  was  made  assist- 
ant City  Health  Officer  in  1897  and  continued  in  that  ca- 
pacity one  year.  In  1898  and  1899  he  was  City  Health 
Officer,  and  County  Health  Officer  from  March,  1901  to 
March,  1905. 


SPENCER  C.  GRAVES. 

Dr.  Spencer  C.  Graves,  of  St.  Louis,  is  the  grandson  of 
a  physician  and  his  father,  Dr.  George  O.  Graves,  prac- 
ticed medicine  in  Kentucky  for  many  years. 

Dr.  Graves  was  born  in  Montgomery  County,  Kentucky, 
on  June  6,  1858  and  received  his  early  education  in  Cen- 
ter College,  of  Danville,  Ky.  He  then  went  to  Cornell 
University  where  he  prepared  for  his  medical  edu- 
cation. Matriculating  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  City,  he  completed  the 
course  in  that  institution  and  graduated  in  1884. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  on  the  staff  of  the 
Charity  Hospital  in  New  York  City  and  served  for  one 
year.  He  then  came  West,  locating  in  St.  Louis  and  has 
continued  to  practice  in  that  city. 

Dr.  Graves  was  formerly  professor  of  Minor  and  Op- 
erative Surgery  in  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege. He  is  ex-vice-president  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety and  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Associa- 
tion and  the  American  Medical  Association. 


H.  N.  Carver. 


E.  S.  Cave. 


Z.  Case. 


G.  O.  Coffin. 


BIOGRAPHIC AIv  SKETCHES.  211 

JEFFERSON  DAVIS  GRIFFITH. 

Dr.  J,  D.  Griffith  has  been  in  active  practice  in  Kansas 
City  for  over  thirty  years.  He  was  born  in  Jackson,  Miss., 
on  February  12,  1850,  and  educated  in  private  schools  at 
Jackson  and  the  Summerville  Institute,  Summerville,  Miss. 
After  this  prehminary  training  he  went  to  New  York  to 
study  medicine  and  was  graduated  from  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  New  York  City  in  1871.  He 
served  a  term  as  interne  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital  and  one 
year  as  house  surgeon.  In  1873  Dr.  Griffith  moved  to 
Kansas  City  and  entered  private  practice.  He  soon  became 
identified  with  medical  college  work  and  medical  society 
interests. 

In  1874  he  was  appointed  lecturer  of  physiology  in  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  College  and  later  was  made  demon- 
strator of  Anatomy.  At  different  times  he  filled  the 
chairs  of  Physiology,  Anatomy  and  Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Surgery  and  was  elected  dean  of  the  college. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society, 
the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Kansas  City,  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association,  the  Association  of  Military 
Surgeons  of  U.  S.  A.,  the  American  Medical  Association, 
American  Orthopedic  Association,  and  has  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Missouri  State  IMedical  Association  and  the  As- 
sociation of  Military  Surgeons,  U.  S.  A.,  and  is  Surgeon  to 
St.  Joseph's  Hospital  of  Kansas  City, 

Dr.  Griffith  has  been  active  in  military  affairs  and  served 
as  Major  and  Chief  Surgeon  Third  Division  First  Army 
Corps,  U.  S.  v.,  and  was  Surgeon-General  of  Missouri 
during  the  term  of  Gov.  D,  R.  Francis. 

JOSEPH  GRINDON. 

Dr.  Joseph  Grindon  was  born  on  August  20.  1858,  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  and  obtained  his  education  in  the  schools  and 
colleges  of  his  native  city.  After  graduating  from  the  pub- 
lic schools  he  took  a  post-graduate  course  in  Philosophy 
in  the  St.  Louis  University,  receiving  the  degree  of  Bache- 
lor of  Philosophy.     In  1879  he  graduated  from  the  St. 


212  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

Louis  Medical  College.  Successfully  passing  the  examina- 
tion for  internes  at  the  City  Hospital,  he  served  for  one 
year  in  that  institution,  a  year  at  the  Female  Hospital  and 
nearly  two  years  at  the  Smallpox  Hospital.  In  1883  he  re- 
signed from  hospital  work  and  began  private  practice. 

Dr.  Grindon  is  physician  on  the  staff  of  the  O' Fallon 
Free  Dispensai-y,  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  St.  Louis  Mul- 
lanphy  Hospital  and  the  Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium.  He 
was  formerly  professor  of  Physiology  and  is  now  profes- 
sor of  Clinical  Dermatology  and  Syphilis  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  AVashington  University.  He  is  ex-presi- 
dent of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  ex-president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni  and  a  member 
of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science,  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association  and  of  the  American  Dermatological 
Association. 

Dr.  Grindon  is  the  author  of  a  text  book  on  Diseases  of  the 
Skin,  published  by  Lea  Brothers  &  Co.  (1902)  and  of  several 
chapters  in  the  American  Text  Book  of  Genito-Urinary 
Diseases,  Syphilology  and  Dermatology  published  by  W. 
B.  Saunders  &  Co.  In  the  periodical  medical  press  he  has 
also  published  a  number  of  papers  on  dermatologic  sub- 
jects. 

DAVID  COALTER  GAMBLE. 

Dr.  D.  C.  Gamble,  of  St.  Louis,  has  been  practicing  medi- 
cine in  that  city  for  thirty-six  years.  He  is  a  native  of  Mis- 
souri having  been  born  in  St.  Louis  on  September  16,  1844. 
He  was  educated  in  private  schools  in  St.  Louis  and  in 
Lawrenceville,  N.  J.,  and  Norristown,  Pa.,  attending  Jef- 
ferson College  in  1863  and  1864.  He  pursued  his  medical 
studies  in  his  native  city  and  matriculated  in  St.  Louis 
Medical  College  from  which  institution  he  received  his 
medical  degree  in  1867. 

Immediately  after  graduating  in  medicine  Dr.  Gamble 
established  himself  in  private  practice  in  St.  Louis  and  has 
continued  active  in  the  profession  of  that  city.  In  1873 
he  was  elected  treasurer  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society 
which  office  he  filled  for  one  year.     He  is  also  a  member 


Thos.  Chowning. 


C.  B.  Clapp. 


W.  A.  Clark. 


W.  G.  Cowan. 


BIOGRArHICAIv  SKETCHES.  213 

of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  of  the 
American  Medical  Association.  He  is  visiting  physician 
on  the  active  staff  of  the  Martha  Parsons  Free  Hospital  for 
Children. 

FRANK  A.  GLASGOW. 

Dr.  Frank  A.  Glasgow,  of  St.  Louis,  is  a  grandson  of 
Dr.  William  Carr  Lane  who  settled  in  St.  Louis  in  1819, 
practiced  medicine  in  that  city  for  many  years  and  was 
the  first  mayor  of  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Glasgow  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on  October  18,  1854. 
He  received  his  classical  education  in  the  Washington  Uni- 
versity and  graduated  from  that  institution  with  the  degree 
of  Master  of  Arts.  He  studied  medicine  in  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College  (Medical  Department  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity) taking  his  degree  in  1878.  He  began  practice  in 
St.  Louis  and  has  continued  active  in  the  medical  profession 
of  his  native  city.  At  various  times  he  has  pursued  his 
medical  studies  in  Europe,  particularly  in  the  universities 
of  Vienna  and  Strassburg. 

Dr.  Glasgow  is  gynecologist  to  the  St.  Louis  Mullanphy 
Hospital,  physician  to  the  Martha  Parsons  Free  Hospital 
for  Children,  consulting  physician  to  the  St.  Louis  Female 
Hospital  and  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and 
is  professor  of  clinical  gynecology  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Washington  University.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological  Association,  the  St. 
Louis  Surgical  Society,  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  of  the  St.  Louis 
Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Society. 

'    ELISHA  HALL  GREGORY. 

Dr.  E.  H.  Gregory  was  born  in  Logan  County,  Kentucky, 
September  10,  1824,  son  of  Chas.  and  Sophia  Gregory  both 
natives  of  Virginia.  They  emigrated  to  Kentucky  in  1820 
and  to  Missouri  in  1833,  locating  at  Boonville  where  Dr. 
Gregory  grew  up,  gained  his  education  and  studied  medi- 
cine in  the  office  of  Dr.  F.  W.  C.  Thomas. 


214  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

Dr.  Gregory  moved  to  St.  Louis  in  1848  and  graduated 
from  the  Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  University  in 
1849.  He  was  appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  became  assistant  to  Dr. 
Chas.  A.  Pope,  later  adjunct  to  the  chair  of  Surgery  and 
ultimately  succeeded  Dr.  Pope  as  Professor  of  Surgery.  He 
has  held  every  office  of  honor  within  the  gift  of  the  pro- 
fession of  the  state  having  served  as  a  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health,  the  St.  Louis  Board  of  Health,  twice 
elected  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  elected 
president  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  and 
in  1886  he  was  elected  president  of  the  American  Medical 
Association.  For  fifty  years  he  filled  the  chair  of  Surgery 
in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  (now  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Washington  University)  and  now  (1905)  occu- 
pies the  honorable  position  of  Emeritus  Professor  of  Surg- 
ery in  that  institution. 

MAX  A.  GOLDSTEIN. 

Dr.  Max  A.  Goldstein  was  born  in  St.  Louis  April  19, 
1870.  His  early  education  was  received  at  Wyman's  In- 
stitute, the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis  and  Washington 
University.  In  1889  he  was  matriculated  as  a  student  of 
the  Missouri  Medical  College,  and  received  his  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1892.  Entering  by  competitive  ex- 
amination, he  served  a  term  of  one  year  as  house  physician 
to  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital.  In  1893  he  continued  his 
studies  abroad,  spending  two  years  in  the  universities  and 
clinics  of  Berlin,  Strassburg,  Vienna  and  London.  Upon 
his  return  to  St.  Louis  he  began  the  active  practice  of  his 
profession.  In  1895  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Otology 
and  Clinical  Microscopy  in  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical 
College.  When  the  consolidation  of  the  Beaumont  Medical 
College  and  the  Marion-Sims  College  was  effected,  he  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  Otology  and  now  continues  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Otology  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  St. 
Louis  University.  In  July,  1896,  in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
F.  M.  Rumbold,  of  St.  Louis,  he  established  "The  Laryngo- 


G.  C.  Crandali.. 


Thos.  H.  Doyle. 


H.  C.  Dalton. 


N.  A.  Drake. 


BIOGRAPHICAI,  SKl^TCHKS.  215 

scope"  a  monthly  medical  journal  devoted  exclusively  to 
diseases  of  the  nose,  throat  and  ear.  In  1898  he  became  sole 
proprietor  of  this  periodical. 

Dr.  Goldstein  was  a  charter  member  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Ophthalmology  and  Oto-Laryngology,  founded 
in  1895,  and  was  its  president  in  1900.  In  1905  he  was 
elected  vice-president  of  the  American  Lai-yngological, 
Rhinological  and  Otological  Society.  He  holds  membership 
in  the  various  local  and  state  societies.  He  is  aurist  to  the 
Jewish  Hospital  of  St.  Louis,  consulting  aurist  and  laryng- 
ologist  to  the  Alexian  Brothers  Hospital  and  to  the  Mount 
St.  Rose  Hospital.  Dr.  Goldstein  is  a  frequent  contributor 
to  oto-laryngologic  literature.  Among  these  contributions 
may  be  mentioned:  Exfoliation  of  the  Cochlea,  Vestibule 
and  Semi-circular  Canals;  The  Possibility  of  Obtaining 
Marked  Improvement  in  the  Treatment  of  Deafness  and 
Supposed  Deaf  Mutism;  Comparative  Value  of  the  Sense 
■of  Sight  to  the  Sense  of  Hearing;  Advanced  Method  of 
Teaching  the  Deaf. 


*t> 


ROBERT  D.  HAIRE. 

Dr.  Robert  D.  Haire,  of  Clinton,  was  born  in  Dade  Coun- 
ty, Mo.,  on  September  22,  1855.  After  attending  the  gram- 
mar schools  he  entered  Lincoln  University  at  Lincoln,  111., 
where  he  completed  his  literary  education.  Returning  to 
Missouri  to  take  up  his  medical  studies  he  entered  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College,  taking  his  medical  degree  in  ISYS. 
After  graduating  in  medicine  he  went  to  Shell  City,  Mo., 
where  he  practiced  for  twenty  years.  In  1883  after  a  course 
in  post-praduate  work  he  graduated  from  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital College  and  in  1886  and  again  in  1898  he  attended 
lectures  in  the  Post-Graduate  Hospital  Medical  College  of 
New  York.  In  1890  he  went  to  Europe  and  Sipent  a  year 
studying  in  the  hospitals  and  clinics  of  Vienna.  > 

In  1898  Dr.  Haire  left  Shell  City  and  moved  to  Clinton, 
Mo.,  and  has  practiced  in  that  city  to  the  present  time.  He 
is  local  surgeon  of  the  M.,  K.  &  T.  Ry,  and  member  of  the 
Judicial  Council  of  the  Missouri   State  Medical  Associa- 


216  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

tion.  He  is  also  a  member  of  Henry  County  Medical  So- 
ciety and  American  Medical  Association. 

C.  LESTER  HAIvL. 

Dr.  C.  Lester  Hall,  of  Kansas  City,  is  a  son  of  the  late 
Dr.  Matthew  W.  Hall. 

Dr.  Hall  was  born  in  Arrow  Rock,  Mo.,  on  March  10, 
1845.  He  was  educated  in  the  district  schools  of  the  county 
and  then  attended  Kemper  School  at  Boonville,  Mo. 
When  the  Civil  War  commenced  he  enlisted  in  the  ranks  of 
the  Confederate  Army  and  was  taken  prisoner  during  the 
first  year  of  the  conflict.  After  resigning  from  military  serv- 
ice he  went  to  Philadelphia  to  study  medicine  and  entered  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  graduating  from  that  institu- 
tion in  1867.  He  returned  to  Missouri  and  practiced  in 
Marshall  and  Saline  County  until  1890  when  he  moved  to 
Kansas  City  where  he  has  since  remained.  In  1886  he  went 
to  New  York  and  took  a  general  post-graduate  course  in 
the  New  York  Polyclinic  and  a  special  course  in  gynecol- 
ogy- 

Dr.   Hall  is  gynecologist  to   St.  Joseph's  Hospital  and 

professor  of  Gynecology  and  Abdominal  Surgery  in  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  College.  He  is  ex-president  of  the 
Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medicine,  ex-president  of  the  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Association  and  one  of  the  vice-presi- 
dents of  the  American  Medical  Association.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  Jackson  County  Medical  Society,  Mississip- 
pi Valley  Medical  Association,  Medical  Society  of  Missouri 
Valley  and  the  Western  Surgical  and  Gynecological  Asso- 
ciation. 

GEORGE  HALLEY. 

Dr.  George  Halley,  of  Kansas  City,  is  a  native  of  Can- 
ada, having  been  born  in  Aurora,  Ontario,  on  the  tenth 
of  September,  1839.  He  received  his  education  in  the  dis- 
trict and  grammar  schools  of  Elora,  Canada.  He  also 
obtained  his  medical  degree  in  his  native  country,  hav- 
ing graduated   from  the  University  of  Victoria  College, 


J.  H.  Duncan. 


W.  T.  Elam. 


C.  T.  DUSKNBURV 


ROBT.  M.  FUNKHOUSER. 


BIOGRAPHICAI,  SKETCHES.  217 

of  Toronto,  in  1869.  The  next  year  he  came  to  this  coun- 
try and  took  up  his  residence  in  Kansas  City.  He  has  con- 
tinued in  active  practice  in  that  city  ever  since  and  has  been 
identified  with  every  movement  looking  to  the  betterment 
of  medical  affairs  in  his  adopted  state. 

Dr.  Halley  is  Medical  Director  of  the  National  Guard 
of  Missouri,  and  professor  of  Surgery  and  Clinical  Sur- 
gery in  the  University  Medical  College.  He  is  chief  sur- 
geon to  the  Quincy,  Omaha  and  Kansas  City  Railroad  and 
consulting  surgeon  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
Railway.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County  Medi- 
cal Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  the  Association  of  Military  Sur- 
geons and  of  the  International  Association  of  Railway 
Surgeons. 


ALEXANDER  S.  HAWKINS. 

Dr.  Alexander  S.  Hawkins,  of  Monett,  was  born  in 
Rossville,  Georgia,  on  May  18,  1851.  Having  obtained 
an  excellent  preparatory  education  in  the  common  schools 
and  academic  branches  in  his  native  state,  he  entered  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  Baltimore  where  he 
secured  his  medical  education  and  was  graduated  in  1879. 
After  receiving  his  degree  he  returned  to  iiis  home  in  Ross- 
ville, Georgia,  and  at  once  began  the  practice  of  medicine. 
He  remained  in  Rossville  for  three  years  and  then  came  to 
Missouri,  settling  in  Cassville  in  1882.  For  thirteen  years 
he  practiced  in  Cassville  when  he  decided  to  move  to  a  more 
populous  district  and  in  1893  he  located  in  Monett  where 
he  is  at  present. 

Dr.  Hawkins  is  Division  Surgeon  for  the  Frisco  Rail- 
way and  was  president  of  the  Board  of  Pension  Examin- 
ers from  1885  to  1889.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Monett 
Medical  Society,  Southwest  Missouri  Medical  Society,  In- 
ternational Association  of  Railway  Surgeons  and  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association. 


218  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKKTCHKS. 

FRANK  L.  HENDERSON. 

Dr.  Frank  L.  Henderson  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on  March 
18,  1865,  and  reared  and  educated  in  his  native  state.  He 
obtained  his  coHege  education  in  the  University  of  Missouri 
after  which  he  entered  the  Missouri  Medical  CoUege,  gradu- 
ating from  that  institution  in  1888.  In  that  year  he  was 
appointed  acting  Assistant  Surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  Army  and 
stationed  at  Fort  Omaha.  In  1889  he  resigned  from  the 
army  and  went  to  Paris  and  pursued  his  studies  in  the  hos- 
pitals and  clinics  of  that  city.  In  1893  he  took  a  course  in 
special  work  in  New  York  and  London.  Returning  to 
America  in  1894  he  established  himself  in  St.  Louis  and 
has  remained  in  that  city.  In  1902  he  went  abroad  once 
more,  this  time  visiting  the  clinics  of  London,  Paris,  Berlin 
and  Vienna  where  he  continued  his  studies  for  some 
months. 

Dr.  Henderson  has  written  a  number  of  papers  for  pub- 
lication in  the  medical  press  and  is  the  author  of  "Lessons 
on  Eye — a  Text  Book  for  Undergraduates,"  published  by 
P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co.  He  is  president  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society  (1905)  and  a  member  of  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association,  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  Academy  of  Ophthalmology  and  Oto-Laryn- 
gology  and  the  St.  Louis  Ophthalmic  Society.  He  is  Oph- 
thalmologist to  the  St.  Mary's  Infirmary,  the  Terminal 
Ry.  Association,  the  Wabash  Railway  and  consulting 
ophthalmologist  of  the  City  Hospital. 

EDWIN  R.  HICKERSON. 

Dr.  E.  R.  Hickerson,  a  native  Missourian,  was  born  in 
Ralls  County,  January  27,  1862.  He  is  the  son  of  Dr. 
John  C.  Hickerson,  a  prom.inent  physican  of  Fulton,  Mo., 
and  a  brother.  Dr.  J.  C.  Hickerson,  is  also  an  active  prac- 
titioner at  Independence,  Mo. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  received  his  early  education  in 
the  Moberly  High  School  and  later  graduated  from  the 
Westminster  College.     After  his  graduation  from  West- 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKE;TCH:eS.  219 

minster  he  matriculated  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
receiving  his  diploma  in  1885.  Immediately  after  gradu- 
ating he  went  to  Moberly  and  entered  practice  where  he 
has  contined  to  reside. 

Dr.  Hickerson  served  as  a  member  of  the  School  Board 
of  Moberly  for  six  years  and  for  two  years  was  president 
of  the  Board.  He  is  a  member  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  Railway  Surgeons,  the  American  Medical  Associ- 
ation, the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  of  the 
Randolph  County  and  North  Missouri  Medical  Societies. 
He  is  consulting  surgeon  of  the  Wabash  Railway  Hos- 
pital at  Moberly  and  local  surgeon  of  the  M.,  K.  &  T.  Rail- 
way. 

GEORGE  R.  HIGHSMITH. 

Dr.  George  R.  Highsmith,  of  Carrollton,  is  a  native  of 
Georgia,  born  in  Savannah,  on  December  4,  1848.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Missouri, 
completed  by  attendance  in  the  North  Missouri  Normal 
School.  He  obtained  his  medical  education  also  in  Mis- 
souri, matriculating  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1875.  After  receiving  his  med- 
ical degree  he  returned  to  Carroll  county  and  began  prac- 
tice in  De  Witt,  where  he  remained  for  thirteen  years.  In 
1882  he  went  to  New  York  and  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic 
he  spent  a  year  in  studying  special  branches,  particularly 
diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat  and  diseases  of  women.  In 
1888  he  left  De  Witt  and  moved  to  Carrollton  and  in  that 
city  he  has  continued  to  practice. 

Dr.  Highsmith  is  a  member  of  the  Tri-State  Medical 
Society,  the  Grand  River  District  Medical  Society,  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  is  ex-president  of  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  North  Missouri 
Medical  Association  and  the  Wabash  Surgical  Society.  He 
is  local  surgeon  for  the  Wabash  Railway,  the  Burlington 
Railway  System  and  the  Santa  Fe  Railway. 


220  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

ROLAND  HILL. 

Dr.  Roland  Hill  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  was  born  at  Aylmer, 
Ontario,  Canada,  August  16,  1868.  His  preparatory  edu- 
cation was  received  in  the  Aylmer  public  schools  and  the 
Collegiate  Institute.  He  studied  medicine  at  Trinity  Med- 
ical College  (Trinity  University)  and  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Ontario,  Canada,  graduating 
from  the  latter  institution  in  1890.  For  one  year  after 
graduating  he  was  house  surgeon  in  the  General  Hospital, 
Toronto,  Canada.  In  1891  he  came  to  Missouri,  and  lo- 
cated in  St.  Louis.  For  some  time  he  was  assistant  dem- 
onstrator of  anatomy  in  the  Marion-Sims  Medical  Col- 
lege and  later  professor  of  Medical  Physics  in  the  Beau- 
mont Hospital  Medical  College  and  consulting  surgeon  to 
St.  Louis  City  Hospital. 

Dr.  Hill  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  American  Medical  As- 
sociation, and  the  Western  Surgical  and  Gynecological  As- 
sociation. 

JOHN  PAUL  HOEFFER. 

Dr.  John  P.  Hoef^er  is  a  native  of  Germany,  born  on  the 
7th  day  of  August,  1867.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was 
admitted  to  the  Gymnasium  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1888.  His  medical  education  was  obtained  in  St.  Louis 
where  he  graduated  from  the  Medical  Department  of 
Washington  University  in  1892.  He  entered  private  prac- 
tice in  St.  Louis  immediately  after  receiving  his  medical 
degree  and  has  continued  active  in  his  profession  in  that 
city  to  the  present  time.  He  has  a  brother,  Dr.  A.  H.  Hoef- 
fer,  who  is  also  active  in  medical  practice  in  Mexico. 

Dr.  Hoeffer  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Soci- 
ety and  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

BENJAMIN  MURRAY  HYPES. 

Dr.  B.  M.  Hypes,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Lebanon, 
111.,  July  31,  1846.     When  fourteen  years  of  age  he  was 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  221 

admitted  to  McKendree  College,  where  he  received  his 
classical  education  and  graduated  with  the  degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Arts  in  1866.  Several  years  later  the  same  insti- 
tution conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 
He  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  Rush  Medical  College 
of  Chicago  and  after  one  term  in  that  institution  came  to 
Missouri  and  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1872.  Entering  the  competitive 
examination  for  internes  at  the  City  Hospital,  he  was  ap- 
pointed junior  physician  and  in  1873  appointed  senior 
physician.  In  1874  he  resigned  from  the  hospital  and  be- 
gan private  practice  in  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Hypes  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Marion  Sims 
Medical  College  and  filled  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  in  the 
original  faculty.  He  is  now  professor  of  Obstetrics  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  University  and  vice-dean 
of  the  faculty.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
City  Hospital  Alumni,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Associa- 
tion, American  Medical  Association  and  ex-president  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  the  St.  Louis  Obstetrical 
and  Gynecological  Society. 

JOHN  ISBELL. 

Dr.  John  Isbell,  of  Washington,  Mo.,  was  born  in 
Osage  County,  Mo.,  on  July  13,  1844.  After  obtaining  a 
thorough  preparatory  and  literary  training  in  the  St. 
Louis  University  he  went  to  Virginia  and  entered  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  grad- 
uating from  that  institution  in  1867.  In  1869  he  went  to 
St.  Louis  and  studied  in  the  post-graduate  work  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College.  From  1869  to  1872  he  prac- 
ticed in  Linn,  Mo.,  moving  to  Kansas  City  in  the  latter 
year.  He  remained  in  Kansas  City  until  1875  in  which 
year  he  went  to  Washington  and  has  continued  to  prac- 
tice in  that  city  ever  since. 

Dr.  Isbell  is  president  of  Franklin  County  Society  and 
a  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and 
of  the  American  Medical  Association.  He  is  local  sur- 
geon at  Washington  for  the  Missouri  Pacific  Rail- 
way system. 


222  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES . 

SAMUEL  CATLETT  JAMES 

Dr.  S.  C.  James,  of  Kansas  City,  is  the  son  of  Dr.  P.  T. 
James,  who  practiced  medicine  in  Missouri  and  Ilhnois  for 
a  number  of  years.  He  was  born  in  FrankHn  County,  Vir- 
ginia, June  16,  1854,  his  parents  moving  to  Versailles,  Mo., 
when  he  was  quite  young.  He  was  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  Missouri  and  Illinois  and  began  to  study 
medicine  in  his  father's  office  in  Litchfield,  111.  In  1878 
he  entered  the  Missouri  Medical  College  of  St.  Louis,  but 
was  compelled  to  abandon  his  studies  on  account  of  illness 
after  one  year's  attendance.  Later  he  resumed  his  studies 
and  entered  Rush  Medical  College,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1882.  He  began  practice  in  Versailles,  Mo., 
where  he  remained  until  1888  when  he  went  to  New  York 
and  did  post-graduate  work  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic. 
In  1889  he  settled  in  Kansas  City  where  he  has  contined 
to  practice  his  profession. 

Dr.  James  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  ex-member  of 
the  Missouri  State  Board  of  Health,  member  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Board  of  Health  of  North  America,  Jackson  Coun- 
ty Medical  Society,  Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medicine, 
nominator  for  the  Provident  Life  Insurance  Company, 
Dean  of  the  University  Medical  College,  Trustee  and  pro- 
fessor of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  same, 
consulting  physician  to  the  University  Hospital  and  the 
Frisco  Railway.  He  was  recently  chosen  president  of  the 
American  Association  of  Medical  Colleges. 

JABEZ  N.  JACKSON. 

Dr.  Jabez  N.  Jackson,  of  Kansas  City,  son  of  Dr.  J.  W. 
Jackson,  was  born  in  Labadie,  Mo.,  on  October  6,  1868. 
His  early  literary  education  was  acquired  in  Franklin 
County,  Mo.  He  afterward  completed  a  high  school  course 
at  Sedalia  and  subsequently  attended  Central  College  at 
Fayette,  Mo.,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1889  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  In  1890  the  same  insti- 
tution conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  223 

Immediately  after  his  graduation  from  Central  College 
he  entered  upon  the  study  of  medicine  and  matriculated  in 
the  University  Medical  College  of  Kansas  City,  taking  his 
medical  degree  from  that  institution  in  1891.  In  the  same 
year  he  went  to  New  York  and  further  pursued  his  medical 
studies  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic. 

Dr.  Jackson  is  surgeon  to  the  University  Hospital,  a 
member  of  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society,  American 
Medical  Association  and  is  now  (1905)  president  of  the 
Missouri  State  ^Medical  Association. 

JOHN  PHILLIP  KANOKY  (KNOCHE) 

Dr.  J.  Phillip  Kanoky  (former  spelling  Knoche),  of 
Kansas  City,  was  born  in  that  cit}'  on  July  25.  1559.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city  and 
also  took  a  course  in  Spaulding's  Commercial  College.  He 
began  the  study  of  medicine  in  Bellevue  Hospital  ^Medical 
College  in  1880  completing  his  medical  studies  in  the  Kan- 
sas City  ]\Iedical  College,  graduating  from  the  latter  insti- 
tution in  ISSl.  He  has  been  practicing  his  profession  in 
Kansas  City  ever  since  his  graduation.  In  1883  he  went 
to  Vienna  and  took  special  courses  in  the  celebrated  univer- 
sities of  that  place  and  in  1886  again  went  abroad  to  study 
in  the  same  institutions. 

Dr.  Kanok}^  is  professor  of  Dermatolog}-  in  the  Kansas 
City  ]\Iedical  College,  consulting  dermatologist  to  the 
Women  and  Children's  Hospital  and  of  the  ^^^lissouri  Pa- 
cific Railway,  Western  Division.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Jackson  County  ^Medical  Society,  tiie  Academy  of  ^Nledi- 
cine,  the  ^lissouri  State  3,Iedical  Association  and  of  the 
American  ^vledical  Association. 

JOHN  BENJA^IIN  KEBER. 

Dr.  John  B.  Keber,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  on  May  16,  1862.  He  was  educated  in  the  Christian 
Brothers  College  of  St.  Louis,  and  in  St.  Louis  L'niversit}', 
graduating  from  the  latter  institution  in  1880  with  the  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Arts.    In  1890  he  received  the  degree  of 


224  BIOGRAPHICAI,  SKETCHES. 

Master  of  Arts  from  the  same  institution.  He  studied 
medicine  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  graduating  in 
1883. 

For  one  year  after  receiving  his  medical  degree  Dr. 
Keber  practiced  in  St.  Louis  and  then  departed  for  Europe 
and  took  special  courses  in  dermatology  and  allied  branches. 
After  four  years  of  study  in  the  universities  of  Strassburg, 
Heidelberg,  Prague,  Berlin,  Vienna  and  Paris,  he  returned 
to  St.  Louis  and  again  took  up  his  practice  in  that  city. 

In  1890  Dr.  Keber  was  appointed  professor  of  Diseases 
of  the  Skin  and  Syphilis  in  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical 
College  and  occupied  this  chair  for  nine  years.  He  is 
dermatologist  on  the  staff  of  St.  Mary's  Infirmary  and 
Deaconess  Hospital,  also  to  the  Convent  of  the  Good  Shep- 
herd and  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  System.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association,  and  for  six  years  was  Lieuten- 
ant and  Assistant  Surgeon,  N.  G.  M. 

ALONZO  R.  KIEFFER. 

Dr.  A.  R.  Kieffer,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Jefferson 
County,  New  York,  on  March  18,  1855.  When  he  was 
eleven  years  of  age  the  family  moved  to  Missouri  and  Dr. 
Kieffer  was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of  this  state; 
he  also  attended  the  Teachers'  Institute.  His  medical  edu- 
cation was  obtained  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1879  and  won  a  gold  medal  for 
general  excellence,  being  the  second  graduate  upon  whom 
this  honor  had  been  conferred  in  thirty-nine  years.  After 
his  graduation  he  went  to  Cole  County,  Missouri  and  en- 
tered upon  the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  remained  in 
Cole  County  until  1892  when  he  went  to  St.  Louis  for  a 
post-graduate  course  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College  and 
took  up  his  permanent  residence  in  St.  Louis  where  he  has 
practiced  ever  since. 

For  eleven  years  Dr.  Kieffer  was  Demonstrator  of  Anat- 
omy in  the  Barnes  Medical  College  and  is  now  professor 
of  Surgical  Diseases  of  Women  and  Clinical  Surgery  in 


M  A.  Goldstein. 


Spencer  C.  Graves. 


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j^l 

J.  K.  Graham. 


C.  Lester  Hai.l. 


BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES.  225 

the  same,  and  Surgeon  to  the  Centenary  Hospital.  He  was 
treasurer  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Library  Association  for 
one  year,  treasurer  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  for 
eig'ht  years,  president  of  the  same  one  year,  ex-vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  member  of 
the  House  of  Delegates  of  the  same  and  a  delegate  to  the 
American  Medical  Association. 

Dr.  Kieffer  has  written  a  number  of  important  papers  on 
medical  subjects,  among  them  one  entitled  "The  Omentum 
is  an  Organ." 

MOSES  BUCKNER  KINCHELOE. 

Dr.  M,  B.  Kincheloe,  of  Joplin,  came  to  Missouri  in 
1880.  He  was  born  in  Waterford,  Kentucky  (Spencer  Co.) 
on  the  sixth  of  October,  1845.  By  far  the  greater  part  of 
his  early  education  was  obtained  in  the  common  schools 
of  his  native  state,  and  when  he  determined  to  study  medi- 
cine he  entered  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University 
of  Louisville,  receiving  his  diploma  in  1874.  Thirteen 
years  later  he  took  a  post-graduate  course  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago,  and  in  1897  he  again 
completed  a  course  in  post-graduate  work,  this  time  going 
to  New  York,  where  he  studied  in  the  Post-Graduate 
School  and  Hospital. 

Immediately  after  graduating  from  the  University  of 
Louisville,  Dr.  Kincheloe  began  his  professional  life  in  his 
native  state,  and  opened  his  office  in  Bardstown  Junction. 
He  remained  here  for  six  years,  and  then,  in  1880,  moved 
to  Appleton  City,  Mo.  He  left  Appleton  City  in  1899  and 
went  to  Joplin  where  he  has  continued  to  practice  ever 
since.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Jasper  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  and  of  the 
American  Medical  Association.  From  1892  to  1896  he 
was  surgeon  on  the  Pension  Board  at  Joplin  and  was  again 
appointed  in  1901,  serving  for  four  years. 

ROBERT  M.  KING. 

Dr.  R.  M.  King,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Madisonville, 
Ky.,  on  the  first  day  of  June,  1843.     He  obtained  his  pre- 


226  BIOGRAPHICAL,  SKETCHES. 

paratory  and  collegiate  education  in  Princeton  College, 
Princeton,  Ky.,  and  Bethany  College  of  Virginia,  receiv- 
ing from  the  latter  institution  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 
Going  to  Philadelphia  to  take  up  his  medical  studies  he 
entered  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  1867.  In  1871  he  took  a  special  course  in  Miami 
Medical  College  of  Cincinnati,  receiving  the  ad  eundem  de- 
gree in  1871. 

Soon  after  graduating  in  medicine  Dr.  King  returned 
to  his  native  city  and  practiced  in  Madisonville  for  nine 
years.  In  1876  he  came  to  Missouri  and  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  St.  Louis.  In  1882  and  again  in  1888  he  was 
clinical  teacher  in  the  St,  Louis  Hospital.  He  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  also  a  member  of  the  first  faculty  of  the 
Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College  in  St.  Louis, 
filling  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  Clinical  Thera- 
peutics for  two  years.  He  was  then  elected  professor 
of  Obstetrics  in  the  same  institution  retaining  this  position 
until  1893,  when  he  resigned.  Later  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  Obstetrics  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, which  he  occupied  until  1904.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  has  been  treas- 
urer of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  since  1902. 

LEONIDAS  H.  LAIDLEY. 

Leonidas  H.  Laidley,  M.  D.,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  at 
Carmichaels,  Penn.,  September  20,  1844.  He  is  a  son  of 
Dr.  Thomas  H.  Laidley,  who  was  one  of  the  best  known 
physicians  in  Greene  County,  Penn.  At  ten  years  of  age 
Leonidas  was  admitted  to  the  Greene  Academy,  in  his  na- 
tive town,  and  there  he  received  his  education  preparatory 
to  the  study  of  medicine.  In  1866  he  attended  the  Cleve- 
land Medical  College,  and  the  following  year  entered  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  of  Philadelphia,  graduating  from 
that  institution  in  the  spring  of  1868.  Shortly  after  leaving 
college  he  became  associated  with  his  father  and  brother, 
Dr.  John  B.  Laidley,  but  later  went  to  New  York  and  en- 
tered the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  graduating 


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A.  S.  Hawkins. 


B.  R.  HiCKERSON. 


F.  Iv.  Henderson. 


Roland  Hii^i,. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  227 

with  honors  from  that  institution  in  IS 72.  In  the  spring 
of  1872  he  located  at  St.  Louis,  and  soon  after  coming  to 
that  city  he,  in  company  with  others,  organized  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  there.  Doctor  Laidley  having 
charge  of  the  sick  poor  who  appealed  to  the  association 
for  aid.  In  a  short  time  a  free  dispensarv^  was  estabHshed 
and  from  this  the  Protestant  Hospital  Association  had  its 
beginning.  For  a  time  he  occupied  the  chair  of  anatomy 
and  chemistry  in  the  A^'estern  Dental  College,  and  when 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  St.  Louis  was 
organized  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  gynecology.  Five 
years  later  he  resigned  to  accept  a  similar  position  in  the 
Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College.  This  position  he  still 
holds  and  in  addition  thereto  he  is  surgeon  to  the  Protestant 
Hospital,  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  St.  Louis  Female 
Hospital.  Dr.  Laidley  has  made  a  number  of  valuable 
contributions  to  the  medical  literature  of  the  country,  chiefly 
on  surgical  subjects.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
]\Xedical  xVssociation,  the  American  i\ssociation  of  Gynecol- 
ogists and  Obstetricians,  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gyne- 
cological Association,  the  State  Medical  xA.ssociation  of  both 
Missouri  and  Pennsylvania,  and  has  several  times  been 
elected  to  important  offices  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety. At  the  beginning  of  the  great  international  exposi- 
tion at  St.  Louis  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  incorporators 
and  subsequently  was  made  its  Medical  Director.  In  1883 
Dr.  Laidley  was  a  delegate  to  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Medical  Association,  at  Liverpool,  and  while  abroad  he 
visited  the  celebrated  hospitals  of  London,  Paris  and  Edin- 
burg.  The  French  Government  through  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Commissioner  LaGrave,  appointed  him  an  officer 
of  the  French  Academy. 

JOSEPH  ROBERT  LEMEN. 

Dr.  J.  R.  Lemen,  of  St.  Louis,  was  bom  in  Madison 
County,  111.,  on  June  5,  1853.  He  received  his  education 
in  Smith  Academy,  in  St.  Louis,  to  which  city  the  family 
had  removed,  and  later  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  ma- 
triculating in  the  Missouri  Medical  College  (now  ^Medical 


228  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

Department  of  Washington  University) ,  receiving  his  med- 
ical degree  from  that  institution  in  1875.  After  serving 
as  interne  at  the  City  Hospital  for  one  year  he  went  to 
New  York  and  pursued  his  medical  studies  in  the  hospitals 
and  clinics  of  that  city  for  a  year  and  then  returned  to 
St,  Louis  to  practice  his  profession. 

Dr.  Lemen  is  professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Chest  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  University,  and  for  a 
number  of  years  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Health  of 
St.  Louis.  He  is  physician  to  Deaconess  Hospital  and  the 
Rebekah  Hospital  and  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society  and  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

HANAU  W.  LOEB. 

Dr.  H.  W.  Loeb,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  August  25,  1865.  His  parents  moved  to  Missouri  in 
1867,  locating  in  Columbia  and  Dr.  Loeb  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  schools  of  that  city,  graduating  from  Mis- 
souri State  University  in  1883  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts.  In  1886  the  same  institution  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  He  obtained  his  medical 
education  in  the  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, New  York,  graduating  from  that  college  in  1888. 
Returning  to  Missouri  he  began  practice  in  St.  Joseph  re- 
maining until  1890  when  he  moved  to  St.  Louis,  and  has 
practiced  in  that  city  ever  since. 

Dr.  Loeb  is  secretary  of  the  faculty  of  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  St.  Louis  University  and  professor  of  Diseases 
of  the  Nose  and  Throat  in  the  same.  He  is  Laryngologist 
to  the  Rebekah  Hospital,  the  Jewish  Hospital  and  Jewish 
Dispensary,  St.  John's  Hospital  and  St.  John's  Clinical  Dis- 
pensary. He  is  president  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Ophthalmology  and  Oto-Laryngology,  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society,  Missouri  State  Medical  Association, 
American  Medical  Association,  Association  of  American 
Anatomists  and  the  American  Laiyngological,  Rhinologi- 
cal  and  Otological  Society.  For  some  years  he  was  editor 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Review  and  is  now  editor  of  the 
Annals  of  Otology,  Laryngology  and  Rhinology. 


B.  M.  Hyp^. 


Samuel  C.  James. 


John  Isbei.i<. 


J.  PHII.UP  Kanoky. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  229 

Dr.  Loeb  is  the  author  of  numerous  papers,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  :  Electro-Cautery  in  Nose  and  Throat  Dis- 
eases, A  Case  of  Nasal  Atresia  due  to  Smallpox,  Fibropa- 
pilloma  of  the  Larynx  with  Unusual  Movement,  Cancer 
of  the  Epipharynx,  the  Immediate  Relief  of  Hysterical 
Manifestations  of  the  Larynx. 

JAMES  ELMORE  LOGAN. 

Dr.  James  E.  Logan,  of  Kansas  City,  is  the  son  of  Dr. 
W.  G.  Logan,  who  practiced  medicine  in  Kentucky  for 
many  years  before  removing  to  Missouri.  The  subject  of 
this  sketch  was  born  in  Nicholasville,  Ky.,  on  October  16, 
1861.  He  was  educated  in  the  Kentucky  University  at 
Lexington,  Ky.,  and  the  Missouri  University,  Columbia, 
Mo.,  and  graduated  in  medicine  from  the  University  Medi- 
cal College  of  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  in  1883.  He  then  went 
to  New  York  City  and  entered  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medi- 
cal College,  taking  his  degree  from  that  institution  in  1884. 
In  the  same  year  he  returned  to  Missouri  and  began  prac- 
tice in  Kansas  City,  where  he  has  continued  to  reside. 

Dr.  Logan  is  president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
University  Medical  College  and  professor  of  Laryngology 
and  Clinical  Otology  in  the  same  institution,  and  Larnygolo- 
gist  to  the  University  Hospital  and  Scarritt  Hospital.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medicine,  the 
Jackson  County  Medical  Society,  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association,  i\.merican  Medical  Association,  Congress  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  American  Laryngological,  Amer- 
ican Otological  and  of  the  American  Laryngological,  Rhin- 
ological  and  Otological  Associations. 

CHARLES  V.  F.  LUDWIG. 

Dr.  Chas.  V.  F.  Ludwig,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Lan- 
dau, Bavaria,  on  May  5,  1836.  He  is  still  active  in  his 
profession  although  seventy  years  of  age.  He  was  educated 
in  Germany  first  in  the  High  School  in  Landau  and  then 

attending  the  University  of  Speyer,  this  latter  institution 
conferring  upon  him  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.     His 


230  BIOGRAPHIC AIv  SKETCHES. 

father,  Dr.  John  V.  Ludwig,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Bavarian 
army.  An  uncle  and  a  cousin  also  practiced  in  Bavaria,  and 
his  nephew,  Dr.  John  C.  I^ebrecht,  is  now  in  active  practice 
in  St.  Louis. 

Soon  after  coming  to  America,  Dr.  Ludwig  entered  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  (old  "Pope's"  College  and  now 
Medical  Department  of  Washington  University),  and 
graduated  in  1857.  In  1858  he  began  active  practice  in 
St.  Louis  and  has  remained  there  ever  since,  except  during 
the  Civil  War,  when  he  was  appointed  surgeon  with  the 
rank  of  major  in  the  U.  S.  army.  He  served  through  the 
entire  period,  being  surgeon  of  Post  Hospital  at  Pacific 
during  1862.  From  1858  to  1861  he  was  curator  of  St. 
Louis  Medical  College  and  resident  physician  of  O'Fallon 
Dispensary.  He  filled  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  in  the  Wo- 
man's Medical  College,  St.  Louis,  and  is  Medical  Director, 
Department  of  Mo.,  G.  A.  R.,  surgeon  of  F.  P.  Blair  Post 
No.  1,  Department  of  Mo.,  G.  A.  R.,  and  Medical  Examiner 
for  Nederland  Life  Insurance  Company. 

Dr.  Ludwig  has  invented  a  filtering  system  for  purifying 
river  water  for  cities,  delivering  the  purified  water  direct 
from  the  stream  into  reservoirs  ready  for  use.  One  of  the 
important  features  of  this  system  is  the  method  of  cleaning 
the  filter  by  means  of  rotary  brushes  which  are  rotated  by 
the  current  of  the  river,  thus  maintaining  constant  motion, 
which  serves  to  cleanse  the  filter  plates  of  all  impurities. 

Dr.  Ludwig  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association. 

NoTB. — Dr.  Ludwig  has  passed  away  since  the  above  was  written. 
He  died  very  suddenly  on  April  14,  1905.  "* 

ROBERT  LUEDEKING. 

Dr.  Robert  Luedeking,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  that 
city  on  November  6,  1853.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  St.  Louis  and  graduated  from  the  Central  High 
School.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  began  to  study  medi- 
cine, and  for  two  years  attended  lectures  in  the  University 
of  Heidelberg.     In   1874    he  entered    the    University  of 


A.  R.  KlEFFER. 


R.  M,  King. 


M.  B.  KiNCHELOE. 


H.  O.  Leonard, 


BIOGRAPHICAI.  SKETCHES.  231 

Strassburg  and  took  his  medical  degree  from  that  institu- 
tion in  1876.  He  then  took  a  post-graduate  course  in  the 
University  of  Vienna,  continuing  his  studies  for  a  year.  In 
April,  1877,  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  has  practiced  his 
profession  in  that  city  ever  since. 

Dr.  Luedeking  was  editor  of  the  St.  Louis  Weekly  Medi- 
cal Review  for  some  time  and  at  different  times  was  Dis- 
pensary Physician  and  Clerk  of  the  Health  Commissioner 
and  the  Board  of  Health,  He  was  acting  Superintendent 
of  the  City  Hospital  and  the  Female  Hospital  during  the 
administration  of  Mayor  Overstolz  and  of  Mayor  Ewing. 
He  was  Lecturer  on  Pathological  Anatomy  in  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College  from  1882  to  1883,  and  professor  of  Path- 
ological Anatomy  in  the  same  college  from  1883  to  1892. 
When  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  was  made  the  Medi- 
cal Department  of  Washington  University  in  1892  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  Diseases  of  Children,  and  occupies 
that  chair  at  the  present  time.  In  1902  he  was  elected  dean 
of  the  faculty  of  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington 
University  and  still  retains  this  position. 

Dr.  Luedeking  is  physician  to  the  O'Fallon  Dispensary, 
the  Jewish  Hospital  and  St.  Anthony's  Hospital  Training 
School  for  Nurses.  He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical Society,  the  Medical  Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni, 
Verein  Deutscher  Aerzte  and  the  Pediatric  Society  of  St. 
Louis,  and  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

LOUIS  WILLARD  LUSCHER. 

Dr.  Louis  W.  Luscher,  of  Kansas  City,  was  born  in 
Macon  County,  Mo.,  on  January  22,  1858.  After  attend- 
ing the  public  schools  he  took  his  collegiate  course  in  Kan- 
sas State  University,  this  institution  conferring  upon  him, 
in  the  year  1882,  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  pur- 
sued his  medical  studies  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Col- 
lege and  graduated  from  this  institution  in  1879. 

Immediately  after  graduating  in  medicine  Dr.  Luscher 
entered  the  army  service  and  was  appointed  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  U.  S.  Army.  He  continued  in  the  army  service 
until  1881  when  he  resigned  to  take  up  private  practice 


232  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

and  located  in  Kansas  City.  He  remained  in  private  prac- 
tice for  two  years,  and  then  once  more  entered  military  life, 
this  time  in  the  service  of  a  foreign  country,  serving  in  the 
Chinese  Army  until  1887.  He  returned  to  Kansas  City  in 
1888  and  resumed  his  practice. 

Dr.  Luscher  is  professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Surgery  in  the  University  Medical  College  of  Kansas  City 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society, 
of  which  he  is  ex-president,  and  has  been  treasurer  of  the 
same  for  the  past  five  years.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  the  American  Med- 
ical Association. 

HOMER  ODESSA  LEONARD. 

Dr.  H.  O.  Leonard,  of  Kansas  City,  was  born  in  Bris- 
tol, Wis.,  on  May  6,  1853.  He  received  his  literary  edu- 
cation in  the  Kenosha  High  School;  took  his  medical  de- 
gree from  the  Medical  Department  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago,  graduating  in  1875.  He  began  prac- 
tice in  Milburn,  111.,  going  to  that  town  immediately  after 
his  graduation.  He  practiced  in  Milburn  for  eight  years 
but  in  1883  he  left  there  and  came  to  Missouri  and  located 
in  Kansas  City  where  he  has  practiced  his  profession  con- 
tinuously since  that  time. 

Dr.  Leonard  is  obstetrician  to  the  Door  of  Hope,  an 
institution  for  the  care  of  unfortunate  young  women  in 
Kansas  City.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County 
Medical  Society,  Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medicine,  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  of  the  American 
Medical  Association. 

FRANK  J.  LUTZ. 

Dr.  F.  J.  Lutz  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on  May  24,  1855, 
and  received  his  education  in  the  public  schools  and  the 
St,  Louis  University,  the  latter  institution  conferring  upon 
him  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1873.  Soon  after 
completing  his  studies  in  the  St.  Louis  University  he  en- 
tered the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  received  his  medi- 


Hanau  W.  IvOEb. 


F.  J.  LuTz. 


ChAS.    V.  F.  IvUDWIG. 


GKO.  F.  lyYON. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  233 

cal  degree  from  that  institution  in  1876.  He  was  then  ap- 
pointed assistant  physician  at  Alexian  Brothers  Hospital 
and  has  been  connected  with  the  hospital  ever  since  that 
time;  he  is  surgeon-in-charge  of  the  Josephine  Hospital 
and  chief  surgeon  of  the  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco  Rail- 
way. From  1893  to  1897  he  was  surgeon-general  of  the 
Missouri  State  Guard.  He  was  dean  of  the  Beaumont  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  at  the  time  of  its  consolidation  with 
the  Marion-Sims  Medical  College  and  now  (1905)  fills 
the  chair  of  Surgery  in  the  Medical  Department  of  St. 
Louis  University. 

In  1887  he  was  president  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association;  in  1889  he  was  president  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  president  of  the  Southwestern  Associa- 
tion of  Railway  Surgeons  in  1893,  president  of  the  Inter- 
national Association  of  Railway  Surgeons  in  1896  and  the 
next  year  was  president  of  the  U.  S.  Board  of  Pension  Ex- 
aminers at  St.  Louis.  He  organized  the  St.  Louis  Surgical 
Society  of  which  he  has  been  secretary  since  its  organiza- 
tion and  was  largely  instrumental  in  launching  the  move- 
ment which  resulted  in  founding  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Library  Association. 

GEORGE  ELMER  LYON. 

Dr.  George  E.  Lyon,  of  St,  Louis,  was  born  in  New 
York  on  the  13th  day  of  April,  1862.  His  scholastic  educa- 
tion was  obtained  in  Albany  Academy  and  after  the  prepar- 
atory training  received  at  this  institution  he  entered  upon 
his  medical  studies.  Matriculating  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  City,  he  completed  his 
studies  in  that  institution  and  was  graduated  in  1887. 
Later  he  took  a  course  in  special  clinical  work  in  the  New 
York  Polyclinic. 

He  first  entered  upon  private  practice  in  New  York  City 
soon  after  graduating,  and  for  six  years  continued  to  prac- 
tice in  his  native  state.  In  1893  he  gave  up  his  work  in 
New  York  and  came  to  Missouri,  locating  in  St.  Louis.  In 
the  war  with  Spain  he  was  appointed  surgeon  with  rank 


234  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

of  major,  in  the  3rd  U.  S.  Volunteer  Corps  and  served 
through  the  campaign.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Association  and  Medical  Examiner  for  the 
New  York  Life  Insurance  Company. 

V/ILLIAM  M.  McPHEETERS. 

Dr.  William  M.  jMcPheeters  was  born  in  Raleigh,  N.  C, 
December  3,  1815,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  March  15,  1905, 
He  received  his  literary  education  in  North  Carolina  and 
completed  his  medical  education  in  the  old  Jefferson  Medi- 
cal College  and  in  the  hospitals  of  Philadelphia. 

Sixty-two  years  ago  he  was  made  professor  of  clinical 
medicine  and  pathological  anatomy,  later  taking  the  chair 
of  materia  medica  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  now 
medical  department  of  Washington  University.  Fifty  years 
ago  he  became  associate  editor  with  Dr.  M.  L.  Linton,  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  still  flourishing 
among  the  medical  monthlies  of  this  state.  While  an  interne 
in  the  Philadelphia  Hospital,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Kane, 
afterward  famous  as  the  greatest  Arctic  explorer,  he  made 
many  original  researches  to  establish  the  value  of  kyestein 
in  the  urine  as  a  diagnostic  factor  in  early  pregnancy. 

His  record  as  a  physician  in  the  most  critical  time  in  the 
medical  history  of  St.  Louis,  during  the  fearful  cholera 
epidemic  of  1849-50,  was  most  faithful  and  creditable,  as 
it  was  before,  and  had  ever  been  in  all  of  the  great  medi- 
cal crises  of  the  cit)^  and  as  it  was  in  the  Confederate 
army  when,  true  to  convictions  of  political  and  professional 
duty,  he  went  with  the  South,  and  was  honored  with  the 
selection  of  chief  of  staff  to  Generals  Price  and  Pemberton. 

Returning  to  St.  Louis  after  the  close  of  the  war  he  re- 
sumed his  professional  and  other  duties,  exhibiting  always 
the  possession  of  those  sterling  qualities  which  distin- 
guished him  in  every  relation  of  life. 

Perhaps  nothing  which  Dr.  McPheeters  accomplished 
as  a  member  of  the  medical  profession,  not  even  his  exem- 
plary life  as  a  gentlemanly  physician,  public-spirited  and 
courageous,  has  left  such  an  impression  upon  the  medical 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  236 

profession  of  this  state  as  the  organization  which  he  so 
enthusiastically  initiated.  Even  after  he  had  lived  beyond 
the  limit  allotted  by  the  Psalmist,  he  took  an  active  interest 
in  everything  which  concerned  the  medical  profession. 

Honored  and  respected  by  the  people  of  his  city  and  of 
the  state,  he  has  left  an  ineffaceable  imprint  upon  the  his- 
tory of  medicine  in  Missouri. 

A.  W.  McALESTER. 

Dr.  A.  W.  McAlester  has  been  in  active  practice  in 
Columbia,  Mo.,  for  thirty-nine  years.  He  was  born  in 
Rocheport,  Mo.,  on  January  1,  1841.  He  attended  the 
common  schools  of  the  district  until  admitted  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri,  from  which  he  graduated  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  and  Master  of  Arts.  In  1898 
the  same  institution  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.  D. 

After  completing  his  literary  education  Dr.  McAlester 
went  to  St.  Louis  and  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege, taking  his  medical  degree  in  1866.  He  then  began 
practice  at  Columbia,  where  he  has  continued  to  live.  In 
1868  he  went  to  New  York  and  took  special  courses  in 
surgery  and  in  1873  and  1885  he  made  trips  to  London  and 
studied  surgery  in  the  hospitals  and  clinics  of  that  city. 
In  1873  he  organized  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri.  He  is  dean  of  the  faculty  and 
professor  of  surgery  in  the  college  and  superintend- 
ent and  surgeon  of  Parker  Memorial  Hospital.  He 
has  been  a  member  of  the  State  Medical  Associa- 
tion for  over  thirty  years,  and  in  1888  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  Association,  and  has  been  president 
of  the  Missouri  State  Board  of  Health  for  a  number  of 
years,  still  retaining  that  position  (1905).  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Boone  County  Medical  Society  and  the  Lin- 
ton District  Medical  Society.  His  son.  Dr.  A,  W.  McAles- 
ter, Jr.,  is  also  an  active  practitioner. 


236  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKKTCHBS. 

WILLIAM  ARCHIBALD  McCANDLESS. 

Dr.  William  A.  McCandless,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in 
Macomb,  111.,  October  28,  1849.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion in  Macomb  Academy  and  in  Knox  College  of  Gales- 
burgf,  111.,  graduating  from  the  latter  institution  in  1871 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  In  1878  he  received 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  the  same  college. 

In  1871  he  entered  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  com- 
pleted his  medical  course  in  that  college,  graduating  in  1873. 
He  then  entered  the  City  Hospital  as  interne  and  served 
two  and  one-half  years.  He  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
in  St.  Louis  Medical  College  for  a  number  of  years,  later 
professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical 
College,  and  is  now  professor  of  Fractures  and  Dislocations 
and  Clinical  Surgery  in  the  Medical  Department  of  St. 
Louis  University. 

Dr.  McCandless  is  Chief  Surgeon  of  St.  Mary's  Infirm- 
ary and  of  the  Terminal  Railroad  Association.  He  is  ex- 
president  of  the  International  Association  of  Railway  Sur- 
geons, member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  St. 
Louis  Surgical  Society,  Missouri  State  Medical  Associa- 
tion, American  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Association 
and  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

GEORGE  E.  McNEIL. 

Dr.  George  E.  McNeil,  of  Sedalia,  was  born  at  Elston, 
Cole  County,  Mo.,  on  February  15,  1864.  He  was  reared 
on  a  farm,  attending  the  public  schools  in  the  winter 
months,  and  when  nineteen  years  of  age  entered  the  Clarks- 
ville  Academy,  of  Clarksville,  Mo.,  and  graduated  from  the 
Normal  Department.  He  continued  his  education  at  Otter- 
ville  College,  Otterville,  Mo.,  and  passed  the  examination 
under  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  receiv- 
ing a  state  teacher's  certificate  for  life.  In  1890  he  grad- 
uated from  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  and  was  appointed  second  house  surgeon  in  the 
M.  K.  &  T.  Ry.  hospital  at  Sedalia,  Mo.  Subsequently  he 
was  appointed  first  house  surgeon  in  the  same,  which  posi- 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  237 

tion  he  still  retains.  In  1894  he  took  a  course  in  post-grad- 
uate work  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic.  He  is  a  nephew 
of  the  late  Dr.  Addison  Elston  and  of  Dr.  J.  A.  Elston,  of 
Jefferson  City,  Mo. 

Dr.  McNeil  is  ex-president  of  Pettis  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  also  served  as  secretary  of  the  same,  member  of 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  American  Med- 
ical Association,  and  medical  examiner  for  a  number  of 
life   insurance   companies. 

MARY  HANCOCK  McLEAN. 

Dr.  Mary  H.  McLean,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, Mo.,  on  February  28,  1861,  daughter  of  Dr.  Elisha 
McLean,  one  of  the  early  practitioners  in  Washington,  Mis- 
souri. 

Dr.  McLean  was  educated  in  Lindenwood  College,  St. 
Charles,  Mo.,  and  later  entered  Yassar  College,  graduating 
from  that  institution  in  1880.  After  completing  her  pre- 
paratory education  she  entered  upon  her  medical  studies 
and  matriculated  in  the  University  of  Michigan,  graduat- 
ing from  the  medical  department  in  1884.  Returning  to 
Missouri  after  receiving  her  medical  degree  she  was  ap- 
pointed interne  at  the  St.  Louis  Female  Hospital  and  served 
in  that  capacity  for  one  year.  After  completing  her  serv- 
ice in  the  hospital  she  began  private  practice  in  St.  Louis 
and  has  continued  to  practice  in  that  city. 

Dr.  McLean  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society 
and  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

TILLY  ALEXANDER  MARTIN. 

Dr.  T.  A.  Martin,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Miami,  Mo., 
on  January  11,  1852,  and  received  his  literary  education  in 
the  Pritchett  Institute  of  Glasgow,  Mo.  After  graduating 
from  this  institution  he  went  to  New  York  and  entered 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  receiving  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1870.  He  was  then  appointed  house 
physician  to  New  York  Lunatic  Asylum  and  retained  this 
position  for  three  years.     In  1873  he  returned  to  Missouri 


238  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

and  began  practice  in  Dalton  where  he  continued  to  live 
until  1885.  In  that  year  he  went  to  St.  Louis  and  has  prac- 
ticed in  that  city  to  the  present  time.  In  1889  he  took  a 
special  course  in  the  ^Missouri  I\Iedical  College  and  received 
the  ad  eundem  degree. 

In  1886  Dr.  Martin  was  appointed  clinical  professor  of 
Diseases  of  Children  in  the  Missouri  ]\Iedical  College,  and 
filled  this  chair  for  thirteen  years.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  As- 
sociation and  of  the  American  IMedical  Association. 

L.  I.  :matthews. 

Dr.  Luther  I.  Matthews,  of  Joplin,  ]\Io.,  has  been  in 
active  practice  close  on  to  forty  years.  He  was  born  in 
Gallia  Comity,  Ohio,  July  31,  1839.  He  received  an  aca- 
demic education,  after  which  he  entered  the  L'niversity  of 
Michigan  to  study  medicine,  and  graduated  from  that  in- 
stitution in  1866.  He  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
Lebanon,  Mo.,  where  he  was  located  until  1872.  He  then 
moved  to  Carthage,  where  he  remained  from  1872  to  1897, 
when  he  went  to  Joplin,  where  he  has  continued  to  prac- 
tice. 

Dr.  Matthews  serv-ed  in  the  civil  war  1861  to  '64.  Enlist- 
ing as  a  private  he  advanced  to  Lieutenant  and  Captain  of 
Cavalry. 

Dr.  3.1atthews  has  served  as  president  of  his  county  and 
district  medical  societies,  and  in  1899  was  elected  president 
of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association.  He  is  at  pres- 
ent president  of  the  board  of  U.  S.  Pension  Examiners  and 
m.edical  examiner  for  several  insurance  companies.  He  has 
been  a  faithful  worker  in  organizing  the  profession  in  his 
county  and  promoting  affiliation  with  the  state  association. 

CHARLES  EUGENE  MICHEL. 

Dr.  Chas.  E.  Michel,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  on  May  9,  1833.  He  received  his  literary  educa- 
tion in  Charleston  College  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1853.     His  medical  education  was  obtained  in  the  South 


BIOGRAPHIC Aly  SKKTCHES.  239 

Carolina  Medical  College  and  from  this  institution  he  re- 
ceived his  degree  in  1857.  In  the  same  year  he  sailed  for 
Europe  and  went  to  Paris  where  for  three  years  he  contin- 
ued his  medical  studies  in  the  universities  and  clinics  of  that 
place,  devoting  his  attention  to  special  branches.  Soon  af- 
ter iie  returned  to  this  country  the  Civil  War  broke  out  and 
he  was  appointed  Surgeon  in  the  Confederate  Army.  After 
the  close  of  the  war  Dr.  Michel  came  to  Missouri  and  took 
up  his  residence  in  St.  Louis  and  in  that  city  he  has  con- 
tinued to  practice  his  profession. 

For  many  years  he  has  been  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society  and  was  professor  of  Ophthalmology  and 
Histology  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College  from  1869  to 
1899. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  MILLER. 

Dr.  George  W.  Miller,  of  Joplin,  was  born  at  Browns- 
ville, Penn.,  on  May  28,  1845.  He  was  educated  in  private 
and  public  schools  in  his  native  state  and  studied  medicine 
in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  graduating  from  that 
institution  in  1880.  He  then  came  West  and  began  to  prac- 
tice in  Girard,  Kansas,  where  he  remained  until  1890, 
when  he  removed  to  Joplin,,  Mo.,  and  has  continued  to  prac- 
tice in  that  city  until  the  present  time.  In  1889  and  1890 
he  took  post-graduate  courses  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic 
and  tile  New  York  Post-Graduate  School  and  in  1904  he 
again  went  to  New  York  and  attended  the  New  York 
School  of  Clinical  Medicine  where  he  took  special  courses 
in  private  clinics. 

Dr.  Miller  is  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Examining  Sur- 
geons for  Pensions,  ex-president  of  the  Jasper  County  Med- 
ical Society,  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation and  of  the  American  Medical  Association  and  medi- 

ANDREW  WILLIAM  MOORE. 

Dr.  Andrew  W.  Moore,  of  Fayette,  Mo.,  is  a  native  of 
Tennessee  and  was  born  at  Raytown,  that  state  on  the  16th 
day  of  April,  1845.  His  parents  moved  to  Missouri  in  the 
forties  and  settled  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.     Dr. 


240  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHKS. 

Moore  received  his  early  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
the  district  and  later  entered  a  private  high  school  to  pre- 
pare for  his  medical  course.  This  latter  he  began  in  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  was  graduated  from  that  in- 
stitution in  1872. 

Immediately  upon  receiving  his  degree  Dr.  Moore  began 
practice  in  Owensville,  Mo.  Here  he  remained  for  thir- 
teen years  actively  engaged  in  professional  work,  and  dur- 
ing this  time  served  as  president  of  Gasconade  County 
Medical  Society.  In  1885  he  left  Owensville  and  moved 
to  the  more  important  town  of  Fayette,  where  he  resides 
at  the  present  time.  He  has  filled  the  position  of  City  Phy- 
sician of  Fayette  and  in  1905  was  elected  president  of  How- 
ard County  Medical  Society.  He  is  also  a  member  of  Gas- 
conade County  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medi- 
cal Association  and  the  National  Association  of  Railway 
Surgeons. 

WILLIAM  GRANT  MOORE. 

Dr.  W.  G.  Moore  of  St.  Louis,  was  bom  in  Lexington^ 
Fayette  County,  Ky.,  on  February  16,  1853.  In  the  city  of 
his  birth  he  attended  the  district  schools  and  then  entered 
the  University  of  Kentucky,  later  going  to  the  Washington 
and  Lee  University  of  Virginia,  where  he  completed  his 
literary  education.  His  medical  education  was  obtained  in 
Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia  and  he  gradu- 
ated from  that  institution  in  1876.  In  the  same  year  he 
took  a  special  course  in  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear  in  Cin- 
cinnati and  then  came  to  Missouri  and  began  practice  in 
St.  Louis  where  he  has  continued  active  in  his  profession. 

When  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College  was 
founded  he  was  made  professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  and 
in  1888  he  was  chosen  professor  of  the  Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine  and  Clinical  Medicine.  When  this  institu- 
tion was  consolidated  with  the  Marion-Sims  Medical  Col- 
lege to  form  the  Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  Univer- 
sity he  was  elected  to  fill  the  same  chair  and  still  retains 
that  position.  He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society,  the  St.  Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Society 


T.  A.  Martin. 


W.  A.  McCandi,e;ss. 


Iv.  I.  Matthb;ws. 


Geo.  K.  McNeii<. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  241 

and  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  has  served 
as  president  of  each  of  them,  being  the  World's  Fair  presi- 
dent of  the  State  Association  in  1904.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medical  Association  and  for  many 
years  was  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Board  of  Education. 
He  is  attending  physician  at  St.  John's  Hospital  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  staff  of  Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium,  the  Protes- 
tant Hospital  and  Consultant  of  the  City  Hospital. 

WINN  FORT  MORROW. 

Dr.  W.  F.  Morrow,  of  Kansas  City,  was  born  in  Macon 
County,  Mo.,  on  the  31st  day  of  July,  1854.  His  literary 
education  was  obtained  in  McGee  College,  College  Mound, 
Mo.,  and  when  he  had  completed  his  preparatory  educa- 
tion he  matriculated  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College  (now 
Medical  Department  of  Washington  University)  where  he 
took  his  medical  degree  in  1878. 

After  his  graduation  Dr.  Morrow  went  to  La  Plata,  Mo., 
and  practiced  in  that  city  for  four  years.  In  1882  he  moved 
to  Kirks ville,  Mo.,  but  after  five  years'  activity  in  that  place 
he  went  to  Kansas  City. 

Dr.  Morrow  is  a  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Board  of 
Health  and  has  been  Secretary  of  that  body  for  a  number 
of  years.  He  is  local  surgeon  for  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee 
&  St.  Paul  Railway  and  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  Uni- 
versity Hospital.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County 
Medical  Society,  Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medicine,  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  and  American  IMedical  Associations. 

DANIEL  MORTON. 

Daniel  Morton,  of  St.  Joseph,  was  born  November  25th, 
1864,  at  Russellville,  Logan  County,  Ky.  Until  1878,  Dr. 
Morton  was  a  student  at  Bethel  College,  Russellville,  Ky, 
After  the  removal  of  the  family  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1879, 
he  entered  the  High  School  of  that  city,  remaining  until 
1882.  In  1885  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  and  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Louisville,  Medical  Depart- 
ment,  in  1887.     In  1887-88  he  attended  lectures  at  Colum- 


242  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

bia  College,  New  York  City,  then  known  as  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  left  Louisville  in  1888 
and  entered  upon  the  practice  of  medicine  at  St.  Joseph, 
Missouri.  During  the  winter  of  1889-90  he  occupied  the 
chair  of  dermatology  and  rectal  surgery  at  Ensworth  Med- 
ical College.  In  1889  iie  was  appointed  attending  surgeon 
to  the  Ladies  Union  Benevolent  Association,  and  has  been 
connected  with  this  association  ever  since,  serving  as  at- 
tending surgeon  and  consulting  surgeon  at  the  Home  of 
the  Friendless,  the  Home  for  Little  Wanderers  and  the 
Memorial  Home  for  the  Aged.  In  1893  he  accepted  the  po- 
sition of  associate  editor  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Fort- 
nightly. At  this  time  he  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  St.  Joseph  and  Grand  Island  Railway,  and  was  Un- 
ited States  pension  examining  surgeon  from  1893  to  1899. 
In  1898  he  was  appointed  Chief  Surgeon  of  the  St.  Joseph 
&  Grand  Island  Railway  and  of  the  Kansas  City  &  Omaha 
Railway  and  served  until  January  1,  1904.  In  1899  he  was 
appointed  County  Physician  and  served  until  March,  1901. 
On  June  25th,  1900,  he  was  commissioned  Major  and  Sur- 
geon of  the  Fourth  Infantry,  National  Guard  of  Missouri, 
and  on  January  30th,  1904,  was  detailed  Acting  Chief  Sur- 
geon of  the  Missouri  National  Guard.  At  present  he  lec- 
tures on  Abdominal  Surgery  at  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  Train- 
ing School  for  Nurses. 

Dr.  Morton  has  been  identified  with  St.  Joseph's  Hos- 
pital from  its  very  beginning  and  in  connection  with  the  late 
Dr.  E.  S.  Garner  and  other  surgeons  of  that  time  was  in- 
strumental in  inducing  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Vincent 
de  Paul  to  undertake  the  work  which  has  grown  into  the 
present  magnificent  institution.  In  1888  he  became  asso- 
ciate editor  of  the  St.  Joseph  Medical  Herald;  later  he  be- 
came editor  and  continued  as  such  until  May,  1891.  His 
contributions  to  the  medical  press  have  been  numerous  and 
along  the  lines  of  medical  education  and  surgery.  He  has 
always  been  active  in  medical  society  work,  belonging  to  all 
the  local  societies  and  the  State  and  National  associations. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  St.  Joseph  Medical  and 
Surgical  Society  and  also  of  the  Buchanan  County  Medical 


A  Van  Meter. 


David  Morton. 


W.  G.  Moore. 


H.  G.  Mudd. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  243 

Society.    In  1903  he  was  elected  president  of  the  St.  Joseph 
Medical  Society. 

HARVEY  GILMER  MUDD. 

Dr.  Harvey  G.  Miidd  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on  August 
29,  1857.  He  is  a  brother  of  the  late  Dr.  Henry  Hodgen 
Mudd,  and  a  nephew  of  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen,  both  of  whom 
practiced  in  St.  Louis  for  many  years,  and  earned  national 
renown. 

After  attending  the  public  schools  and  graduating  from 
the  high  school,  and  the  classical  department  of  Washing- 
ton University,  Dr.  Mudd  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  and  graduated  in  1881.  He  at  once  took  the  ex- 
amination for  internes  at  the  City  Hospital  and  received  an 
appointment,  serving  for  one  year.  He  then  began  private 
practice  in  St.  Louis,  and  has  continued  active  in  the  pro- 

Dr.  Mudd  was  a  teacher  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege, almost  from  the  time  of  his  graduation,  first  as  demon- 
strator of  Anatomy,  then  professor  of  Osteology,  and  Re- 
gional Anatomy,  then  professor  of  Regional  Anatomy  and 
Fractures  and  Dislocations.  When  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  and  the  Missouri  Medical  College  combined  to 
form  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University 
he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Fractures  and  Dislocations 
and  Clinical  Surgery,  and  retains  this  position  at  the  pres- 
ent time.  He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
the  St.  Louis  Surgical  Society,  the  Medical  Society  of  City 
Hospital  Alumni,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association, 
the  American  Medical  Association,  the  American  Surgical 
Association,  and  of  the  American  Association  of  Genito- 
urinary Surgeons.  He  is  surgeon  and  chief  of  staff  of 
St.  Luke's  Hospital,  St.  Louis,  and  major  and  surgeon 
First  Infantry  N.  G.  M. 

FLETCHER  D.  MOONEY. 

Dr.  Fletcher  D.  Mooney  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Christian 
County,  Mo.,  on  November  30,  1856,  and  died  in  St.  Louis 
November  8,   1897.     He  obtained  his  early  education  in 


244  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

the  public  schools  of  the  district  in  which  he  lived  and  then 
attended  Drury  College  at  Springfield,  Mo.  He  began  the 
study  of  medicine  in  the  office  of  his  preceptor,  Dr.  F.  E. 
Ross,  of  Springfield,  Mo.,  finally  matriculating  in  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College  of  St.  Louis  from  which  institution 
he  was  graduated  in  1880.  Soon  after  his  graduation  he 
was  appointed  assistant  physician  at  the  St.  Louis  Insane 
Asylum  and  served  three  years  in  that  institution.  In  1883 
he  resigned  his  position  in  the  asylum  and  entered  private 
practice  in  St.  Louis.  He  rapidly  assumed  a  prominent  po- 
sition in  the  medical  profession  of  that  city  and  was  surgeon 
on  the  staff  of  St.  John's  Hospital  and  consulting  surgeon 
of  the  Female  Hospital.  He  was  clinical  professor  of 
gynecology  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  but  resigned 
this  position  in  1895.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  occupied 
the  chair  of  abdominal  surgery  in  the  Beaumont  Hospital 
Medical  College  and  was  gynecologist  of  the  Missouri  Bap- 
tist Sanitarium.  He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation of  G3mecologists  and  Obstetricians,  the  American 
Medical  Association  and  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society 
and  had  been  successively  secretary,  vice-president  and 
president  of  the  last  named  society. 

Dr.  Mooney  was  a  man  of  brilliant  attainments,  possess- 
ing an  extraordinary  capacity  for  learning  and  unusual 
ability  for  applying  his  knowledge.  Thus  he  was  accurate 
in  diagnosis,  resourceful  in  treatment  and  skillful  in  opera- 
tions. Though  he  died  in  the  prime  of  a  splendid  man- 
hood he  lived  in  a  few  years  a  life  full  of  usefulness.  In 
1882  he  married  Miss  Mattie  Beale,  of  Springfield,  Mo., 
who  survives  him. 

LOUIS  EDWARD  NEWMAN. 

Dr.  L.  E.  Newman  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  on  Sep- 
tember 3,  1861,  and  received  his  literary  education  in  the 
St.  Louis  University.  Graduating  from  that  institution  in 
1880  he  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  and  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  entered  the  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
receiving  his  degree  in  1883.     In  that  3Aear  the  St.  Louis 


A.  H.  Ohmann-Dumksnil. 


L.  E.  Newman. 


W.  B.  OUTTEN. 


J,  B.  Norman. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  245 

University  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts,  and  in  1890  he  received  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  from  the  same  institution.  Immediately  after  gradu- 
ating in  medicine  he  went  to  Europe  and  pursued  his  medi- 
cal studies  in  the  universities  of  London,  Paris  and  Vienna, 
remaining  abroad  for  two  years.  In  1885  he  returned  to 
St.  Louis  and  entered  private  practice,  and  in  that  city  he 
has  continued  to  practice  his  profession. 

Dr.  Newman  is  ex-president  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society  and  the  St.  Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  So- 
ciety and  a  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  American  Medical  Association,  and  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists. 

JOSEPH  B.  NORMAN. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Norman,  of  California,  Mo.,  was  born  in  Cali- 
fornia, Mo.,  August  19,  1864.  After  attending  the  public 
school  he  entered  the  Hooper  Institute.  Graduating  from 
that  institution  he  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  at  the 
Plospital  College  of  Medicin-e  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  receiving 
his  diploma  in  1894.  He  first  began  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine at  Hume,  Mo.,  where  lie  remained  for  three  years.  He 
then  moved  to  Pilot  Grove,  Mo.,  where  he  was  located  from 
1897  to  1900.  In  1900  he  returned  to  California,  Mo.,  and 
took  up  a  permanent  residence  in  his  native  town. 

Dr.  Norman  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  censors  of  the 
Moniteau  County  Medical  Society.  He  has  also  served  as 
delegate  and  secretary  of  the  same  society.  He  is  ex-presi- 
dent of  the  Central  Missouri  Medical  Society,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  and  the 
American  Medical  Association. 

JAMES  J.  NORWINE. 

Dr.  J.  J.  Norwine,  of  Poplar  Bluff,  was  born  on  a  farm 
in  St.  Francois  County,  Mo.,  on  the  20th  day  of  December, 
1857,  and  obtained  his  education  in  Arcadia  College.  After 
completing  fais  studies  in  that  institution  he  went  to  St. 
Louis  to  study  medicine  and  entered  the  Missouri  Medical 


246  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

College  from  which  he  graduated  in  1881,  receiving  hon- 
orable mention  for  his  work  in  diseases  of  women  and  in 
nervous  and  mental  diseases.  He  at  once  entered  private 
practice  going  to  Fredericktown  where  he  remained  for  five 
years.  In  1896  he  moved  to  Bismarck  and  practiced  in  that 
city  until  1900.  From  Bismarck  Dr.  Norwine  went  to 
Poplar  Bluff  and  has  made  that  city  his  permanent  resi- 
dence. 

Shortly  after  his  graduation  Dr.  Norwine  was  appointed 
local  surgeon  for  the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  and  Southern 
Railway  and  has  retained  this  position  for  twenty-three  years. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Judicial  Council  of  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  and  has  worked  with  untiring 
zeal  in  organizing  county  societies  in  his  district.  He  is- 
president  of  the  Southeast  Missouri  Medical  Society,  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Medical  Education,  the  Butler 
County  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  American  Medical  Association  and  the  Inter- 
national Association  of  Railway  Surgeons. 

CLARENCE  M.  NICHOLSON. 

Dr.  C.  M.  Nicholson  was  born  in  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  Jan- 
uary 15,  1868.  He  obtained  his  academic  education  in 
Kansas  City  and  in  St.  Louis  and  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine at  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  where  he  graduated 
with  the  class  of  1891. 

Immediately  after  his  graduation  he  was  appointed  a 
teacher  in  that  institution.  At  various  times  he  has  sup- 
plemented his  medical  training  by  taking  post-graduate 
courses  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia  and  in  the  hospitals 
and  clinics  of  London,  Paris,  Vienna  and  Berlin.  In  1893 
he  was  appointed  junior  physician  to  St.  John's  Hospital, 
in  18f)5  surgeon  to  the  Emergency  Hospital,  in  1896  sec- 
retary of  the  State  Anatomical  Board,  in  1897  director  of 
the  Beaumont  Dispensary.  He  occtipied  the  chair  of  Gen- 
eral Descriptive  Anatomy  and  Clinical  Surgery  in  the  Beau- 
mont Hospital  Medical  College  and  now  (1905)  fills  the 
chair  of  Surgical  Anatomy    and  Clinical    Surgery    in  the 


J.  J.  NORWINE. 


W.  p.  Patterson. 


Charles  J.  Orr. 


Jno.  W.  Perkins. 


BIOGRAPHIC AIv  SKETCHES.  247 

Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  University.  For  several 
years  he  has  been  secretary  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association  and  is  editor  of  the  journal  of  the  Association. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  of 
the  American  Medical  Association. 

CHARLES  JORDAN  ORR. 

Dr.  Chas.  J.  Orr,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Louisiana, 
Mo.,  on  September  25,  1866.  He  obtained  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Louisiana,  graduating  from  the 
High  School  in  that  city.  His  medical  education  was  ob- 
tained in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  (Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Washington  University)  and  he  was  graduated 
from  that  institution  in  1891.  After  serving  as  interne  in 
the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital  he  entered  private  practice  in 
St.  Louis  and  is  still  practicing  his  profession  in  that  city, 
at  different  times  going  to  New  York  and  Boston  to  study 
in  the  post-graduate  clinics. 

Dr.  Orr  is  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  Missouri  Baptist 
Sanitarium  and  the  Good  Samaritan  Hospital,  ex-president 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni,  member 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  of  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association. 

WARREN  BELL  OUTTEN. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Outten  has  practiced  medicine  in  St.  Louis 
for  almost  forty  years.  He  was  born  in  Lexington,  Ky., 
on  December  3,  1844.  His  education  was  obtained  in  the 
public  schools  of  St.  Louis,  the  academic  department  of 
St.  Louis  University  and  Wyman's  University.  He  then 
entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  receiving  his  medi- 
cal degree  in  1866.  Immediately  after  graduating  he  was 
appointed  assistant  surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  Army  and  was 
called  upon  to  treat  many  cases  of  cholera  occurring  in  the 
troops  during  the  epidemic  of  that  year.  When  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was  established 
he  was  elected  professor  of  anatomy.  He  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College  and 


248  BIOGRAPHICAIv  vSKBTCHES. 

became  dean,  occupying  the  chair  of  Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Surgery  retaining  this  position  for  five  years.  In 
1875  he  organized  the  Medical  Department  of  the  St.  Louis 
Iron  Mountain  and  Southern  Railway  and  in  1880  estab- 
lished the  hospital  system  of  that  company.  In  1885  he 
organized  the  hospital  system  of  the  eastern  divison  of  the 
Wabash  Railway,  establishing  hospitals  at  Danville  and 
Springfield,  111.  He  rebuilt  the  hospital  at  Fort  Worth, 
Texas,  and  supervised  the  construction  of  the  International 
and  Great  Northern  Railway  Hospital  at  Palestine,  Texas, 
and  also  organized  the  St.  Louis  Hospital  of  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railway.  He  is  chief  surgeon  of  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific Railway  System,  consulting  surgeon  to  the  St.  Louis 
City  Hospital  and  Mt.  St.  Rose's  Hospital. 

For  many  years  Dr.  Outten  was  editor  of  the  Railway 
Surgeon,  also  of  the  Tri-Stafe  Medical  Journal  and  when 
this  journal  was  absorbed  by  the  Interstate  Medical  Journal 
he  continued  as  editor,  though  recently  he  has  given  up 
active  work  on  the  journal  while  retaining  a  position  as 
associate  editor.  He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Associaton,  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Railway  Surgeons  and  the  American 
Medical  Association. 

WILLIAM  PRESTON  PATTERSON. 

Dr.  William  P.  Patterson,  of  Springfield,  was  born  at 
Sale  Creek,  Tenn.,  on  October  19,  1861.  He  was  reared 
on  a  farm  near  Chattanooga  and  obtained  his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city  and  later  en- 
tered the  Masonic  Academy  at  Coulterville,  Tenn.  From 
1880  to  1882  he  attended  the  University  of  Tennessee  at 
Knoxville.  He  then  began  his  medical  studies  and  matricu- 
lated in  the  Medical  Department  of  Vanderbilt  University 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1885.  For  several  months 
after  receiving  his  medical  degree  he  practiced  in  Savannah, 
Tenn.,  but  in  1886  he  moved  to  Missouri  and  has  been 
practicing  in  Greene  County  ever  since  that  time,  first 
locating  in  Brookline  where  he  remained  until  1896.     In 


J.  Pitman. 


F.  Reder. 


Wm.  Porter. 


N.  R.  RoDES. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  249 

that  year  he  went  to  New  York  where  he  completed  a  course 
ill  special  work  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic  and  upon  his 
return  settled  in  Springfield. 

Dr.  Patterson  was  coroner  of  Greene  County  in  1897-8 
and  is  now  a  member  of  the  City  Board  of  Health  and  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  of  Springfield.  He 
is  president  of  the  Spring-field  Medical  Society,  treasurer 
of  the  Southwest  Missouri  District  Medical  Society  and 
member  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  and 
of  the  medical  staff  of  St.  John's  Hospital  at  Springfield. 

JOHN  WALTER  PERKINS. 

Dr.  J.  W.  Perkins,  of  Kansas  City,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  on  July  1,  1860.  He  was  educated  in  the  schools 
of  Boston,  graduating  from  the  Boston  Latin  School  in 
1878.  His  medical  education  was  obtained  in  the  Harvard 
University  Medical  School  of  Boston,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  1882.  Entering  hospital  service  in  Boston,  he 
served  as  interne  and  in  1885  was  appointed  surgical  house 
officer  in  the  Children's  Hospital,  filling  the  same  position 
in  the  Boston  City  Hospital  in  1886-7.  In  1887  he  went 
to  Kansas  City  and  in  that  city  he  has  continued  to  prac- 
tice his  profession. 

Dr.  Perkins  is  professor  of  surgery  in  the  University 
Medical  College,  chief  surgeon  of  L.  K.  &  W.  Ry.,  sur- 
geon of  the  Union  Pacific  and  the  Santa  Fe  Railways,  con- 
sulting surgeon  of  German  Hospital  and  has  been  senior 
surgeon  of  St.  Margaret's  Hospital  since  its  organization. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society, 
Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medicine,  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association,  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and  of  the 
American  Medical  Association.  He  has  written  a  number 
of  papers  on  medical  subjects  for  the  medical  press. 

LOUIS  T.  PIM. 

Dr.  Louis  T.  Pim,  of  St.  Louis,  is  the  son  of  Dr.  Louis 
T.  Pim  who  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  J.  N.  McDowell 
and  practiced  in  St.  Louis  for  many  years. 


250  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on 
January  20,  1872,  and  received  his  early  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  city.  He  then  entered  the  St. 
Louis  University  and  later  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Notre  Dame.  He  studied  medcine  in  the  Missouri  Medi- 
cal College  and  took  his  degree  in  1893.  Immediately  after 
graduating  he  was  appointed  assistant  to  Dr.  A.  V.  L. 
Brokaw  and  held  this  position  for  four  years.  In  1893  and 
1894  he  was  assistant  to  Dr.  T.  A.  Martin  in  the  Children's 
Clinic  of  the  Missouri  Medical  College.  In  1896  when 
the  cyclone  destroyed  the  City  Hospital  building.  Dr.  Pirn, 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  F.  M,  Rumbold,  opened  the  old 
Convent  of  the  Good  Shepherd  as  a  temporary  hospital 
and  the  patients  from  the  City  Hospital  were  removed  to 
this  building  which  is  still  used  by  the  city  for  hospital 
purposes.  He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  the  American 
Medical  Association.  In  1901-2  he  was  secretary  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  vice-president  of  the  same 
society  in  1903. 

JOHN  PITMAN. 

Dr.  John  Pitman  is  one  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of 
Kirkwood,  having  practiced  in  that  city  for  the  past  forty- 
one  years.  He  was  born  in  St.  Charles  County,  Mo.,  on 
the  3d  day  of  July,  1837,  and  received  his  collegiate  educa- 
tion in  the  St.  Charles  College,  graduating  from  that  insti- 
tution in  1858.  Choosing  the  medical  profession  as  a  life 
work  he  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  (now  the 
Medical  Department  of  Washington  University)  and  in 
1864  received  his  degree. 

Dr.  Pitman  took  up  his  residence  in  Kirkwood  imme- 
diately after  his  graduation  and  has  continued  to  practice 
in  that  community  without  interruption  up  to  the  present 
time.  One  son,  Dr.  J.  R.  Pitman,  also  studied  medicine 
and  graduated  with  his  class  but  shortly  afterwards  aban- 
doned medicine  for  other  pursuits. 

Dr.  Pitman  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society 
and  still  actively  engaged  in  professional  work  in  St.  Louis 
County. 


BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES .  251 

WILLIAM  PORTER. 

Dr.  William  Porter,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Beaver, 
Pa,,  on  March  18,  1852.  Plis  literary  education  was  ob- 
tained in  Elderton  Academy  and  Westminster  College, 
graduating  from  the  latter  institution  in  1869.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  entered  upon  his  medical  studies  and  matricu- 
lated in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1872.  He  went  to  Europe  in  1873  and  spent 
two  years  doing  special  work  in  throat  and  chest  diseases 
in  the  Golden  Square  Hospital  of  London,  the  London 
Hospital  and  in  the  clinics  of  Paris  and  Berlin.  Returning 
to  America  in  1875  he  came  to  Missouri  in  the  same  year 
and  located  in  St.  Louis  where  he  began  private  practice. 

Dr.  Porter  is  physician  in  charge  of  Mt.  St.  Rose  Throat 
and  Chest  Hospital,  physician  to  the  Protestant  Hospital 
and  professor  of  clinical  medicine  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  St.  Louis  University,  He  is  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical,  Amer- 
ican Medical  and  American  Laryngological  Associations 
and  ex-president  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Associa- 
tion. He  has  contributed  a  number  of  monographs  to  the 
medical  press,  among  them  "The  Limitations  of  Tubercu- 
losis," "Sanitarium  Treatment  of  Tuberculosis,"  "Diet  and 
Hygiene  in  Venesection." 

DAVID  R.  PORTER. 

Dr.  David  R.  Porter,  was  born  in  Jefferson  County, 
Ohio,  November  23rd,  1838.  In  1858  he  moved  to  Iowa 
and  began  the  study  of  medicine,  graduating  in  1860  from 
the  Keokuk  Medical  College.  In  1861  Dr.  Porter  entered 
the  service  of  the  United  States  as  Assistant  Surgeon  of 
the  Fifth  Kansas  Cavalry  remaining  in  the  service  until 
the  close  of  the  war  in  1865.  He  then  settled  in  Kansas  City, 
where  for  some  years  he  and  Dr.  A.  B.  Taylor  were  in 
partnership  in  the  practice  of  medicine.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College  in  1869, 
and  has  ever  since  remained  a  member  of  the  faculty  of 
that  school  teaching  in  various  different  lines.     In  1874- 


252  BIOGRAPHICAI,  SK3TCHBS. 

75  he  was  associated  with  Dr.  Schauffler  in  the  editorship 
of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Journal.  Dr.  Porter  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Common  Council  of  Kansas  City  and 
served  as  City  Physician  in  the  years  of  1878-79.  He  has 
always  taken  an  active  part  in  the  work  of  the  various 
medical  societies  of  which  he  has  been  a  member  in  coun- 
ty, State  and  National  Associations.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  Order,  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 
and  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion.  Dr.  Por- 
ter has  always  been  known  as  an  especially  careful  and 
conscientious  practitioner  of  medicine  and  a  man  alive  to 
everything  that  concerns  the  interests  of  the  profession. 
Although  having  accumulated  no  inconsiderable  fortune 
he  still  remains  in  active  practice  and  does  a  larger  busi- 
ness as  a  life  insurance  examiner  than  any  other  man  in 
that  section  of  the  state. 

JOHN  PUNTON. 

Dr.  John  Punton,  of  Kansas  City,  is  a  native  of  England 
but  came  to  this  country  when  a  young  man.  He  was  born 
in  Dorking  Surrey,  England,  on  July  12,  1855,  obtaining 
his  early  education  in  the  common  schools  of  Dorking.  Af- 
ter coming  to  America  he  decided  to  study  medicine  and  in 
1883  graduated  from  Miami  Medical  College  of  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio.  Soon  after  receiving  his  degree  he  went  to 
Lawrence,  Kansas,  and  began  practice.  In  1886  he  left 
Lav/rence  to  take  charge  of  the  Kansas  State  Insane  Asylum 
at  Topeka,  and  retained  this  position  until  1888  when  he 
resigned  and  moved  to  Missouri,  taking  up  his  residence  in 
Kansas  City. 

In  1890  Dr.  Punton  visited  New  York  and  took  up  special 
work  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  School  of  Medicine. 
In  1893  and  again  in  1895  he  went  to  New  York  and 
pursued  his  medical  studies  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic. 
He  went  to  Europe  in  1892  to  study  special  work  in  the 
great  universities  and  clinics  of  the  continent. 

Dr.  Punton  is  professor  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases 
in  the  University  Medical  College  and   Secretary  of  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  253 

Faculty.  He  is  Neurologist  for  the  Frisco  Railway  Sys- 
tem and  the  Kansas  Southern  Railroad  Compmiy.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society,  Kansas 
City  Academy  of  Medicine  which  he  served  as  president 
for  one  year,  the  Missouri  State,  Kansas  State  and  Amer- 
ican Medical  Associations  and  the  American  Neurological 
and  American  Psychological  Associations.  He  is  editor  of 
the  Kansas  City  Medical  Index-Lancet  and  Physician  in 
Charge  of  the  Punton  Sanitarium. 

FRANCIS  REDER. 

Dr.  Francis  Reder,  of  St.  Louis,  is  a  son  of  Dr.  Franz 
Reder  who  practiced  medicine  at  New  Athens,  111.,  for 
many  years. 

Dr.  Reder  was  born  in  New  Athens,  111.,  on  January  9, 
1864,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
city,  under  private  tutors  and  in  the  Washington  Univer- 
sity of  St.  Louis.  He  took  his  medical  degree  from  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College  in  1884  after  a  full  course  in  that 
institution.  For  one  year  after  graduating  he  served  as 
assistant  physician  in  the  City  Hospital  and  a  year  in  the 
Female  Hospital  and  then  went  to  New  York  where  he 
took  the  examination  for  house  surgeons  in  the  German 
Hospital.  He  was  appointed  on  the  staff  of  this  institu- 
tion and  served  two  years.  In  1888  he  studied  in  the  uni- 
versities of  Berlin  and  in  1891  and  1901  took  special  courses 
in  Munich,  Vienna  and  Paris. 

Dr.  Reder  has  been  surgeon  for  the  Burlington  Railway 
System  for  many  years.  He  was  located  at  Brookfield, 
Mo.,  for  some  time,  then  moved  to  Hannibal  and  later 
changed  iiis  headquarters  to  St.  Louis.  He  is  chief  of  the 
clinic  for  Diseases  of  the  Rectum  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment Washington  University.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Med- 
ical Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni,  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society,  St.  Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Society, 
St.  Louis  Surgical  Club,  Verein  Deutscher  Aerzte  of  St. 
Louis,  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  American  Asso- 
ciation of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists  and  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association. 


254  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

Dr.  Reder  devised  and  perfected  a  rubber  bulb  for  use 
in  operations  for  resection  of  the  intestines  and  another 
rubber  bulb  for  operations  upon  the  bladder.  Both  of 
these  methods  are  described  in  articles,  the  one  entitled 
"The  Rubber  Bulb  an  Aid  in  Intestinal  Resection"  and  the 
other  "The  Intravesical  Bulb  in  Operations  ypon  the 
Bladder." 

NED  R.  RODES. 

Dr.  N.  R.  Rodes,  of  ^Mexico,  ^lo.,  is  the  son  of  Dr.  W. 
R.  Rodes  and  his  grandfather,  Dr.  Tyre  Rodes,  also  prac- 
ticed medicine  for  many  years. 

Dr.  Rodes  was  born  at  Santa  Fe,  Monroe  County,  i\Iis- 
souri,  on  May  13,  1868.  He  received  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Mexico,  Mo.,  and  then  attended 
Westminster  College  at  Fulton,  ]\Io.,  graduating  from  that 
institution  in  1889.  Taking  up  the  study  of  medicine  he  en- 
tered the  Missouri  Medical  College  at  St.  Louis  and  grad- 
uated in  1893.  He  returned  to  JMexico,  3,Io.,  soon  after 
taking  his  degree  in  medicine  and  began  practice  in  that 
city.  In  1896  he  took  a  general  course  in  the  post-graduate 
schools  of  Chicago. 

Dr.  Rodes  is  physician  to  the  Missouri  IMilitary  Academy 
at  Mexico,  local  surgeon  of  the  Burlington  Railway  system 
and  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  railroad.  He  is  a  member  of 
Audrain  County  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Med- 
ical Association  and  the  Linton  District  Medical  Society. 

CLARENCE  A.  ROTHWELL. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Rothwell  is  a  great-great-grandson  of  Dr. 
Whipple  who  practiced  medicine  in  Beverly,  Mass.  His 
great-grandfather  and  grandfather  were  also  physicians 
and  his  father.  Dr.  T.  P.  Rothwell  practiced  medicine  in 
Missouri  for  forty  years. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Rothwell  was  born  in  ^Mexico,  Mo.,  on  April 
12,  1866.  He  was  educated  in  William  Jewell  College  and 
graduated  from  that  institution  with  the  class  of  1887. 
Taking  up  the  study  of  medicine  he  went  to  St.  Louis  and 
entered  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  receiving  his  degree 


BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES.  255 

in  1891.  Returning  to  his  native  town  immediately  after 
graduation  he  began  practice  and  has  remained  there  to 
the  present  time.  In  1893  he  went  to  New  York  where 
he  took  courses  in  special  branches  in  the  New  York  Post- 
Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital. 

For  ten  years  Dr.  Rothwell  has  been  iiealth  commissioner 
of  Mexico  holding  this  position  under  four  different  admin- 
istrations. During  this  time  he  has  treated  one  hundred 
and  thirty  cases  of  smallpox.  He  also  served  as  coroner  of 
Audrain  County. 

He  is  ex-secretary  of  Audrain  County  Medical  Society 
and  is  now  (1905)  president  of  the  same  society.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  Linton  District  Medical  Society,  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  and  of  the  American  Medical 
Association. 

FRANK  MEEKER  RUMBOLD. 

Dr.  Frank  M.  Rumbold,  of  St.  Louis,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Dr.  Thos.  F.  Rumbold,  one  of  Missouri's  most  promi- 
nent physicians  and  the  author  of  a  text  book  on  Diseases 
of  the  Nose,  Throat  and  Ears. 

Dr.  F.  M.  Rumbold  was  born  in  Lafayette  County,  Wis- 
consin, on  January  4,  1862.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  St.  Louis  and  Washington  University  and  after- 
wards entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1884.  He  began  to  practice  in  St. 
Louis  immediately  after  graduating  and  has  been  in  con- 
tinuous practice  in  that  city  ever  since  with  the  exception 
of  six  months  in  San  Francisco  in  1897  and  during  the 
Spanish- American  War,  when  he  was  commissioned  captain 
of  Light  Battery  "A,"  Mo.  Volunteers,  in  1898  and  captain 
and  adjutant  Thirty-second  Infantry  Mo.  Volunteers,  in  the 
Philippine  Islands  from  July,  1899,  to  April,  1901.  For  a 
number  of  years  Dr.  Rumbold  was  editor  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  He  has  served  as  secretary 
of  the  Western  Oto-Laryngological  Association  and  also 
held  the  office  of  vice-president  in  the  same  association.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  the  St,  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Mis- 


256  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

souri  State    Medical  Association    and    of    the    American 
Medical  Association, 

CAIUS  T.  RYLAND. 

Dr.  C.  T.  Ryland,  of  Lexington,  Mo.,  was  born  in  Lex- 
ington, Mo.,  April  20,  1874.  He  received  his  preparatory 
education  at  Lexington  High  School,  and  graduated  from 
the  Wentworth  Military  Academy  at  Lexington.  He  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine  at  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medi- 
cal College,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  was  graduated  from  that 
institution  in  1897.  In  1902  he  took  a  post-graduate  course 
at  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School. 

Dr.  Ryland  served  as  house  physician  to  St.  Mary's  In- 
firmary in  1897-98  and  then  returned  to  Lexington,  where 
he  has  since  been  in  active  practice.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Lafayette  County  Medical  Society  and  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association.  He  is  secretary  of  Lafayette 
County  Medical  Society  and  surgeon  for  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railway. 

FRANCIS  EMORY  ROSS. 

Dr.  F.  E.  Ross  has  been  practicing  medicine  in  Spring- 
field, Missouri,  for  the  past  thirty-seven  years.  He  was 
born  in  Greene  County,  Missouri,  on  August  26,  1838.  He 
was  educated  in  the  district  schools  and  in  Ebenezer  Col- 
lege, graduating  from  that  institution  in  1856.  After  pre- 
paratory training  in  the  office  of  his  preceptor  he  went  to 
New  York  to  take  up  his  medical  studies  and  entered  the 
Bellevue  Medical  College  taking  his  degree  from  that  in- 
stitution in  1868.  Returning  to  Missouri  soon  after  ob- 
taining his  diploma  he  practiced  for  two  years  when  he  again 
went  to  New  York  to  pursue  his  medical  studies  and  grad- 
uated from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (Medi- 
cal Department  of  Columbia  College)  in  1870. 

Dr.  Ross  is  an  active  member  of  the  Springfield  Medical 
Society  and  has  twice  been  elected  president  of  the  Society. 
He  has  also  served  as  a  member  of  the  Springfield  Board 


F.  E.  Ross. 


Thos.  F.  Rumbold. 


C.  A.  ROTHWELIv. 


E.  W.  SCHAUFFLER. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  257 

of  Health,     His  son,  Dr.  J.  E.  Ross,  is  also  a  graduate  of 
medicine  and  at  present  associated  with  his  father. 

EDWARD  WATTS  SAUNDERS. 

Dr.  Edward  W.  Saunders,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in 
Campbell  County,  Va.,  on  October  15,  1854,  and  received 
his  early  preparatory  education  in  a  private  school  in 
Charlottsville,  Va.  He  was  then  admitted  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  where  he  continued  his  literary  studies 
until  1873,  receiving  a  diploma  in  languages  from  that  in- 
stitution. His  medical  education  was  obtained  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Virginia  from 
which  institution  he  received  his  degree  in  1875.  In  1876 
he  went  to  Vienna  and  for  two  years  continued  his  medical 
studies  in  the  hospitals  and  clinics  of  that  city.  Returning 
to  America  in  1878  he  came  to  Missouri,  settled  in  St. 
Louis  and  has  been  actively  engaged  in  practice  in  that  city 
ever  since. 

Dr.  Saunders  is  professor  of  Diseases  of  Children  and 
Clinical  Obstetrics  in  the  Medical  Department  of  Wash- 
ington University  and  physician  to  Bethesda  Home,  Epis- 
copal Orphans'  Home,  Pediatric  Clinic  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity Hospital  and  the  Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association,  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  American  Pediatric  Society,  St.  Louis  Obstetrical 
and  Gynecological  Society  and  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

HENRY  SCHWARZ. 

Dr.  Henry  Schwarz,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Giessen, 
State  of  Hessen-Darmstadt,  Germany,  on  November  14, 
1855.  He  attended  the  Gymnasium  at  Giessen  where  he 
obtained  his  classical  education  and  then  came  to  America. 
Arriving  in  St.  Louis  on  April  21,  1873,  he  found  work 
in  a  drug  store,  attended  night  school  to  gain  a  knowledge 
of  English  and  studied  pharmacy,  graduating  from  the 
St.  Louis  College  of  Pharmacy  in  1876.     He  then  took  up 


258  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKE;TCHES. 

the  study  of  medicine  and  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  (now  Medical  Department  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity) from  which  he  was  graduated  in  18Y9.  Imme- 
diately after  graduating  he  returned  to  Germany  and  re- 
newed his  studies  in  the  University  of  Giessen,  taking  his 
degree  in  1880.  He  remained  in  Germany  for  three  years 
and  served  as  first  assistant  physician  and  assistant  teacher 
of  obstetrics  to  the  University  Lying-in-Hospital  of  Giessen 
from  1880  to  March  15,  1881,  and  from  that  date  until 
August,  1883,  occupied  a  similar  position  to  the  University 
of  Heidelberg.  Returning  to  St.  Louis  in  1883  he  began 
private  practice. 

Dr.  Schwarz  is  professor  of  Obstetrics  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  Washington  University,  director  of  Wash- 
ington University  Lying-in-Hospital  and  out-clinic,  obstet- 
rician to  the  Jewish  Hospital  and  consulting  physician  to 
the  St.  Louis  Female  Hospital.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science, 
St.  Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Society,  Verein 
Deutscher  Aerzte  of  St.  Louis,  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association,  the  American  Medical  Association  and  the 
American  Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists. 

IRA  W.  SEYBOLD. 

Dr.  Ira  W.  Seybold,  of  Poplar  Bluff,  is  a  native  of 
Indiana,  having  been  born  in  Logansport,  October  7,  1869. 
He  graduated  from  Logansport  High  School  and  after- 
wards took  a  course  in  Hall's  Business  College,  of  that  city. ' 
He  then  went  to  Baltimore,  Md.,  to  take  up  his  medical 
studies  and  entered  the  Baltimore  Medical  College  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1893.  After  receiving  his  medi- 
cal degree  he  returned  to  Logansport  for  a  few  months, 
but  in  October  of  the  same  year  he  moved  to  Missouri  and 
settled  in  Poplar  Bluff  where  he  practiced  for  several  years. 
In  1902  he  went  to  Oklahoma,  spending  a  few  months  in 
Lawton,  but  soon  returned  to  Poplar  Bluff  and  has  con- 
tinued to  practice  in  that  city. 

Dr.  Seybold  has  served  as  a  member  of  the  city  board  of 


Henry  Schwarz. 


R.  T.  vSloan. 


J.  B.  Shapleigh. 


Greenfield  Sluder. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  259 

health  and  of  Butler  County  health  board,  as  county  health 
officer  and  city  health  officer  and  is  now  coroner  of  Butler 
County.  He  is  a  member  of  Butler  County  Medical  Soci- 
ety, Southeast  Missouri  Medical  Society,  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association,  American  Medical  Association  and  of 
the  National  Association  of  U.  S.  Pension  Examining 
Surgeons. 

JOHN  BLASDEL  SHAPLEIGH. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Shapleigh  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  on  the 
thirty-first  day  of  October,  1857.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  graduating  from 
that  institution  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in 
1878.  Later  on  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  and  en- 
tered the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1881.  After  serving  as  assistant  physician  in 
the  City  Hospital  he  went  to  Vienna  where  he  took  a  post- 
graduate course  in  clinical  otology.  He  returned  to  St. 
Louis  in  the  latter  part  of  1885  and  began  private  practice. 

Dr.  Shapleigh  is  professor  of  Otology  in  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  Washington  University,  was  dean  of  the  fac- 
ulty in  1901-02  and  is  physician  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  and 
the  Protestant  Hospital.  He  is  ex-president  of  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni,  and  a  member  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  Amer- 
ican Otological  Society  and  the  Academy  of  Medicine. 

EDWARD  W.  SCHAUFFLER. 

Dr.  Edward  W.  Schauffler  was  born  in  Vienna,  Aus- 
tria, September  11th,  1839.  His  father,  Rev.  William  G. 
Schauffler,  D.  D.,  was  a  naturalized  American  citizen 
and  his  mother  was  a  native  of  Connecticut.  His  boyhood 
and  early  youth  were  spent  in  Constantinople,  Turkey, 
where  his  father  was  a  missionary,  and  he  received  his 
early  education  at  the  hands  of  private  tutors  and  in  a 
German  school.  After  having  been  at  college  in  this  coun- 
try (Williams  College,  Mass.)  he  was  appointed  Assist- 
ant Secretary  of  the  U.  S.  Legation  in  Constantinople,  in 


260  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

1859,  which  position  he  held  until  the  spring  of  1861. 
Returning  to  America  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  in 
the  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  University,  New 
York.  One  year  later  he  entered  the  Army  as  1st  Lieu- 
tenant in  the  127th  Regiment  New  York  Volunteers  and 
remained  in  the  service  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War 
in  1865,  serving  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  until  the 
summer  of  1863  and  after  that  in  the  operations  before 
Charleston. 

After  the  war  Dr.  Schauffler  completed  his  medical 
studies  in  New  York,  graduating  from  Columbia  in  1868 
and  immediately  came  West,  settling  in  Kansas  City  the 
same  year.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Kansas 
City  Medical  College  and  has  continued  on  the  faculty  of 
that  institution  to  the  present  time.  From  1871  to  1875 
he  was  editor  of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Journal.  He 
was  one  of  the  translators  of  Ziemssen's  Encyclopoedia 
of  Medicine  and  contributed  a  number  of  articles  to 
Wood's  Reference  Hand  Book  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 
He  served  for  many  years  as  secretary  of  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  and  was  afterwards  president 
of  the  same.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical 
Association,  of  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine  and  of 
the  American  Climatological  Association  and  has  been  del- 
egate to  various  International  Medical  Congresses. 

ROBERT  TARLTON  SLOAN. 

Dr.  Robert  T.  Sloan,  of  Kansas  City,  is  a  son  of  Dr. 
Alfred  B.  Sloan  who  practiced  medicine  in  Kansas  City 
for  many  years,  retiring  from  active  work  in  1893  on 
account  of  ill  health. 

Dr.  Sloan  was  born  at  Harrisonville,  Mo.,  on  March  30, 
1861.  After  preparatory  training  in  elementary  schools 
he  entered  Missouri  State  University  in  1880  and  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  In  1887  he  received 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  the  same  institution. 
In  1884  he  obtained  his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine,  grad- 
uating from  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College  and  imme- 


F.  R.  vSMitEY. 


A.  R.  Snyder. 


Elsworth  Smith,  Jr. 


H.  W.  SOPER. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  261 

diately  went  to  New  York  where  he  continued  his  studies 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  New  York, 
graduating  in  1885.  He  then  returned  to  Kansas  City  and 
began  practice.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  city  chemist 
and  served  for  one  year.  He  is  now  dean  and  professor 
of  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College. 
Dr.  Sloan  is  an  ex-president  of  the  Kansas  City  Academy 
of  Medicine,  and  also  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County 
Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association, 
the  Missouri  Valley  Medical  Society  and  the  American 
Medical  Association.  He  is  chief  of  the  staff  of  Scarritt's 
Hospital  and  consulting  physician  to  St.  Margaret's  Hos- 
pital. 

GREENFIELD  SLUDER. 

Dr.  Greenfield  Sluder,  of  St.  Louis,  is  a  native  of  Mis- 
souri, born  in  St.  Louis  on  August  30,  1865.  He  received 
his  education  in  the  Manual  Training  School  of  Washing- 
ton University  and  then  entered  upon  his  medical  studies, 
graduating  from  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1888,  He 
served  as  interne  in  the  City  Hospital  of  St.  Louis,  receiv- 
ing his  appointment  through  competitive  examination  and 
then  began  private  practice  in  his  native  city.  In  1896  he 
went  to  Europe  and  for  two  years  pursued  his  medical  stud- 
ies in  the  Universities  of  Berlin  and  Vienna,  taking  special 
courses  in  diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat.  In  1900  he 
spent  another  season  in  the  same  institutions  in  Europe. 

He  is  lecturer  on  diseases  of  the  nose,  throat  and  chest 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University  and 
a  member  of  the  staff  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital  and  Martha 
Parson's  Free  Hospital  for  Children.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Medical  Society  of  City 
Hospital  Alumni  and  the  Missouri  State  Medical  x\ssocia- 
tion. 

FRANK  R.  SMILEY. 

Dr.  Frank  R.  Smiley,  of  Boonville,  Mo.,  was  born  in 
West  Liberty,  W.  Va.,  on  November  19,  1859.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  and  the  Kemper  Family 
school  (now  Kemper  Military  Academy)  and  then  entered 


262  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College  in  St.  lyouis.  He 
completed  his  course  in  this  institution  and  was  graduated 
in  1888.  Immediately  after  graduation  he  entered  the  com- 
petitive examination  for  internes  at  the  City  Hospital,  and 
received  an  appointment  at  once.  Two  months  before  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term  he  was  appointed  FirstHouse  Surgeon  of 
the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  Hospital  at  Kansas  City.  He 
filled  this  positon  for  three  years  and  then  accepted  an  ap- 
pointment as  House  Surgeon  of  the  Kansas  City  Hospital 
where  he  remained  for  two  years.  In  1894  he  went  to  New 
York  where  he  took  a  course  in  post-graduate  work. 

In  1898  Dr.  Smiley  settled  in  Boonville,  and  began  pri- 
vate practice.  He  established  the  Boonville  Sanitarium  of 
which  he  has  charge,  and  has  been  appointed  local  surgeon 
for  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  M.,  K.  &  T.  Railways.  He 
is  also  medical  examiner  for  a  number  of  Life  Insurance 
Companies.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Cooper  County  Medi- 
cal Society  and  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

ELSWORTH  SMITH,  JR. 

Dr.  Elsworth  Smith,  Jr.,  of  St.  Louis,  son  of  Dr.  Els- 
worth  F.  Smith,  for  many  years  prominent  in  medical  af- 
fairs of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on  January  1,  1864. 
Reared  in  his  native  city  he  obtained  his  early  education  in 
the  public  schools  and  his  college  training  in  the  St. 
Louis  University,  receiving  the  degrees  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts  and  Master  of  Arts  from  this  institution  in  1884.  He 
then  began  his  medical  studies  and  in  1887  graduated  from 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College.  Immediately  after  his  grad- 
uation he  took  the  examination  for  internes  at  the  St.  Louis 
City  Hospital  and  was  appointed  junior  Assistant.  The 
next  year  he  was  appointed  Senior  Assistant  and  in  1889 
was  made  First  Assistant  in  the  same  institution.  In  1890 
he  resigned  his  hospital  position  and  entered  private  prac- 
tice. At  present  he  is  physician  to  St.  Louis  Mullanphy 
Hospital,  and  O'Fallon  Dispensary  and  clinical  professor 
of  Medicine  in  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity.   He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 


Jos.  Spiegei^hai^ter. 


C.  B.  Taylor. 


Justin  Steer. 


J.  E.  Tefft. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  263 

the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  American  Medical 
Association  and  ex-president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  City 
Hospital  Alumni  of  St.  Louis. 

ANDREW  R.  SNYDER. 

Dr.  Andrew  R.  Snyder,  of  Joplin,  is  a  native  of  New 
York  and  was  born  in  Albion  that  state  on  October  2,  1859. 
His  early  education  was  obtained  in  the  Albion  Academy 
and  from  there  he  went  to  the  University  of  Michigan  to 
complete  his  literary  education.  Subsequently  he  entered 
the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  of  New  York  where 
he  completed  his  course  in  medicine,  receiving  his  diploma 
in  1885.  He  began  his  professional  life  in  his  native  town 
and  continued  to  practice  in  Albion  until  1887,  but  in  this 
year  he  decided  to  come  west  and  located  in  Joplin  where 
he  has  remained  until  the  present  time.  In  1902  he  returned 
to  New  York  and  spent  some  time  studying  post-graduate 
work  in  the  clinics  and  hospitals  of  his  alma  mater. 

Dr.  Snyder  was  U.  S.  pension  examiner  from  1892  to 
1896.  He  is  a  member  of  Jasper  County  Medical  Society, 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  the  American 
Medical  Association.  He  is  a  member  of  the  judicial  coun- 
cil of  the  State  Medical  Association  and  has  been  active  in 
securing  the  organization  of  county  societies  in  his  district. 
He  is  attending  physician  to  St.  John's  Hospital  at  Joplin 
and  local  surgeon  for  the  Port  Arthur  Railway. 

HORACE  W.  SOPER. 

Dr.  Horace  W.  Soper,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Hills- 
boro,  111.,  August  25,  1867.  He  attended  the  Ramsey  (111.) 
High  School  and  the  Jacksonville  (111.)  High  School  and 
obtained  his  medical  education  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  (Medical  Department  of  Washington  University) 
graduating  from  that  institution  in  1894.  He  took  the  ex- 
amination for  internes  at  the  City  Hospital  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  serve  for  one  year,  leaving  the  hospital  at  the 
end  of  his  term  to  enter  private  practice  in  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Soper  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Medical 


264  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

Department  of  Washington  University  from  1895  to  1896 
and  is  now  chief  of  the  medical  cHnic  at  St.  John's  Hos- 
pital. He  was  president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  City 
Hospital  Alumni  in  1903  and  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society  and  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

HORATIO  N.  SPENCER. 

Dr.  Horatio  N.  Spencer  who  has  been  practicing  in  St. 
Louis  for  thirty-five  years,  was  born  in  Port  Gibson,  Miss., 
on  July  17,  1843.  He  received  his  early  education  in  the 
Port  Gibson  Academy  and  was  then  tutored  for  college  by 
a  graduate  of  Yale.  With  this  preparatory  training  he 
entered  the  University  of  Alabama  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  1862.  He  then  went  to  New  York  and  entered 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  tak- 
ing his  medical  degree  from  that  institution  in  1868. 

After  completing  his  medical  studies  in  New  York  Dr. 
Spencer  went  to  Europe  and  spent  two  years  doing  special 
work  in  otology  in  the  universities  of  Berlin.  In  1870  he 
returned  to  America  and  at  once  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  medicine  in  St.  Louis,  devoting  his  time  chiefly  to  otolog- 
ical  practice.  He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association  and  of  the  American  Otological 
Society.  He  is  professor  of  Otology  in  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  Washington  University,  consulting  aural  sur- 
geon to  the  Martha  Parsons  Free  Hospital  for  Children  and 
the  University  Hospital  of  Washington  University.  He 
was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  American  Journal  of  Otology 
and  has  contributed  numerous  articles  to  medical  journals 
on  otological  subjects. 

In  1878  Dr.  Spencer  received  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  from  the  Southwest  University  and  in  1890  the  West- 
minster College  honored  him  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Laws. 

Dr.  Spencer  is  active  in  society  work  outside  of  medical 
societies.  He  is  governor  of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars 
in  the  State  of  Missouri,  vice-president  of  the  New  England 


Flavel  B.  Tiffany, 


G.  T.  TWYMAN. 


Paul  Y.  Tupper. 


Jules  Valle. 


BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES.  265 

Society,  president  of  the  Mississippi  Society  and  president 
of  St.  Anthony's  Club. 

JOSEPH  SPIEGELHALTER. 

Dr.  Joseph  Spiegelhalter,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in 
Oberndorf,  Wuertemburg,  Germany,  August  6,  1834.  He 
attended  the  preparatory  and  Latin  schools  of  his  native 
city  but  emigrated  to  America  at  an  early  age.  He  came 
to  Missouri  in  1858,  and  obtained  employment  in  a  drug 
store  in  St.  Louis.  While  thus  engaged  he  began  to  read 
medicine  and  entered  the  Humboldt  Medical  Institute,  grad- 
uating from  that  college  in  1862.  Immediately  after  grad- 
uating he  v\^as  appointed  assistant  surgeon  and  later  sur- 
geon, of  the  Twelfth  Regiment,  Mo.  Volunteer  Infantry 
and  served  until  November,  1864.  During  the  Atlanta  cam- 
paign he  was  a  member  of  the  operating  corps  of  the  field 
hospital,  First  Division,  Fifteenth  Army  Corps.  After  be- 
ing mustered  out  of  service  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and 
entered  private  practice. 

Dr.  Spiegelhalter  was  health  officer  of  St.  Louis  in  1865 
and  1866  and  was  elected  coroner  of  St.  Louis  County  in 
1866  and  re-elected  in  1868  serving  four  years  in  this  office. 
In  1871  he  went  to  Europe  and  devoted  the  greater  part  of 
that  year  in  studying  special  branches  in  the  universities 
of  Tuebingen,  Wuerzburg  and  Vienna.  In  1875  he  was 
appointed  medical  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Board  of  Health 
serving  eleven  years  in  this  capacity,  and  was  consulting 
surgeon  to  the  city  institutions  from  1875  to  1886. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  Verein  Deutscher 
Aerzte  of  St.  Louis,  the  St.  Louis  Microscopical  Society, 
the  American  Medical  Association  and  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

JUSTIN  STEER. 

Dr.  Justin  Steer,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  that  city  on 
March  21,  1849.  He  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  city,  graduating  from  the  High  School. 


266  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

He  studied  pharmacy  in  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Pharmacy 
in  1866  but  later  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  and  went 
to  New  York,  where  he  entered  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  New  York  and  was  graduated  from  that 
institution  in  1876.  He  continued  his  studies  in  the  East 
for  two  years,  returning  to  St.  Louis  in  1878  to  begin  pri- 
vate practice.  In  1880  the  University  of  St.  Louis  confer- 
red upon  him  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy. 

Dr.  Steer  was  formerly  physician  to  St.  John's  Hospital 
and  is  now  physician  to  the  St.  Louis  Mullanphy  Hospital. 
From  1886  to  1899  he  was  professor  of  Therapeutics  and 
Clinical  Medicine  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College  and  now 
fills  the  chair  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Washington  University.  From  1887  to  1890  he 
was  consulting  physician  to  the  City  Hospital.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  and  of  the  American  Medical 
Association. 

LEON  STRAUS. 

Dr.  Leon  Straus  is  a  native  of  Kentucky  having  been 
born  in  the  City  of  Louisville  in  July,  1861.  He  received 
his  literary  training  in  the  University  of  Louisville  and  took 
his  medical  degree  from  the  Medical  Department  of  that 
institution,  graduating  in  1877.  He  practiced  in  Louis- 
ville until  1890  when  he  went  to  New  York  and  after  a  year 
of  study  in  the  post-graduate  schools  of  that  city  he  went 
to  Europe.  In  1893  he  returned  to  America  and  located 
in  St.  Louis  where  he  has  continued  to  practice. 

Dr.  Straus  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  American 
Medical  Association,  the  British  Gynecological  Society  and 
has  served  as  vice-president  of  the  American  Proctologic 
Society  and  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Association. 
He  has  contributed  a  number  of  articles  to  the  medical  liter- 
ature, among  them  one  entitled  "Primary  Tuberculosis  of 
the  Rectum." 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  267 

OTTO  SUTTER. 

Dr.  Otto  Sutter,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
on  January  24,  1863.  He  received  his  education  in  the  St. 
Louis  pubHc  schools  and  then  took  up  the  study  of  phar- 
macy which  he  completed  in  1883,  taking  his  diploma  from 
the  St.  Louis  College  of  Pharmacy  in  that  year.  He  con- 
tinued in  the  drug  business  for  a  number  of  years,  mean- 
while reading  medicine  and  attending  lectures,  and  finally 
matriculated  in  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College 
from  which  institution  he  received  his  degree  in  1892.  He 
immediately  began  practice  in  St.  Louis  and  three  years 
later  was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  City  Hospital. 
He  occupied  this  position  until  1898  when  he  resigned  to 
resume  his  private  practice. 

Dr.  Sutter  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  the  American 
Medical  Association,  the  Medical  Society  of  City  Hospital 
Alumni  and  of  the  Tri-State  Medical  Society.  He  is  pro- 
fessor of  Gynecology  and  Clinical  Gynecology  in  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

CALVIN  B.  TAYLOR. 

Dr.  C.  B.  Taylor,  of  Carthage,  was  born  at  Rutherford, 
N.  C,  February  27,  1863.  His  parents  moved  to  Licking, 
Missouri,  when  he  was  a  boy  and  in  that  place  he  received 
his  education  in  the  high  school.  He  entered  upon  his 
medical  studies  at  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  and  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1885.  Return- 
ing to  Licking  after  receiving  his  medical  degree,  he  began 
practice  in  that  town  and  remained  there  until  1892  when 
he  went  to  St.  Louis  and  took  special  courses  in  post-grad- 
uate work.  In  1895  he  left  Licking  and  moved  to  his  pres- 
ent location  where  he  iias  continued  to  practice  in  special 
branches.  In  1901  he  went  to  Baltimore  and  took  a  special 
course  in  post-graduate  work  in  diseases  of  the  stomach  at 
the  Maryland  University. 

Dr.  Taylor  is  a  member  of  the  Southwest  Missouri  Medi- 
cal Society,  ex-county  physician  to  the  Jasper  County  poor, 


268  BIOGRAPHIC Aly  SKETCHES. 

secretary  of  the  Board  of  Charities  and  Corrections  of 
Jasper  County  and  surgeon  of  the  Taylor  (private)  Sani- 
tarium for  Diseases  of  the  Stomach  and  Intestines  at 
Carthage,  Mo. 

FLAVEL  B.  TIFFANY. 

Dr.  Flavel  B.  Tiffany,  of  Kansas  City,  was  born  in  Cic- 
ero, N.  Y.,  on  April  28,  1846.  When  a  boy  of  seventeeen,  he 
enlisted  in  the  Union  Army  and  served  during  the  Civil 
War.  On  leaving  the  army,  he  finished  his  college  edu- 
cation in  the  University  of  Minnesota  from  which  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  He  then  entered  the 
University  of  Michigan  Medical  Department  at  Ann  Arbor, 
and  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1874.  For  about 
two  years  he  practiced  in  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  but  in 
1876  went  to  Europe  where  he  remained  for  two  years 
prosecuting  his  studies  in  special  branches.  In  1888  he 
made  another  trip  to  Europe  and  for  one  year  worked  in 
the  clinics  and  hospitals. 

Dr.  Tiffany  took  up  his  residence  in  Kansas  City  shortly 
after  his  first  trip  abroad  and  has  continued  to  practice  in 
that  city.  He  is  professor  of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology 
in  the  University  Medical  College  and  one  of  the  Trustees 
of  that  institution.  It  was  in  Dr.  Tiffany's  office  that  the 
meeting  was  held  late  in  1880,  which  culminated  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  University  Medical  College. 

As  a  writer  on  medical  subjects,  particularly  those  per- 
taining to  his  special  branch  Dr.  Tiffany  has  contributed 
largely  to  the  current  medical  literature.  Among  his  works 
are  "Anomalies  of  Refraction,"  "Anomalies  and  Diseases 
of  the  Eye,"  "Sojourn  Among  the  Oculists  of  Europe."  He 
has  also  published  a  record  book  for  Aurists,  one  for  Ocu- 
lists and  one  for  Laryngologists. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society, 
Academy  of  Medicine  of  Kansas  City,  Missouri  State  Medi- 
cal Association,  American  Medical  Association,  Pan-Amer- 
ican and  International  Medical  Associations  and  honorary 
member  of  the  Kansas  State  Medical  Society. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  269 

GEORGE  THOMAS  TWYMAN. 

Dr.  Geo.  T.  Twyman,  of  Independence,  Mo.,  is  the  grand- 
son of  Dr.  Leo  Twyman,  one  of  the  earhest  practitioners 
of  Western  Missouri  and  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the  first, 
medical  practitioner  in  Jackson  Comity.  His  father,  Dr. 
L.  W.  Twyman  and  uncle,  Dr.  J.  H.  Twyman,  were  both 
active  practitioners,  and  his  son,  Ulmer  D.,  is,  at  this  writ- 
ing, a  medical  student. 

Dr.  Twyman  was  born  in  Jackson  County,  Mo.,  Decem- 
ber 16,  1853.  He  attended  the  common  schools  and  later 
entered  William  Jewell  College,  Liberty,  Mo.  He  studied 
medicine  in  the  Louisville  Medical  College,  Louisville,  Ky., 
taking  his  diploma  in  1879.  Afterwards  he  took  a  post- 
graduate course  at  the  Chicago  Post-Graduate  Medical 
College,  Chicago,  111. 

Dr.  Twyman  is  secretary  of  the  Jackson  County  Board  of 
Health,  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society, 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and  the  American 
Medical  Association. 

JONATHAN  EDWARDS  TEFFT. 

Dr.  J.  E.  Tefft,  of  Springfield,  has  been  practicing  medi- 
cine in  that  city  for  the  past  forty  years.  He  was  born 
in  Exeter,  R.  I.,  on  June  22,  1836,  After  attending  the 
Pierce  Academy  of  Middleboro,  Mass.,  he  entered  the 
Providence  Conference  Seminary  of  East  Greenwich, 
Rhode  Island  and  later  graduated  from  the  Brown  Uni- 
versity of  Providence,  R.  I.  His  medical  education  was 
obtained  in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  Cincinnati,  from 
which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  1865.  In  the  same 
year  he  came  to  Missouri  and  took  up  his  residence  in 
Springfield.  The  Drury  College  of  Springfield  has  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws,  In  1890 
he  went  to  London  and  pursued  special  studies  in  Guy's 
Hospital. 

Dr.  Tefft  is  Lecturer  on  Genito-Urinary  Surgery  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Missouri,  Sen- 
ior Surgeon  of  St.  John's  Hospital  at  Springfield  and  con- 


270  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

suiting  surgeon  to  the  Employees  Hospital  of  the  Frisco 
Railway  System.  He  was  president  of  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  in  1871,  is  ex-president  of  the 
Springfield  Medical  Society  and  ex-president  of  the  South- 
west Missouri  Medical  Society.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Association,  the  American 
Medical  Association  and  corresponding  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society  and  of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of 
Sciences. 

HERMAN  TUHOLSKE. 

Dr.  H.  Tuholske  was  born  in  Berlin,  Prussia,  March  27, 
1848.  He  was  educated  in  the  Gymnasium  in  Berlin  and 
soon  after  graduating  he  came  to  America  and  settled  in 
St.  Louis.  Here  he  began  his  medical  studies  and  matricu- 
lated in  the  Missouri  Medical  College  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1869.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  physician 
of  the  City  Dispensary  and  instituted  the  ambulance  system, 
and  was  at  one  time  in  charge  of  the  Quarantine  Hospital. 

In  1882,  in  conjunction  with  Drs.  Engelman,  Spencer, 
Glasgow,  Robinson,  Hardaway,  Michel  and  Steele,  he 
founded  the  St.  Louis  Post-Graduate  School  of  Medicine 
and  erected  the  Post-Graduate  School  and  Hospital,  the  first 
of  its  kind  in  this  country. 

At  various  times  he  visited  Europe  and  prosecuted  his 
studies  in  the  universities  of  Berlin,  Vienna,  London  and 
Paris. 

He  was  appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College  in  1873  and  later  elected  professor 
of  anatomy.  He  filled  this  chair  for  ten  years  and  was  then 
elected  professor  of  surgery.  When  the  Missouri  Medical 
College  was  united  with  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  to 
form  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University 
Dr.  Tuholske  was  elected  professor  of  Surgery  and  Clinical 
Surgery  and  still  fills  this  chair. 

Dr.  Tuholske  is  surgeon  to  the  Washington  University 
Hospital,  the  St.  Louis  Surgical  and  Gynecological  Hos- 
pital, the  Martha  Parsons  Free  Hospital  for  Children  and 
consulting  surgeon  to  the  City  and  Female  Hospitals.     He 


BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES.  271 

is  a  member  of  the  St.  Ivouis  Medical  Society,  the  St.  Louis 
Surgical  Society,  Missouri  State  Medical  Association, 
American  Medical  Association,  Southern  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  Association  and  of  the  Congress  of  German 
Surgery,  He  has  contributed  many  valuable  articles  to  the 
medical  literature  and  is  the  author  of  special  articles  in 
text  books  on  surgery. 

PAUL  YOER  TUPPER. 

Dr.  Paul  Y.  Tupper,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Washing- 
ton, Ga.,  on  March  1,  1858.  In  Richmond,  Va.,  to  which 
city  his  family  moved,  he  received  his  literary  training  first 
in  the  Norwood  High  School  and  then  in  the  Richmond 
(Virginia)  College.  He  then  went  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  and 
entered  the  Hospital  College  of  Medicine,  graduating  from 
that  institution  in  1880.  Immediately  after  graduating  he 
was  appointed  assistant  physician  in  the  Louisville  City 
Hospital  and  served  for  one  year.  In  1881  he  came  to 
Missouri  and  located  in  St.  Louis.  In  1887  he  was  op- 
pointed  instructor  in  anatomy  in  St.  Louis  Medical  College 
holding  this  position  until  1890  when  he  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  Descriptive  Anatomy  in  the  same  college.  When 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  the  Missouri  Medical 
College  were  consolidated  to  form  the  Medical  Department 
of  Washington  University  Dr.  Tupper  was  chosen  profes- 
sor of  Applied  Anatomy  and  Operative  Surgery  and  this 
chair  he  still  fills.  He  is  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Anatom- 
ical Board  and  ex-president  of  the  Missouri  State  Anatom- 
ical Board.  He  is  surgeon  on  the  staff  of  the  Missouri 
Baptist  Sanitarium,  surgeon  to  the  Martha  Parsons  Free 
Hospital  for  Children,  the  Protestant  Hospital  and  the 
Burlington  Railway  System. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Asociation,  the  American  Associa- 
tion of  Anatomists  and  treasurer  of  the  St.  Louis  Surgical 
Society  and  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Library  Association. 
Among  the  papers  contributed  to  medical  literature  by  Dr. 
Tupper  are :     "A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  the  Morbid 


272  BIOGRAPHICAIv  SKETCHES. 

Anatomy  of  Haemophilia;"  "The  Relation  of  the  Perito- 
neum to  the  Urinary  Bladder;  Experiments  on  the  Cada- 
ver;" "The  Treatment  of  Inoperable  Sarcoma  with  Coley's 
Mixed  Toxins ;  Report  of  Cases ;"  "Complete  Obstruction 
of  First  Portion  of  Duodenum  due  to  Gall-stones;  Report 
of  Cases ;"  "Simplicity  in  Dealing  with  Abscess  of  the  Ap- 
pendix;"   "Catarrhal  Appendicitis." 

JULES  F.  VALLE. 

Dr.  Jules  F.  Valle,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  on  December  28,  1859.  His  maternal  grandfather, 
Dr.  L  Sargent,  was  a  physician  and  practiced  in  St.  Gene- 
vieve, Mo.,  for  many  years. 

Dr.  Valle  obtained  his  education  in  the  schools  of  St. 
Louis,  attending  the  public  schools  and  Washington  Uni- 
versity. He  also  attended  the  Virgina  Military  institute. 
After  completing  his  studies  in  Washington  University  he 
entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  graduated  from 
that  institution  in  1885.  Immediately  after  his  graduation 
he  took  the  examination  for  internes  at  the  City  Hospital 
and  was  appointed  junior  physician  for  one  year.  In  1886 
he  went  to  Vienna  and  pursued  his  medical  studies  in  the 
universities  and  clinics  of  that  city.  He  remained  abroad 
for  two  years  and  then  returned  to  St.  Louis  to  begin  pri- 
vate practice. 

Dr.  Valle  is  physician  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  lecturer  on 
obstetrics  and  chief  of  the  obstetrical  clinic  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  Washington  University.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Medical  Society  of 
City  Hospital  Alumni,  St.  Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gynecolog- 
ical Society  and  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

ABRAHAM  VAN  METER. 

Dr.  A.  Van  Meter  has  been  practicing  medicine  for  forty 
years  all  of  this  time  in  Missouri.  He  was  born  in  Litch- 
field, Ky.,  on  September  23,  1839,  and  obtained  his  educa- 
tion in  the  common  schools.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
served  in  the  ranks  for  three  and  a  half  years.    On  receiv- 


C.  H.  Wallace. 


David  Wise. 


C.  W.  Williamson, 


T.  Casey  Wixherspoon. 


BIOGRAPHICAI,  SKETCHES.  273 

ing  his  discharge  he  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  and 
entered  Philadelphia  University  of  Medicine  and  Surgery, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1865.  He  then  came  to 
Missouri  to  begin  practice  and  located  in  Brookfield  where 
he  remained  for  three  years.  In  1868  he  went  to 
Malta  Bend  and  practiced  for  six  years  when  he 
moved  to  Wakenda.-  He  left  Wakenda  in  1881  and 
took  up  his  residence  in  Lamar  and  since  that  time  has 
practiced  in  that  city.  In  1895  he  went  to  Chicago  and 
there  took  an  extended  post-graduate  course  in  the  Chicago 
Post-Graduate  College. 

Dr.  Van  Meter  was  medical  examiner  of  the  G.  A.  R.  De- 
partment of  Missouri,  serving  four  terms  in  this  position. 
He  is  city  physician  of  Lamar  and  local  surgeon  for  the 
Frisco  Railway  System.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Barton 
County  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation and  the  International  Association  of  Railway 
Surgeons. 

CORNELIUS  H.  VAN  RAVENSWAAY.      , 

Dr.  C.  H.  Van  Ravenswaay,  of  Boonville,  was  born  in 
Banjermasin,  State  of  Borneo,  Netherlands,  East  India,  on 
the  fourth  day  of  September,  1871.  His  preparatory  edu- 
cation was  obtained  in  his  native  country  and  when  he  was 
ready  to  take  up  the  study  of  medicine  he  went  to  Holland. 
Here  he  entered  the  University  of  Utrecht  and  obtained  his 
diploma  from  that  institution  in  1897. 

Soon  after  his  graduation  Dr.  van  Ravenswaay  came  to 
America  and  in  1898  settled  in  Boonville  where  he  began 
private  practice  and  has  continued  to  work  in  that  city. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

CHARLES  W.  WILLIAMSON. 

Dr.  Chas.  W.  Williamson,  of  Poplar  Bluff,  was  bom  at 
Evansville,  111.,  April  16,  1862.  He  attended  the  common 
schools  until  he  was  fifteen  years  of  age  when  he  was  left 
an  orphan  and  thrown  upon  his  own  resources.  Entering 
the  drug  business  he  studied  pharmacy  and  in  1883  passed 


274  BIOGRAPHIC AI.  SKETCHES. 

the  examination  in  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Pharmacy.  He 
then  went  to  DeSoto  and  continued  to  work  as  a  druggist 
until  such  time  as  he  was  able  to  take  up  the  study  of  medi- 
cine. This  ambition  was  realized  and  in  1887  he  graduated 
from  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College  of  St.  Louis. 
For  one  year  after  his  graduation  he  served  as  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  Hospital  at  Pales- 
tine, Texas,  when  he  accepted  a  position  in  the  hospital  de- 
partment of  the  Missouri  Lumber  and  Mining  Company  at 
Grandin,  Mo.  He  retained  this  position  for  six  years  and 
then  moved  to  Poplar  Bluff  to  begin  private  practice.     In 

1898  he  accepted  a  position  in  the  hospital  department  of 
the  Holliday-Klatz  Lumber  Company,  at  Greenville,  Mo., 
which  he  retained  until  1901  when  he  returned  to  Poplar 
Bluff  and  has  remained  in  that  city  to  the  present  time  en- 
gaged in  private  practice. 

Dr.  Williamson  is  a  member  of  the  Butler  County  Medi- 
cal Society,  the  Southeast  Missouri  Medical  Society  and  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

THOMAS  CASEY  WITHERSPOON. 

Dr.  T.  Casey  Witherspoon,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in 
Natchez,  Miss.,  on  May  25,  1868.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Natchez  and  St,  Louis  and  after  graduat- 
ing from  the  St.  Louis  High  School  he  commenced  the 
study  of  pharmacy,  but  deserted  this  for  medicine  and  en- 
tered the  Missouri  Medical  College,  receiving  his  medical 
degree  from  that  institution  in  1889.  He  served  as  interne 
in  the  City  Hospital  for  one  year  and  in  1890  went  to 
Butte,  Mont,  where  he  practiced  for  three  years.  In  1893 
he  returned  to  St  Louis  and  has  practiced  in  that  city  until 
the  present  time.  In  1901  he  visited  the  hospitals  of  Europe 
and  studied  special  branches  of  medicine  in  Berlin  and 
Vienna. 

He  was  professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgery  in  the 
Marion-Sims  Medical  College  from  1894  to  1899  and  in 

1899  was  appointed  professor  of  Operative  and  Clinical 
Surgery  in  the  consolidated  Marion-Sims-Beaumont  Medi- 


Henry  L.  Woi,fne;r. 


E.  A.  Wood. 


U.  S.  Wright. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  276 

cal  College  (Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  University). 
This  chair  he  still  occupies.  He  is  surgeon  on  the  staff  of 
the  Rebekah  Hospital  and  the  Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium 
and  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association,  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion and  the  American  Association  of  Anatomists. 

HENRY  LINCOLN  WOLFNER. 

Dr.  H.  L.  Wolfner,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Chicago, 
III.,  on  the  first  day  of  November,  1860.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  and  in  the 
Higii  School  at  Springfield,  111. 

Soon  after  leaving  the  High  School  he  began  the  study 
of  medicine  and  matriculated  in  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege, receiving  his  degree  from  that  institution  in  1881.  He 
immediately  began  the  practice  of  his  profession,  establish- 
ing himself  in  St.  Louis  where  he  still  resides.  In  1892 
he  went  to  Europe  and  took  an  extended  course  in  diseases 
of  the  eye  in  the  clinics  and  hospitals  of  Berlin. 

Dr.  Wolfner  is  clinical  lecturer  on  diseases  of  the  eye  in 
the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University,  oculist 
to  the  Episcopal  Orphans'  Home,  the  Bethesda  Hospital 
and  Jewish  Hospital  and  consulting  oculist  of  Passovant 
Hospital  at  Jacksonville,  111. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 

DAVID  WISE. 

Dr.  David  Wise,  of  Carthage,  was  born  in  the  town  of 
Beaver  Creek,  III.,  on  January  24,  1870.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Greenville,  111.,  and  gradu- 
ated from  the  Greenville  High  School  in  1890.  His  med- 
ical education  was  obtained  in  St.  Louis,  first  in  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  which  he  at- 
tended for  two  years,  and  then  in  the  Beaumont  Hospital 
Medical  College,  graduating  from  the  latter  institution 
in  1893.     He  has  been  practicing  in  Carthage  since  1894 


276  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

having  taken  up  work  in  that  city  the  year  after  his  grad- 
uation. In  1903  he  went  to  Chicago  and  spent  several 
months  in  the  post-graduate  hospitals  in  that  city.  Dr. 
W^ise  is  medical  examiner  for  the  Mutual  Life  Insurance 
Company  and  the  JNIontpelier  Life  Insurance  Company. 

CHARLES  HODGE  WALLACE. 

Dr.  C.  H.  AA'allace,  of  St.  Joseph,  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Jackson  County,  Missouri,  on  June  24,  1858.  His  early 
education  was  obtained  in  the  district  schools  and  in  private 
schools  and  later  he  attended  Westminster  College  at  Ful- 
ton, ]\lo.,  graduating  from  that  institution  in  1880.  In 
1881  he  completed  a  course  in  chemistry  in  the  Missouri 
State  University.  He  pursued  his  medical  studies  in  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  taking  his  degree  from 
that  institution  in  1883,  and  for  one  year  served  in  the 
hospital  on  Black  well's  Island,  New  York  City.  Returning 
to  Missouri  he  took  up  his  residence  in  St.  Joseph  and  has 
been  practicing  in  that  city  ever  since.  In  1890  he  received 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  the  Westminster  College 
and  in  1902  the  same  institution  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Science. 

Dr.  Wallace  is  professor  of  Emergency  and  Clinical  Surg- 
ery in  Ensworth  Medical  College,  chief  surgeon  of  the  St. 
Joseph  Railway,  chief  surgeon  St.  Joseph  and  Grand  Island 
Railway  and  division  surgeon  of  the  Burlington  Railway. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  County,  State  and  National  Medical 
Societies  and  of  the  Western  Surgical  and  Gynecological 
Society. 

EVERETT  A.  WOOD. 

Dr.  Everett  A.  Wood,  of  Sedalia,  Mo.,  was  born  in 
Sedalia,  Mo.,  March  26,  1864.  He  attended  the  public 
schools  of  that  city  and  then  entered  the  William  Jewell 
College,  Liberty,  j\Io.  After  graduating  from  that  institu- 
tion he  began  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  Keokuk  Medical 
College,  Keokuk,  Iowa,  receiving  his  diploma  in  1895.  He 
commenced  practice  at  his  home  town  and  has  continued 


W.   B.   DORSETT. 


C.  M.  Nicholson. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  277 

to  work  in  that  city.   In  lOO-i  he  took  a  post-graduate  course 
at  the  Chicago  PolycHnic. 

Dr.  Wood  is  a  member  of  the  Pettis  County  Medical 
Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  and  .the  American  Medi- 
cal Associations.  He  is  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Maywood 
Hospital,  Sedalia,  and  has  served  as  vice-president  and  sec- 
retary of  the  Pettis  County  Medical  Society. 

URIEL  SEBREE  WRIGHT. 

Dr.  U.  S.  Wright  was  born  in  Fayette,  Mo.,  on  February 
1,  1847.  He  was  educated  in  Central  College  but  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  he  went  to  Warsaw,  111.,  and  there  worked 
in  a  drug  store  for  two  years.  Returning  to  Fayette  in 
1867  he  renewed  his  studies  at  Central  College  and  com- 
pleted iiis  course  in  1868.  He  then  purchased  a  stock  of 
drugs  and  opened  a  drug  store  in  Salisbury,  Mo,,  in  part- 
nership with  Dr.  W.  D.  Wilhite  with  whom  also  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  medicine.  In  1869  he  disposed  of  his 
interest  in  the  drug  store  and  went  to  St.  Louis  to  continue 
his  medical  education,  finally  entering  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College.  From  this  insitution  he  graduated  in  1871  and 
at  once  returned  to  his  old  home  in  Fayette,  where  he  began 
his  professional  work  and  there  he  has  continued  to.  prac- 
tice without  interruption.  In  1898  he  completed  a  post- 
graduate course  at  the  Post-Graduate  School  of  Medicine 
in  Chicago. 

For  fourteen  years  Dr,  Wright  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Education  of  Fayette  and  for  some  time  was 
lecturer  on  anatomy  and  physiology  in  Howard  College. 
He  also  served  one  term  as  coroner  of  Howard  County. 
His  oldest  son,  Uriel  S.,  Jr.,  has  been  practicing  medicine 
for  seven  years,  having  graduated  from  the  University 
Medical  College  of  Kansas  City  after  attending  two  terms 
at  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University. 

Dr.  Wright  was  treasurer  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association  for  two  years,  vice-president  one  year,  and  in 
1900  was  elected  president.  He  is  also  ex-president  of  the 
Moberly  District  Medical    Society  and    Howard    County 


278  BIOGRAPHICAI,  SKETCHES. 

Medical  Society.  He  was  a  member  of  the  U.  S.  Pension 
Board  for  several  years  and  is  medical  examiner  for  all  of 
the  important  life  insurance  companies. 

JOHN  B.  H.  ZWART. 

Dr.  John  Bernard  Henry  Zwart  was  born  in  Carondelet, 
Mo.,  October  1,  1859.  He  received  his  education  in  private 
schools  and  the  St.  Louis  University  and  in  1881  graduated 
in  medicine  from  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  (now  Medi- 
cal Department  Washington  University).  Immediately 
after  completing  his  medical  college  work  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Kansas  City,  where  he  has  continued  to  practice. 
In  1903  he  spent  considerable  time  in  the  New  York  Post- 
Graduate  Medical  School  and  took  a  general  course  in  post- 
graduate work. 

For  three  years  Dr.  Zwart  occupied  the  chair  of  Princi- 
ples and  Practice  of  Medicine  and  professor  of  Clinical 
Medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
Kansas  City,  Kansas,  and  for  the  past  three  years  has  filled 
the  chair  of  Physical  Diagnosis  in  the  University  Medical 
College.  In  1901  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Kansas 
City  Academy  of  Medicine.  He  is  a  member  also  of  the 
Jackson  County  Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medi- 
cal and  the  American  Medical  Associations,  and  physician 
to  St.  Margaret's  Hospital. 


INDEX. 


A 

PAGE. 

Amyx,  Robt  F 180 

Auler,   Hugo  A 180 

Austin,  Chas.  S 179 

Ayres,  Samuel 181 

B 

Banks,  H.  L 181 

Barck,  Carl 182 

Barnes,  A.  S 183 

Barnes,   Jno 39 

Baumgarten,  G 183 

Beattie,  T.  J 184 

Berrey,  R.  W .  .  18Y 

Billings,  J.  M 186 

Binnie,  J.  F 185 

Bitter,  C.  H 188 

Bliss,  M.  A 187 

Boisliniere,  L.  Ch 44 

Boulware,  T.  C 188 

Briggs,  Waldo 189 

Brokaw,  A.  V.  L 189 

Bruere,  J.  E 190 

Bryan,  R.  S 191 

Burnett,  E.  C 190 

c 

Cadwallader,  I.  H 192 

Cadwell,  Victor 192 


280  INDEX. 

PAQB. 

Callaway,  L.  H 193 

Campbell,  O.  B 194 

Caplan,   Leo 199 

Carson,  N.  B 194 

Carver,  H.  N , 195 

Case,  Zophar 195 

Cave,  E.  S 196 

Chowning,  Thos 196 

Clapp,  Chas.  B 197 

Clark,  W.  A 200 

Clemens,  J.  R , 197 

Cowan,  W.  G 198 

Crandall,  Geo.  C 199 

D 

Dalton,  H.  C 200 

Dixon,  Chas.  H 201 

Dorsett,  W.  B 203 

Doyle,  T.  H 202 

Drake,  N.  A 203 

Duncan,  J.  H 205 

Dusenbury,  C.  T 206 

E 
Elam,  W.  T ,206 

F 

Farrar,  Bernard  G 21 

Farrar,  W.  H 207 

French,  Pinckney 207 

Funkhouser,  Robt.  M 208 

G 

Gamble,  D.  C 212 

Geiger,  Jacob 209 


INDEX.  281 

PAGE. 

Glasgow,  Frank  A 213 

Goldstein,  M.  A 214 

Graham,  J.  K 209 

Graves,  S.  C , 210 

Gregory,  E.  H 313 

Griffith,  J.  D 211 

Grindon,  Joseph   211 

H 

Hall,  C.  Lester 216 

Halley,  Geo 216 

Haire,  R.  D 215 

Hawkins,  A.  S 217 

Henderson,  F.  L 218 

Hickerson,  E.  R 218 

Highsmith,  G.  R 219 

Hill,  Roland   220 

Hoeffer,  J.  P 220 

Hodgen,  John  T 42 

Hypes,  B.  M 220 

I 
Is'bell,  John 221 

J 

Jackson,  J.  N 222 

Jackson,  John  W 103 

James,  S.  C 222 

K 

Kanoky,  Jno.  P 223 

Keber,  J.  B 223 

Kieffer,  A.  R 224 

Kincheloe,  M.  B 225 

King,  R.  M 225 


282  INDEX. 


PAGE. 


Laidley,  L.  H 226 

Lane,  Wm.   Carr 35 

Lemen,  J.  R 227 

Leonard,  H.  O 232 

Lester,  Thos.  B 97 

Loeb,  H.  W 228 

Logan,  J.  E 229 

Luedeking-,   Robt 230 

Ludwig,  C.  V.  F 229 

Luscher,  L.  W 231 

Lutz,  F.  J 232 

Lyon,  Geo.  E 233 

M 

McAlester,  A.  W 235 

McCandless,  W.  A 236 

McDowell,   Joseph   N 37 

McLean,  M.  H 237 

McNeil,  G.  E 236 

McPheeters,  Wm.  M 234 

Martin,  T.  A 237 

Matthews,  L.  1 238 

Michel,  C.  E 238 

Miller,  G.  W 239 

Mooney,  F.  D 243 

Moore,  A.  W 239 

Moore,  W.  G 240 

Morrow,  W.  F 241 

Morton,   Daniel 241 

Mudd,  H.  G 243 

Mudd,  H.  H 49 

N 

Newman,  L.  E 244 

Nicholson,  CM 246 

Norman,  J.  B 245 

Norwine,  J.  J 245 


INDEX.  283 

o 

PAGE. 

Ohmann  Dii  Mesnil,  A.  H 204 

Orr,  Chas.  J 247 

Outten,  W.  B 247 

P 

Patterson,  W.  P 248 

Perkins,  J.  W 249 

Pirn,  L.  T 249 

Pitman,  John 250 

Pollak,    Simon 39 

Pope,  Chas.  A 38 

Porter,  D.  R 251 

Porter,   Wm 251 

Punton,   Jno 252 

R 

Reder,   F 253 

Ridge,  Isaac  M 96 

Rodes,  Ned  R 254 

Ross,  P.   E 256 

Rothwell,  C.  A 254 

Rumbold,  F.   M 255 

Ryland,  C.  T 256 

S 

Saugrain,  A.  F 19 

Saunders,  E.  W 257 

Schauffler,   E.   W 259 

Schwarz,  Henry 257 

Seybold,   I.   W 258 

Shapleigh,  J.  B 259 

Sloan,  A.  B 100 

Sloan,  R.  T 260 

Sluder,  Greenfield 261 

Smiley,  F.  R 261 

Smith,    Elsworth,   Jr 262 


284  INDEX. 

PAGK. 

Smith,  Elsworth  F 48 

Snyder,  A.  R 26a 

Soper,  H.  W 263 

Spencer,  H.  N 264 

Spiegelhalter,  Joseph 265 

Steer,  Justin 265 

Straus,  Leon 266 

Sutter,  Otto 267 

T 

Taylor,  A.  B 103 

Taylor,  C.  B 267 

Tefft,  J.  E 269 

Thorne,   Joshua 99 

Tiffany,  F.  B 268 

Todd,  S.  S 102 

Troost,  Benoist 95 

Twyman,  Geo  T 269 

Twyman,  Leo 94 

Tuholske,   H 270 

Tupper,  P.  Y 271 

V 

Valle,  J 272 

Van  Meter,  A 272 

Van  Ravenswaay,  C.  H 273 

W 

Wallace,   C.   H 276 

Williamson,  Chas 273 

Wise,   David 275 

Witherspoon,   T.    C 274 

Wolfner,  H.  L 275 

Wood   E.   A 276 

Wood,  Joseph  M 93 

Wright,  U.  S 277 

Z 

Zwart,  J.  B.  H 278 


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